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diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html index aac1358..6bee626 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html @@ -1,431 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Definitions and overview</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-basic_defs"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ 1 ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 1 - Definitions and overview -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-whatisfaq"></a>1.1 What is this FAQ?</h2> - -<p> -This document gives frequently asked questions (with their answers!) about the -Debian distribution (Debian GNU/Linux and others) and about the Debian project. -If applicable, pointers to other documentation will be given: we won't quote -large parts of external documentation in this document. You'll find out that -some answers assume some knowledge of Unix-like operating systems. We'll try -to assume as little prior knowledge as possible: answers to general beginners -questions will be kept simple. -</p> - -<p> -If you can't find what you're looking for in this FAQ, be sure to check out <a -href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and -for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>. If even that doesn't help, refer to <a -href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">Feedback, Section 15.2</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-whatisdebian"></a>1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux is a particular <em>distribution</em> of the Linux operating -system, and numerous packages that run on it. -</p> - -<p> -In principle, users could obtain the Linux kernel via the Internet or from -elsewhere, and compile it themselves. They could then obtain source code for -many applications in the same way, compile the programs, then install them into -their systems. For complicated programs, this process can be not only -time-consuming but error-prone. To avoid it, users often choose to obtain the -operating system and the application packages from one of the Linux -distributors. What distinguishes the various Linux distributors are the -software, protocols, and practices they use for packaging, installing, and -tracking applications packages on users' systems, combined with installation -and maintenance tools, documentation, and other services. -</p> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux is the result of a volunteer effort to create a free, -high-quality Unix-compatible operating system, complete with a suite of -applications. The idea of a free Unix-like system originates from the GNU -project, and many of the applications that make Debian GNU/Linux so useful were -developed by the GNU project. -</p> - -<p> -For Debian, free has the GNUish meaning (see the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software -Guidelines</a></code>). When we speak of free software, we are referring to -freedom, not price. Free software means that you have the freedom to -distribute copies of free software, that you receive source code or can get it -if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new -free programs; and that you know you can do these things. -</p> - -<p> -The Debian Project was created by Ian Murdock in 1993, initially under the -sponsorship of the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Today, Debian's -developers think of it as a direct descendent of the GNU project. -</p> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux is: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>full featured</strong>: Debian includes more than 18347 software -packages at present. Users can select which packages to install; Debian -provides a tool for this purpose. You can find a list and descriptions of the -packages currently available in Debian at any of the Debian <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">mirror sites</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>free to use and redistribute</strong>: There is no consortium -membership or payment required to participate in its distribution and -development. All packages that are formally part of Debian GNU/Linux are free -to redistribute, usually under terms specified by the GNU General Public -License. -</p> - -<p> -The Debian FTP archives also carry approximately 444 software packages (in the -<samp>non-free</samp> and <samp>contrib</samp> sections), which are -distributable under specific terms included with each package. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>dynamic</strong>: With about 1950 volunteers constantly contributing -new and improved code, Debian is evolving rapidly. New releases are planned to -be made every several months, and the FTP archives are updated daily. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Although Debian GNU/Linux itself is free software, it is a base upon which -value-added Linux distributions can be built. By providing a reliable, -full-featured base system, Debian provides Linux users with increased -compatibility, and allows Linux distribution creators to eliminate duplication -of effort and focus on the things that make their distribution special. See <a -href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">I am making a special Linux -distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for -the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?, Section -13.3</a> for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-linux"></a>1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</h2> - -<p> -In short, Linux is the kernel of a Unix-like operating system. It was -originally designed for 386 (and better) PCs; today Linux also runs on a dozen -of other systems. Linux is written by Linus Torvalds and many computer -scientists around the world. -</p> - -<p> -Besides its kernel, a "Linux" system usually has: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -a file system that follows the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard <code><a -href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">http://www.pathname.com/fhs/</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -a wide range of Unix utilities, many of which have been developed by the GNU -project and the Free Software Foundation. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The combination of the Linux kernel, the file system, the GNU and FSF -utilities, and the other utilities are designed to achieve compliance with the -POSIX (IEEE 1003.1) standard; see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">How -source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?, Section 3.3</a>. -</p> - -<p> -For more information about Linux, see Michael K. Johnson's <code><a -href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET">Linux Information -Sheet</a></code> and <code><a -href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/META-FAQ">Meta-FAQ</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-non-linux"></a>1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -Currently, Debian is only available for Linux, but with Debian GNU/Hurd and -Debian on BSD kernels, we have started to offer non-Linux-based OSes as a -development, server and desktop platform, too. However, these non-linux ports -are not officially released yet. -</p> - -<p> -The oldest porting effort is Debian GNU/Hurd. -</p> - -<p> -The Hurd is a set of servers running on top of the GNU Mach microkernel. -Together they build the base for the GNU operating system. -</p> - -<p> -Please see <code><a -href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/</a></code> -for more information about the GNU/Hurd in general, and <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/</a></code> -for more information about Debian GNU/Hurd. -</p> - -<p> -A second effort is the port to a BSD kernel. People are working with both the -NetBSD and the FreeBSD kernels. -</p> - -<p> -See <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux">http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux</a></code> -for more information about these non-linux ports. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-difference"></a>1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</h2> - -<p> -These key features distinguish Debian from other Linux distributions: -</p> -<dl> -<dt>Freedom:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -As stated in the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian -Social Contract</a></code>, Debian will remain 100% free. Debian is very -strict about shipping truly free software. The guidelines used to determine if -a work is "free" are provided in <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">The Debian Free -Software</a></code>. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>The Debian package maintenance system:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -The entire system, or any individual component of it, can be upgraded in place -without reformatting, without losing custom configuration files, and (in most -cases) without rebooting the system. Most Linux distributions available today -have some kind of package maintenance system; the Debian package maintenance -system is unique and particularly robust (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">Basics of the Debian package management system, -Chapter 6</a>). -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>Open development:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -Whereas other Linux distributions are developed by individuals, small, closed -groups, or commercial vendors, Debian is the only major Linux distribution that -is being developed cooperatively by many individuals through the Internet, in -the same spirit as Linux and other free software. -</p> - -<p> -More than 1950 volunteer package maintainers are working on over 18347 packages -and improving Debian GNU/Linux. The Debian developers contribute to the -project not by writing new applications (in most cases), but by packaging -existing software according to the standards of the project, by communicating -bug reports to upstream developers, and by providing user support. See also -additional information on how to become a contributor in <a -href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software -developer?, Section 12.1</a>. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>The Universal Operating System:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -Debian comes with <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/">more than -18347 packages</a></code> and runs on <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/">10 architectures</a></code>. This is far -more than is available for any other GNU/Linux distribution. See <a -href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">What types of applications and development -software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?, Section 4.1</a> for an overview -of the provided software and see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what -hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a> for -a description of the supported hardware platforms. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>The Bug Tracking System:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -The geographical dispersion of the Debian developers required sophisticated -tools and quick communication of bugs and bug-fixes to accelerate the -development of the system. Users are encouraged to send bugs in a formal -style, which are quickly accessible by WWW archives or via e-mail. See -additional information in this FAQ on the management of the bug log in <a -href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">Are there logs of known bugs?, Section -11.4</a>. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>The Debian Policy:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -Debian has an extensive specification of our standards of quality, the Debian -Policy. This document defines the qualities and standards to which we hold -Debian packages. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p> -For additional information about this, please see our web page about <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian">reasons to choose -Debian</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-gnu"></a>1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</h2> - -<p> -The Debian system builds on the ideals of free software first championed by the -<code><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">Free Software Foundation</a></code> and in -particular by <code><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard -Stallman</a></code>. FSF's powerful system development tools, utilities, and -applications are also a key part of the Debian system. -</p> - -<p> -The Debian Project is a separate entity from the FSF, however we communicate -regularly and cooperate on various projects. The FSF explicitly requested that -we call our system "Debian GNU/Linux", and we are happy to comply -with that request. -</p> - -<p> -The FSF's long-standing objective is to develop a new operating system called -GNU, based on <code><a -href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">Hurd</a></code>. Debian is working -with FSF on this system, called <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">Debian GNU/Hurd</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pronunciation"></a>1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</h2> - -<p> -The project name is pronounced Deb'-ee-en, with a short e in Deb, and emphasis -on the first syllable. This word is a contraction of the names of Debra and -Ian Murdock, who founded the project. (Dictionaries seem to offer some -ambiguity in the pronunciation of Ian (!), but Ian prefers ee'-en.) -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ 1 ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-basic_defs.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html index 4e92270..0696449 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html @@ -1,386 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Compatibility issues</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-compat"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ 3 ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 3 - Compatibility issues -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-arches"></a>3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</h2> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux includes complete source-code for all of the included -programs, so it should work on all systems which are supported by the Linux -kernel; see the <code><a -href="http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER">Linux -FAQ</a></code> for details. -</p> - -<p> -The current Debian GNU/Linux release, 4.0, contains a complete, binary -distribution for the following architectures: -</p> - -<p> -<em>i386</em>: this covers PCs based on Intel and compatible processors, -including Intel's 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II (both Klamath and -Celeron), and Pentium III, and most compatible processors by AMD, Cyrix and -others. -</p> - -<p> -<em>m68k</em>: this covers Amigas and ATARIs having a Motorola 680x0 processor -for x>=2; with MMU. -</p> - -<p> -<em>alpha</em>: Compaq/Digital's Alpha systems. -</p> - -<p> -<em>sparc</em>: this covers Sun's SPARC and most UltraSPARC systems. -</p> - -<p> -<em>powerpc</em>: this covers some IBM/Motorola PowerPC machines, including -CHRP, PowerMac and PReP machines. -</p> - -<p> -<em>arm</em>: ARM and StrongARM machines. -</p> - -<p> -<em>mips</em>: SGI's big-endian MIPS systems, Indy and Indigo2; -<em>mipsel</em>: little-endian MIPS machines, Digital DECstations. -</p> - -<p> -<em>hppa</em>: Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC machines (712, C3000, L2000, A500). -</p> - -<p> -<em>ia64</em>: Intel IA-64 ("Itanium") computers. -</p> - -<p> -<em>s390</em>: IBM S/390 mainframe systems. -</p> - -<p> -The development of binary distributions of Debian for Sparc64 (UltraSPARC -native) architectures is currently underway. -</p> - -<p> -For further information on booting, partitioning your drive, enabling PCMCIA -(PC Card) devices and similar issues please follow the instructions given in -the Installation Manual, which is available from our WWW site at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-otherdistribs"></a>3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</h2> - -<p> -Debian developers communicate with other Linux distribution creators in an -effort to maintain binary compatibility across Linux distributions. Most -commercial Linux products run as well under Debian as they do on the system -upon which they were built. -</p> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux adheres to the <code><a -href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">Linux Filesystem Hierarchy -Standard</a></code>. However, there is room for interpretation in some of the -rules within this standard, so there may be slight differences between a Debian -system and other Linux systems. -</p> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux supports software developed for the <code><a -href="http://www.linuxbase.org/">Linux Standard Base</a></code>. The LSB is a -specification for allowing the same binary package to be used on multiple -distributions. Packages for the Debian Etch release must not conflict with -requirements of the LSB, v1.3. As of this writing, Debian GNU/Linux is not -formally LSB-certified. However, some Debian derived distributions are. -Discussion and coordination of efforts towards ensuring Debian meets the -requirements of the Linux Standard Base is taking place on the <code><a -href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-lsb/">debian-lsb mailing list</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-otherunices"></a>3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</h2> - -<p> -For most applications Linux source code is compatible with other Unix systems. -It supports almost everything that is available in System V Unix systems and -the free and commercial BSD-derived systems. However in the Unix business such -claim has nearly no value because there is no way to prove it. In the software -development area complete compatibility is required instead of compatibility in -"about most" cases. So years ago the need for standards arose, and -nowadays POSIX.1 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is one of the major standards for -source code compatibility in Unix-like operating systems. -</p> - -<p> -Linux is intended to adhere to POSIX.1, but the POSIX standards cost real money -and the POSIX.1 (and FIPS 151-2) certification is quite expensive; this made it -more difficult for the Linux developers to work on complete POSIX conformance. -The certification costs make it unlikely that Debian will get an official -conformance certification even if it completely passed the validation suite. -(The validation suite is now freely available, so it is expected that more -people will work on POSIX.1 issues.) -</p> - -<p> -Unifix GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) developed a Linux system that has been -certified to conform to FIPS 151-2 (a superset of POSIX.1). This technology -was available in Unifix' own distribution called Unifix Linux 2.0 and in -Lasermoon's Linux-FT. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-otherpackages"></a>3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</h2> - -<p> -Different Linux distributions use different package formats and different -package management programs. -</p> -<dl> -<dt><strong>You probably can:</strong></dt> -<dd> -<p> -A program to unpack a Debian package onto a Linux host that is been built from -a `foreign' distribution is available, and will generally work, in the sense -that files will be unpacked. The converse is probably also true, that is, a -program to unpack a Red Hat or Slackware package on a host that is based on -Debian GNU/Linux will probably succeed in unpacking the package and placing -most files in their intended directories. This is largely a consequence of the -existence (and broad adherence to) the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. -The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/alien">Alien</a></code> package -is used to convert between different package formats. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><strong>You probably do not want to:</strong></dt> -<dd> -<p> -Most package managers write administrative files when they are used to unpack -an archive. These administrative files are generally not standardized. -Therefore, the effect of unpacking a Debian package on a `foreign' host will -have unpredictable (certainly not useful) effects on the package manager on -that system. Likewise, utilities from other distributions might succeed in -unpacking their archives on Debian systems, but will probably cause the Debian -package management system to fail when the time comes to upgrade or remove some -packages, or even simply to report exactly what packages are present on a -system. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><strong>A better way:</strong></dt> -<dd> -<p> -The Linux File System Standard (and therefore Debian GNU/Linux) requires that -subdirectories under <samp>/usr/local/</samp> be entirely under the user's -discretion. Therefore, users can unpack `foreign' packages into this -directory, and then manage their configuration, upgrade and removal -individually. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-libc5"></a>3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. Just install the required <code>libc5</code> libraries, from the -<samp>oldlibs</samp> section (containing old packages included for -compatibility with older applications). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-libc5-compile"></a>3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. Install <code>libc5-altdev</code> and <code>altgcc</code> packages (from -the <samp>oldlibs</samp> section). You can find the appropriate libc5-compiled -<code>gcc</code> and <code>g++</code> in directory -<samp>/usr/i486-linuxlibc1/bin</samp>. Put them in your $PATH variable to get -<code>make</code> and other programs to execute these first. -</p> - -<p> -Be aware that libc5 environment isn't fully supported by our other packages -anymore. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-non-debian-programs"></a>3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</h2> - -<p> -Files under the directory <samp>/usr/local/</samp> are not under the control of -the Debian package management system. Therefore, it is good practice to place -the source code for your program in /usr/local/src/. For example, you might -extract the files for a package named "foo.tar" into the directory -<samp>/usr/local/src/foo</samp>. After you compile them, place the binaries in -<samp>/usr/local/bin/</samp>, the libraries in <samp>/usr/local/lib/</samp>, -and the configuration files in <samp>/usr/local/etc/</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -If your programs and/or files really must be placed in some other directory, -you could still store them in <samp>/usr/local/</samp>, and build the -appropriate symbolic links from the required location to its location in -<samp>/usr/local/</samp>, e.g., you could make the link -</p> - -<pre> - ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo -</pre> - -<p> -In any case, if you obtain a package whose copyright allows redistribution, you -should consider making a Debian package of it, and uploading it for the Debian -system. Guidelines for becoming a package developer are included in the Debian -Policy manual (see <a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other -documentation exists on and for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-termcap"></a>3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</h2> - -<p> -Debian uses the <samp>terminfo</samp> database and the <samp>ncurses</samp> -library of terminal interface routes, rather than the <samp>termcap</samp> -database and the <samp>termcap</samp> library. Users who are compiling -programs that require some knowledge of the terminal interface should replace -references to <samp>libtermcap</samp> with references to -<samp>libncurses</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -To support binaries that have already been linked with the <samp>termcap</samp> -library, and for which you do not have the source, Debian provides a package -called <code>termcap-compat</code>. This provides both -<samp>libtermcap.so.2</samp> and <samp>/etc/termcap</samp>. Install this -package if the program fails to run with the error message "can't load -library 'libtermcap.so.2'", or complains about a missing -<samp>/etc/termcap</samp> file. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-accelx"></a>3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</h2> - -<p> -AccelX uses the <samp>termcap</samp> library for installation. See <a -href="#s-termcap">Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?, -Section 3.8</a> above. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-motifnls"></a>3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</h2> - -<p> -You need to install the <code>motifnls</code> package, which provides the -XFree-2.1 configuration files needed to allow Motif applications compiled under -XFree-2.1 to run under XFree-3.1. -</p> - -<p> -Without these files, some Motif applications compiled on other machines (such -as Netscape) may crash when attempting to copy or paste from or to a text -field, and may also exhibit other problems. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ 3 ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-compat.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html index ae790ba..4185524 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html @@ -1,191 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Contributing to the Debian Project</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-contributing"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ 12 ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 12 - Contributing to the Debian Project -</h1> - -<hr> - -<p> -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/donations">Donations</a></code> of time -(to develop new packages, maintain existing packages, or provide user support), -resources (to mirror the FTP and WWW archives), and money (to pay for new -testbeds as well as hardware for the archives) can help the project. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-contrib"></a>12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</h2> - -<p> -The development of Debian is open to all, and new users with the right skills -and/or the willingness to learn are needed to maintain existing packages which -have been "orphaned" by their previous maintainers, to develop new -packages, and to provide user support. -</p> - -<p> -The description of becoming a Debian developer can be found at the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint">New Maintainer's -Corner</a></code> at the Debian web site. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-contribresources"></a>12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</h2> - -<p> -Since the project aims to make a substantial body of software rapidly and -easily accessible throughout the globe, mirrors are urgently needed. It is -desirable but not absolutely necessary to mirror all of the archive. Please -visit the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/size">Debian mirror -size</a></code> page for information on the disk space requirements. -</p> - -<p> -Most of the mirroring is accomplished entirely automatically by scripts, -without any interaction. However, the occasional glitch or system change -occurs which requires human intervention. -</p> - -<p> -If you have a high-speed connection to the Internet, the resources to mirror -all or part of the distribution, and are willing to take the time (or find -someone) who can provide regular maintenance of the system, then please contact -<code><a -href="mailto:debian-admin@lists.debian.org">debian-admin@lists.debian.org</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-supportingorganizations"></a>12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</h2> - -<p> -One can make individual donations to one of two organizations that are critical -to the development of the Debian project. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-SPI"></a>12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</h3> - -<p> -Software in the Public Interest (SPI) is an IRS 501(c)(3) non-profit -organization, formed when FSF withdrew their sponsorship of Debian. The -purpose of the organization is to develop and distribute free software. -</p> - -<p> -Our goals are very much like those of FSF, and we encourage programmers to use -the GNU General Public License on their programs. However, we have a slightly -different focus in that we are building and distributing a Linux system that -diverges in many technical details from the GNU system planned by FSF. We -still communicate with FSF, and we cooperate in sending them changes to GNU -software and in asking our users to donate to FSF and the GNU project. -</p> - -<p> -SPI can be reached at: <code><a -href="http://www.spi-inc.org/">http://www.spi-inc.org/</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-FSF"></a>12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</h3> - -<p> -At this time there is no formal connection between Debian and the Free Software -Foundation. However, the Free Software Foundation is responsible for some of -the most important software components in Debian, including the GNU C compiler, -GNU Emacs, and much of the C run-time library that is used by all programs on -the system. FSF pioneered much of what free software is today: they wrote the -General Public License that is used on much of the Debian software, and they -invented the "GNU" project to create an entirely free Unix system. -Debian should be considered a descendent of the GNU system. -</p> - -<p> -FSF can be reached at: <code><a -href="http://www.fsf.org/">http://www.fsf.org/</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ 12 ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-contributing.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html index 0185e6c..1cfdfaa 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html @@ -1,522 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-customizing"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ 10 ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 10 - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-papersize"></a>10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</h2> - -<p> -Install the <code>libpaper1</code> package, and it will ask you for a -system-wide default paper size. This setting will be kept in the file -<samp>/etc/papersize</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Users can override the paper size setting using the <samp>PAPERSIZE</samp> -environment variable. For details, see the manual page -<code>papersize(5)</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-hardwareaccess"></a>10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</h2> - -<p> -Many device files in the <samp>/dev</samp> directory belong to some predefined -groups. For example, <samp>/dev/fd0</samp> belongs to the <samp>floppy</samp> -group, and <samp>/dev/dsp</samp> belongs to the <samp>audio</samp> group. -</p> - -<p> -If you want a certain user to have access to one of these devices, just add the -user to the group the device belongs to, i.e. do: -</p> - -<pre> - adduser user group -</pre> - -<p> -This way you won't have to change the file permissions on the device. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-consolefont"></a>10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</h2> - -<p> -The <code>kbd</code> and <code>console-tools</code> packages support this, edit -<samp>/etc/kbd/config</samp> or <samp>/etc/console-tools/config</samp> files. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-appdefaults"></a>10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</h2> - -<p> -Debian's X programs will install their application resource data in the -<samp>/etc/X11/app-defaults/</samp> directory. If you want to customize X -applications globally, put your customizations in those files. They are marked -as configuration files, so their contents will be preserved during upgrades. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-booting"></a>10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</h2> - -<p> -Like all Unices, Debian boots up by executing the program <samp>init</samp>. -The configuration file for <samp>init</samp> (which is -<samp>/etc/inittab</samp>) specifies that the first script to be executed -should be <samp>/etc/init.d/rcS</samp>. This script runs all of the scripts in -<samp>/etc/rcS.d/</samp> by sourcing or forking subprocess depending on their -file extension to perform initialization such as to check and to mount file -systems, to load modules, to start the network services, to set the clock, and -to perform other initialization. Then, for compatibility, it runs the files -(except those with a `.'in the filename) in <samp>/etc/rc.boot/</samp> too. -Any scripts in the latter directory are usually reserved for system -administrator use, and using them in packages is deprecated. -</p> - -<p> -After completing the boot process, <samp>init</samp> executes all start scripts -in a directory specified by the default runlevel (this runlevel is given by the -entry for <samp>id</samp> in <samp>/etc/inittab</samp>). Like most System V -compatible Unices, Linux has 7 runlevels: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -0 (halt the system), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -1 (single-user mode), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -2 through 5 (various multi-user modes), and -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -6 (reboot the system). -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Debian systems come with id=2, which indicates that the default runlevel will -be '2' when the multi-user state is entered, and the scripts in -<samp>/etc/rc2.d/</samp> will be run. -</p> - -<p> -In fact, the scripts in any of the directories, <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are -just symbolic links back to scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. However, the -<em>names</em> of the files in each of the <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> directories -are selected to indicate the <em>way</em> the scripts in -<samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> will be run. Specifically, before entering any -runlevel, all the scripts beginning with 'K' are run; these scripts kill -services. Then all the scripts beginning with 'S' are run; these scripts start -services. The two-digit number following the 'K' or 'S' indicates the order in -which the script is run. Lower numbered scripts are executed first. -</p> - -<p> -This approach works because the scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> all take -an argument which can be either `start', `stop', `reload', `restart' or -`force-reload' and will then do the task indicated by the argument. These -scripts can be used even after a system has been booted, to control various -processes. -</p> - -<p> -For example, with the argument `reload' the command -</p> - -<pre> - /etc/init.d/sendmail reload -</pre> - -<p> -sends the sendmail daemon a signal to reread its configuration file. (BTW, -Debian supplies <code>invoke-rc.d</code> as a wrapper for invoking the scripts -in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.) -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-custombootscripts"></a>10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</h2> - -<p> -Suppose a system needs to execute script <samp>foo</samp> on start-up, or on -entry to a particular (System V) runlevel. Then the system administrator -should: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Enter the script <samp>foo</samp> into the directory <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Run the Debian command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> with appropriate arguments, to -set up links between the (command-line-specified) directories rc?.d and -<samp>/etc/init.d/foo</samp>. Here, '?' is a number from 0 through 6 and -corresponds to each of the System V runlevels. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Reboot the system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> will set up links between files in the -directories rc?.d and the script in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. Each link will -begin with a 'S' or a 'K', followed by a number, followed by the name of the -script. Scripts beginning with 'S' in <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are executed -when runlevel <samp>N</samp> is entered. Scripts beginning with a 'K' are -executed when leaving runlevel <samp>N</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -One might, for example, cause the script <samp>foo</samp> to execute at -boot-up, by putting it in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> and installing the links -with <samp>update-rc.d foo defaults 19</samp>. The argument 'defaults' refers -to the default runlevels, which are 2 through 5. The argument '19' ensures -that <samp>foo</samp> is called before any scripts containing numbers 20 or -larger. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-interconffiles"></a>10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</h2> - -<p> -Some users wish to create, for example, a new server by installing a group of -Debian packages and a locally generated package consisting of configuration -files. This is not generally a good idea, because <code>dpkg</code> will not -know about those configuration files if they are in a different package, and -may write conflicting configurations when one of the initial "group" -of packages is upgraded. -</p> - -<p> -Instead, create a local package that modifies the configuration files of the -"group" of Debian packages of interest. Then <code>dpkg</code> and -the rest of the package management system will see that the files have been -modified by the local "sysadmin" and will not try to overwrite them -when those packages are upgraded. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-divert"></a>10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</h2> - -<p> -Suppose a sysadmin or local user wishes to use a program -"login-local" rather than the program "login" provided by -the Debian <code>login</code> package. -</p> - -<p> -Do <strong>not</strong>: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Overwrite <samp>/bin/login</samp> with <samp>login-local</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The package management system will not know about this change, and will simply -overwrite your custom <samp>/bin/login</samp> whenever <samp>login</samp> (or -any package that provides <samp>/bin/login</samp>) is installed or updated. -</p> - -<p> -Rather, do -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Execute: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login -</pre> - -<p> -in order to cause all future installations of the Debian <code>login</code> -package to write the file <samp>/bin/login</samp> to -<samp>/bin/login.debian</samp> instead. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Then execute: -</p> - -<pre> - cp login-local /bin/login -</pre> - -<p> -to move your own locally-built program into place. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Details are given in the manual page <code>dpkg-divert(8)</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-localpackages"></a>10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</h2> - -<p> -Execute the command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] > my_Packages -</pre> - -<p> -where: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -BIN-DIR is a directory where Debian archive files (which usually have an -extension of ".deb") are stored. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -OVERRIDE_FILE is a file that is edited by the distribution maintainers and is -usually stored on a Debian FTP archive at <samp>indices/override.main.gz</samp> -for the Debian packages in the "main" distribution. You can ignore -this for local packages. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -PATHPREFIX is an <em>optional</em> string that can be prepended to the -<samp>my_Packages</samp> file being produced. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Once you have built the file <samp>my_Packages</samp>, tell the package -management system about it by using the command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages -</pre> - -<p> -If you are using APT, you can add the local repository to your -<code>sources.list(5)</code> file, too. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-diverse"></a>10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</h2> - -<p> -There are several cases where two packages provide two different versions of a -program, both of which provide the same core functionality. Users might prefer -one over another out of habit, or because the user interface of one package is -somehow more pleasing than the interface of another. Other users on the same -system might make a different choice. -</p> - -<p> -Debian uses a "virtual" package system to allow system administrators -to choose (or let users choose) their favorite tools when there are two or more -that provide the same basic functionality, yet satisfy package dependency -requirements without specifying a particular package. -</p> - -<p> -For example, there might exist two different versions of newsreaders on a -system. The news server package might 'recommend' that there exist -<em>some</em> news reader on the system, but the choice of <samp>tin</samp> or -<samp>trn</samp> is left up to the individual user. This is satisfied by -having both the <code>tin</code> and <code>trn</code> packages provide the -virtual package <code>news-reader</code>. <em>Which</em> program is invoked is -determined by a link pointing from a file with the virtual package name -<samp>/etc/alternatives/news-reader</samp> to the selected file, e.g., -<samp>/usr/bin/trn</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -A single link is insufficient to support full use of an alternate program; -normally, manual pages, and possibly other supporting files must be selected as -well. The Perl script <samp>update-alternatives</samp> provides a way of -ensuring that all the files associated with a specified package are selected as -a system default. -</p> - -<p> -For example, to check what executables provide `x-window-manager', run: -</p> - -<pre> - update-alternatives --display x-window-manager -</pre> - -<p> -If you want to change it, run: -</p> - -<pre> - update-alternatives --config x-window-manager -</pre> - -<p> -And follow the instructions on the screen (basically, press the number next to -the entry you'd like better). -</p> - -<p> -If a package doesn't register itself as a window manager for some reason (file -a bug if it's in error), or if you use a window manager from /usr/local -directory, the selections on screen won't contain your preferred entry. You -can update the link through command line options, like this: -</p> - -<pre> - update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \ - x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50 -</pre> - -<p> -The first argument to `--install' option is the symlink that points to -/etc/alternatives/NAME, where NAME is the second argument. The third argument -is the program to which /etc/alternatives/NAME should point to, and the fourth -argument is the priority (larger value means the alternative will more probably -get picked automatically). -</p> - -<p> -To remove an alternative you added, simply run: -</p> - -<pre> - update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs -</pre> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ 10 ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-customizing.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html index 1d4f43b..0f759b4 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html @@ -1,210 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - General information about the FAQ</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-faqinfo"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ 15 ] -[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 15 - General information about the FAQ -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-authors"></a>15.1 Authors</h2> - -<p> -The first edition of this FAQ was made and maintained by J.H.M. Dassen (Ray) -and Chuck Stickelman. Authors of the rewritten Debian GNU/Linux FAQ are Susan -G. Kleinmann and Sven Rudolph. After them, the FAQ was maintained by Santiago -Vila and, later, by Josip Rodin. The current maintainer is Javier -Fernandez-Sanguino. -</p> - -<p> -Parts of the information came from: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -The Debian-1.1 release announcement, by <code><a -href="http://www.perens.com/">Bruce Perens</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -The Linux FAQ, by <code><a -href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/">Ian Jackson</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code><a href="http://lists.debian.org/">Debian Mailing Lists -Archives</a></code>, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -the dpkg programmers' manual and the Debian Policy manual (see <a -href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and -for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>) -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -many developers, volunteers, and beta testers, and -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -the flaky memories of its authors. :-) -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The authors would like to thank all those who helped make this document -possible. -</p> - -<p> -All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their respective -trademark owners. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-feedback"></a>15.2 Feedback</h2> - -<p> -Comments and additions to this document are always welcome. Please send e-mail -to <code><a -href="mailto:doc-debian@packages.debian.org">doc-debian@packages.debian.org</a></code>, -or submit a wishlist bug report against the <code><code><a -href="http://bugs.debian.org/doc-debian">doc-debian</a></code></code> package. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-latest"></a>15.3 Availability</h2> - -<p> -The latest version of this document can be viewed on the Debian WWW pages at -<code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/">http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -It is also available for download in plain text, HTML, PostScript and PDF -formats at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq</a></code>. -Also, there are several translations there. -</p> - -<p> -The original SGML files used to create this document are also available in -<code>doc-debian</code>'s source package, or in CVS at: -<samp>:pserver:anonymous@cvs.debian.org:/cvs/debian-doc/ddp/manuals.sgml/faq</samp> -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-docformat"></a>15.4 Document format</h2> - -<p> -This document was written using the DebianDoc SGML DTD (rewritten from LinuxDoc -SGML). DebianDoc SGML systems enables us to create files in a variety of -formats from one source, e.g. this document can be viewed as HTML, plain text, -TeX DVI, PostScript, PDF, or GNU info. -</p> - -<p> -Conversion utilities for DebianDoc SGML are available in Debian package -<code>debiandoc-sgml</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ 15 ] -[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-faqinfo.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html index 6560f14..cdad69f 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html @@ -1,575 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian FTP archives</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-ftparchives"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ 5 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-dirtree"></a>5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</h2> - -<p> -The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of -several directory trees on each Debian mirror site. -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>dists</samp> directory is short for "distributions", and it -is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and -pre-releases). -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>pool</samp> directory contains the actual packages, see <a -href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>. -</p> - -<p> -There are the following supplementary directories: -</p> -<dl> -<dt><em>/tools/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive, -compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>/doc/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -The basic Debian documentation, such as the FAQ, the bug reporting system -instructions, etc. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>/indices/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -The Maintainers file and the override files. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>/project/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -mostly developer-only materials, such as: -</p> -<dl> -<dt><em>project/experimental/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This directory contains packages and tools which are still being developed, and -are still in the alpha testing stage. Users shouldn't be using packages from -here, because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced -people. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -</dd> -</dl> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-dists"></a>5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</h2> - -<p> -There are three distributions, the "stable" distribution, the -"testing" distribution, and the "unstable" distribution. -The "testing" distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see <a -href="#s-frozen">What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?, Section -5.6.1</a>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-codenames"></a>5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</h2> - -<p> -They are just "codenames". When a Debian distribution is in the -development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of -these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if -a real directory like <samp>unstable</samp> suddenly changed its name to -<samp>stable</samp>, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded -again). -</p> - -<p> -Currently, <samp>stable</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>etch</samp> (i.e. -Debian GNU/Linux 4.0) and <samp>testing</samp> is a symbolic link to -<samp>lenny</samp>. This means that <samp>etch</samp> is the current stable -distribution and <samp>lenny</samp> is the current testing distribution. -</p> - -<p> -<samp>unstable</samp> is a permanent symbolic link to <samp>sid</samp>, as -<samp>sid</samp> is always the unstable distribution (see <a href="#s-sid">What -about "sid"?, Section 5.4</a>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-oldcodenames"></a>5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</h3> - -<p> -Other codenames that have been already used are: <samp>buzz</samp> for release -1.1, <samp>rex</samp> for release 1.2, <samp>bo</samp> for releases 1.3.x, -<samp>hamm</samp> for release 2.0, <samp>slink</samp> for release 2.1, -<samp>potato</samp> for release 2.2, <samp>woody</samp> for release 3.0 and -<samp>sarge</samp> for release 3.1. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-sourceforcodenames"></a>5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</h3> - -<p> -So far they have been characters taken from the movie "Toy Story" by -Pixar. -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>buzz</em> (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>rex</em> was the tyrannosaurus, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>bo</em> (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>hamm</em> was the piggy bank, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>slink</em> (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>potato</em> was, of course, Mr. Potato (R), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>woody</em> was the cowboy, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>sarge</em> was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>etch</em> was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>lenny</em> was the binoculars. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>sid</em> was the boy next door who destroyed toys. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-sid"></a>5.4 What about "sid"?</h2> - -<p> -<em>sid</em> or <em>unstable</em> is the place where most of the packages are -initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which -are to be released will first have to be included in <em>testing</em>, in order -to be released in <em>stable</em> later on. sid contains packages for both -released and unreleased architectures. -</p> - -<p> -The name "sid" also comes from the "Toy Story" animated -motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-) -</p> - -<p> -[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f1" name="fr1">1</a>] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-stable"></a>5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</h2> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute -the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system. -</p> - -<p> -These packages all comply with the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software -Guidelines</a></code>, and are all freely usable and distributable. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is -restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the -specified copyright requirements. -</p> - -<p> -For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial -distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not -freeware. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and possibly -negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution (e.g., in a -CD-ROM). -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and -<em>freely distributable</em> themselves, but somehow depend on a package that -is <em>not</em> freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free -section. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-testing"></a>5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</h2> - -<p> -Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone -some degree of testing in <a href="#s-unstable">unstable</a>. -</p> - -<p> -They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and -mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have -fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way, -we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate. -</p> - -<p> -More information about the status of "testing" in general and the -individual packages is available at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/devel/testing">http://www.debian.org/devel/testing</a></code> -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-frozen"></a>5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</h3> - -<p> -When the "testing" distribution is mature enough, the release manager -starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure -that as little as possible new bugs from "unstable" enter -"testing". -</p> - -<p> -After a while, the "testing" distribution becomes truly `frozen'. -This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the -"testing" are held back, unless they include release-critical bug -fixes. The "testing" distribution can also remain in such a deep -freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent. -</p> - -<p> -We keep a record of bugs in the "testing" distribution that can hold -off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole -release. For details, please see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/">current testing release -information</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen -"testing" distribution is declared "stable" and released -with a version number. -</p> - -<p> -With each new release, the previous "stable" distribution becomes -obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive">Debian archive</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-unstable"></a>5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</h2> - -<p> -The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system. -Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their -state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that -you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but -if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-) -</p> - -<p> -There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable', -separated on the same criteria as in `stable'. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-archsections"></a>5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</h2> - -<p> -Within each of the major directory trees[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f2" -name="fr2">2</a>], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index -files. -</p> - -<p> -There's one set of <samp>binary-<var>something</var></samp> subdirectories -which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer -architecture, for example <samp>binary-i386</samp> for packages which execute -on Intel x86 PC machines or <samp>binary-sparc</samp> for packages which -execute on Sun SPARCStations. -</p> - -<p> -The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">the release's web -page</a></code>. For the current release, please see <a -href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what hardware architectures/systems does -Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a>. -</p> - -<p> -The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz) and they include a summary -of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The actual -binary packages (for <em>woody</em> and subsequent releases) reside in the top -level <a href="#s-pools"><samp>pool</samp> directory</a>. -</p> - -<p> -Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files -for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called -Sources(.gz). -</p> - -<p> -Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation -system index files. In the <em>woody</em> release, these are named -<samp>disks-<var>architecture</var></samp>; in <em>sarge</em>, they are at -<samp>debian-installer/binary-<var>architecture</var></samp>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-source"></a>5.9 Where is the source code?</h2> - -<p> -Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the -license terms of most programs in the system <em>require</em> that source code -be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source -code accompany the programs. -</p> - -<p> -The source code is distributed in the <samp>pool</samp> directory (see <a -href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>) -together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve -the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP -archive, try a command like <samp>apt-get source mypackagename</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in -their licenses. Notably, one such package is <samp>pine</samp>, see <a -href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">Where is pine?, Section 4.10</a> for more -information. -</p> - -<p> -Source code may or may not be available for packages in the "contrib" -and "non-free" directories, which are not formally part of the Debian -system. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pools"></a>5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</h2> - -<p> -Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the -source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section -(`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source -package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for -each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were -generated. -</p> - -<p> -You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like -<samp>apt-cache showsrc mypackagename</samp> and looking at the `Directory:' -line. For example, the <samp>apache</samp> packages are stored in -<samp>pool/main/a/apache/</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Additionally, since there are so many <samp>lib*</samp> packages, these are -treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in -<samp>pool/main/libp/libpaper/</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f3" name="fr3">3</a>] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-incoming"></a>5.11 What is "incoming"?</h2> - -<p> -After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the -"incoming" directory before it is checked that it's genuine and -allowed into the archive. -</p> - -<p> -Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare -cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at <code><a -href="http://incoming.debian.org/">http://incoming.debian.org/</a></code>. You -can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the -.changes and .dsc files, and then install them. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-ownrepository"></a>5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</h2> - -<p> -If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install -using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own -apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your -Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project. -Instructions on how to do this are given in the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto">Debian -Repository HOWTO</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ 5 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-ftparchives.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html index fe19d08..568d808 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html @@ -1,374 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-getting"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ 2 ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 2 - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux -</h1> - -<hr> - -<p> -The official document giving installation instructions is the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux -Installation Guide</a></code>. We'll give some additional notes about getting -and installing Debian GNU/Linux here. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-version"></a>2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</h2> - -<p> -Currently there are three versions of Debian GNU/Linux: -</p> -<dl> -<dt><em>release 4.0, a.k.a. the `stable' distribution</em></dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is stable and well tested software, it changes if major security or -usability fixes are incorporated. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>the `testing' distribution</em></dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is where packages that will be released as the next `stable' are placed; -they've had some testing in unstable but they may not be completely fit for -release yet. This distribution is updated more often than `stable', but not -more often than `unstable'. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>the `unstable' distribution</em></dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is the version currently under development; it is updated continuously. -You can retrieve packages from the `unstable' archive on any Debian FTP site -and use them to upgrade your system at any time, but you may not expect the -system to be as usable or as stable as before - that's why it's called -`<strong>unstable</strong>'! -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p> -Please see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">How many Debian -distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?, Section 5.2</a> -for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-updatestable"></a>2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</h2> - -<p> -No new functionality is added to the stable release. Once a Debian version is -released and tagged `stable' it will only get security updates. That is, only -packages for which a security vulnerability has been found after the release -will be upgraded. All the security updates are served through <code><a -href="ftp://security.debian.org">security.debian.org</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -Security updates serve one purpose: to supply a fix for a security -vulnerability. They are not a method for sneaking additional changes into the -stable release without going through normal point release procedure. -Consequently, fixes for packages with security issues will not upgrade the -software. The Debian Security Team will backport the necessary fixes to the -version of the software distributed in `stable' instead. -</p> - -<p> -For more information related to security support please read the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/security/faq">Security FAQ</a></code> or the -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/">Debian -Security Manual</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-boot-floppies"></a>2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</h2> - -<p> -You can get the installation disks by downloading the appropriate files from -one of the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian -mirrors</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -The installation system files are separated in subdirectories of -<code>dists/stable/main</code> directory, and the names of these subdirectories -correspond to your architecture like this: <samp>disks-<var>arch</var></samp> -(<var>arch</var> is "i386", "sparc", etc, check the site -for an exact list). In each of these architecture subdirectories there can be -several directories, each for a version of the installation system, and the -currently used one is in the `current' directory (that's a symbolic link). -</p> - -<p> -See the <code>README.txt</code> file in that directory for further -instructions. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-cdrom"></a>2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</h2> - -<p> -Linux supports the ISO 9660 (CD-ROM) file system with Rock Ridge extensions -(formerly known as "High Sierra"). Several <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/">vendors</a></code> provide Debian -GNU/Linux in this format. -</p> - -<p> -Warning: When installing from CD-ROM, it is usually not a good idea to choose -dselect's <samp>cdrom</samp> access method. This method is usually very slow. -The <samp>mountable</samp> and <samp>apt</samp> methods, for example, are much -better for installing from CD-ROM (see <a -href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">dpkg-mountable, Section 8.2.5</a> -and <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom, Section -8.2.2</a>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-cdimage-symlinks"></a>2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</h2> - -<p> -Official Debian CD images indeed contain symlinks like: -</p> - -<pre> - /dists/frozen -> sarge/ - /dists/stable -> sarge/ - /dists/testing -> sarge/ - /dists/unstable -> sarge/ -</pre> - -<p> -so that they work when your sources.list has an entry like -</p> - -<pre> - deb cdrom:[<name as on cd label>]/ unstable main [...] -</pre> - -<p> -. -</p> - -<p> -The fact these symlinks are present does <em>not</em> mean the image is -`unstable' or `testing' or anything. Read the CD label in -<code>/.disk/info</code> to find out which Debian version it contains. This -information is also present in <code>/README.txt</code> on the CD. -</p> - -<p> -Read <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">http://www.debian.org/releases/</a></code> -to find out what the current `stable' and `testing' releases are. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-cdimages"></a>2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. To make it easier for CD vendors to provide high quality disks, we -provide the <code><a href="http://cdimage.debian.org/">Official CD -images</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-floppy"></a>2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</h2> - -<p> -First of all, a warning: whole Debian GNU/Linux is way too large to be -installed from media as small as a standard 1.44MB floppy disk - you may not -find installing from floppies a very pleasant experience. -</p> - -<p> -Copy the Debian packages onto formatted floppy disks. Either a DOS, the native -Linux "ext2", or the "minix" format will do; one just has -to use a mount command appropriate to the floppy being used. -</p> - -<p> -Using floppy disks has these complications: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Short MS-DOS file names: If you are trying to place Debian package files onto -MS-DOS formatted disks, you will find that their names are generally too long, -and do not conform to the MS-DOS 8.3 filename limitation. To overcome this, -you would have to use VFAT formatted disks, since VFAT supports longer file -names. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Large file sizes: Some packages are larger than 1.44 MBytes, and will not fit -onto a single floppy disk. To solve this problem, use the dpkg-split tool (see -<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split">dpkg-split, Section 7.1.5.2</a>), -available in the <samp>tools</samp> directory on <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian mirrors</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -You must have support in the kernel for floppy disks in order to read and write -to floppy disk; most kernels come with floppy drive support included in them. -</p> - -<p> -To mount a floppy disk under the mount point <samp>/floppy</samp> (a directory -which should have been created during installation), use: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<pre> - mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /floppy/ -</pre> - -<p> -if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an MS-DOS file system, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<pre> - mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /floppy/ -</pre> - -<p> -if the floppy disk is in drive B: and has an MS-DOS file system, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<pre> - mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /floppy/ -</pre> - -<p> -if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an ext2 (i.e., a normal Linux) file -system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-remoteinstall"></a>2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. You can boot the Debian installation system from a set of files you can -download from our FTP site and its mirrors. -</p> - -<p> -You can download a small CD image file, create a bootable CD from it, install -the basic system from it and the rest over the network. For more information -please see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/">http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -You can also download even smaller floppy disk image files, create bootable -diskettes from them, start the installation procedure and get the rest of -Debian over the network. For more information, please see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst">http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ 2 ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-getting.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html index 28e150f..125039f 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html @@ -1,315 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Debian and the kernel</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-kernel"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ 9 ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 9 - Debian and the kernel -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-non-debian-kernel"></a>9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. -</p> - -<p> -There's only one common catch: the Debian C libraries are built with the most -recent <em>stable</em> releases of the <strong>kernel</strong> headers. If you -happen to need to compile a program with kernel headers newer than the ones -from the stable branch, then you should either upgrade the package containing -the headers (<code>libc6-dev</code>), or use the new headers from an unpacked -tree of the newer kernel. That is, if the kernel sources are in -<code>/usr/src/linux</code>, then you should add -<samp>-I/usr/src/linux/include/</samp> to your command line when compiling. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-customkernel"></a>9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</h2> - -<p> -Users who wish to (or must) build a custom kernel are encouraged to download -the package <code>kernel-package</code>. This package contains the script to -build the kernel package, and provides the capability to create a Debian -<code>kernel-image-<var>version</var></code> package just by running the -command -</p> - -<pre> - make-kpkg kernel_image -</pre> - -<p> -in the top-level kernel source directory. Help is available by executing the -command -</p> - -<pre> - make-kpkg --help -</pre> - -<p> -and through the manual page <code>make-kpkg(1)</code>. -</p> - -<p> -Users must separately download the source code for the most recent kernel (or -the kernel of their choice) from their favorite Linux archive site, unless a -<code>kernel-source-<var>version</var></code> package is available (where -<var>version</var> stands for the kernel version). -</p> - -<p> -Detailed instructions for using the <code>kernel-package</code> package are -given in the file <code>/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz</code>. -Briefly, one should: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Unpack the kernel sources, and <samp>cd</samp> to the newly created directory. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Modify the kernel configuration using one of these commands: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>make config</samp> (for a text-based interface). -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>make menuconfig</samp> (for an ncurses-based menu driven interface). -Note that to use this option, the <code>libncurses5-dev</code> package must be -installed. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>make xconfig</samp> (for an X11 interface). Using this option requires -that relevant X and Tcl/Tk packages be installed. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Any of the above steps generates a new <samp>.config</samp> in the top-level -kernel source directory. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Execute the command: <samp>make-kpkg -rev Custom.<var>N</var> -kernel_image</samp>, where <var>N</var> is a revision number assigned by the -user. The new Debian archive thus formed would have revision -Custom.<var>N</var>, e.g. <code>kernel-image-2.2.14_Custom.1_i386.deb</code> -for the Linux kernel 2.2.14 on i386. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Install the package created. -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Run <samp>dpkg --install -../kernel-image-<var>VVV</var>_Custom.<var>N</var>_i386.deb</samp> to install -the kernel itself. The installation script will: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -run the boot loader (grub, LILO or some other) if needed, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -install the custom kernel in -<code>/boot/vmlinuz_<var>VVV</var>-Custom.<var>N</var></code>, and set up -appropriate symbolic links to the most recent kernel version. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -prompt the user to make a boot floppy. This boot floppy will contain the raw -kernel only. See <a href="#s-custombootdisk">How can I make a custom boot -floppy?, Section 9.3</a>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To employ secondary boot loaders such as <code>loadlin</code>, copy this image -to other locations (e.g. to an <samp>MS-DOS</samp> partition). -</p> -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-custombootdisk"></a>9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</h2> - -<p> -This task is greatly aided by the Debian package <code>boot-floppies</code>, -normally found in the <samp>admin</samp> section of the Debian FTP archive. -Shell scripts in this package produce boot floppies in the -<samp>SYSLINUX</samp> format. These are <samp>MS-DOS</samp> formatted floppies -whose master boot records have been altered so that they boot Linux directly -(or whatever other operating system has been defined in the -<code>syslinux.cfg</code> file on the floppy). Other scripts in this package -produce emergency root disks and can even reproduce the base disks. -</p> - -<p> -You will find more information about this in the -<code>/usr/share/doc/boot-floppies/README</code> file after installing the -<code>boot-floppies</code> package. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-modules"></a>9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</h2> - -<p> -Debian's <code>modconf</code> package provides a shell script -(<code>/usr/sbin/modconf</code>) which can be used to customize the -configuration of modules. This script presents a menu-based interface, -prompting the user for particulars on the loadable device drivers in his -system. The responses are used to customize the file -<code>/etc/modules.conf</code> (which lists aliases, and other arguments that -must be used in conjunction with various modules) through files in -<code>/etc/modutils/</code>, and <code>/etc/modules</code> (which lists the -modules that must be loaded at boot time). -</p> - -<p> -Like the (new) <code>Configure.help</code> files that are now available to -support the construction of custom kernels, the <code>modconf</code> package -comes with a series of help files (in <code>/usr/lib/modules_help/</code>) -which provide detailed information on appropriate arguments for each of the -modules. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-removeoldkernel"></a>9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. The <code>kernel-image-<var>NNN</var>.prerm</code> script checks to see -whether the kernel you are currently running is the same as the kernel you are -trying to de-install. Therefore you can remove unwanted kernel image packages -using this command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --purge --force-remove-essential kernel-image-<var>NNN</var> -</pre> - -<p> -(replace <var>NNN</var> with your kernel version and revision number, of -course) -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ 9 ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-kernel.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html index 2df0e3f..da23d48 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html @@ -1,147 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-nexttime"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ 14 ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 14 - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-security"></a>14.1 Increased security</h2> - -<p> -Debian contains support for shadow passwords since release 1.3. In addition, -the Linux library of Pluggable Authentication Modules (a.k.a. <code><a -href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">libpam</a></code>;) that -allows sysadmins to choose authorization modes on an application-specific basis -is available, and initially set to authenticate via shadow password. -</p> - -<p> -Including full support for additional security enhancements for mandatory -access control mechanisms such as SElinux, RSBAC and buffer overflow protection -like Exec-shield or PaX is still in progress. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-i18n"></a>14.2 Extended support for non-English users</h2> - -<p> -Debian already has very good support for non-English users, see <a -href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English -languages?, Section 4.8</a>. -</p> - -<p> -We hope to find people who will provide support for even more languages, and -translate. Some programs already support internationalization, so we need -message catalogs translators. Many programs still remain to be properly -internationalized. -</p> - -<p> -The GNU Translation Project <code><a -href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS</a></code> -works on internationalizing the GNU programs. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-morearches"></a>14.3 More architectures</h2> - -<p> -Complete Debian system on other architectures such as AMD64 or SuperH is -expected soon. Notice that even though some architectures are dropped for a -given the release there still might be a way to install and upgrade using the -latest <samp>sid</samp>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-morekernels"></a>14.4 More kernels</h2> - -<p> -In addition to Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian is being ported also to BSD kernels, -namely to <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/ports/netbsd">NetBSD</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ 14 ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-nexttime.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html index a26e8ee..98c97fe 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html @@ -1,863 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Basics of the Debian package management system</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-pkg_basics"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ 6 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 6 - Basics of the Debian package management system -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-package"></a>6.1 What is a Debian package?</h2> - -<p> -Packages generally contain all of the files necessary to implement a set of -related commands or features. There are two types of Debian packages: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>Binary packages</em>, which contain executables, configuration files, -man/info pages, copyright information, and other documentation. These packages -are distributed in a Debian-specific archive format (see <a -href="#s-deb-format">What is the format of a Debian binary package?, Section -6.2</a>); they are usually distinguished by having a '.deb' file extension. -Binary packages can be unpacked using the Debian utility <samp>dpkg</samp>; -details are given in its manual page. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>Source packages</em>, which consist of a <samp>.dsc</samp> file describing -the source package (including the names of the following files), a -<samp>.orig.tar.gz</samp> file that contains the original unmodified source in -gzip-compressed tar format and usually a <samp>.diff.gz</samp> file that -contains the Debian-specific changes to the original source. The utility -<samp>dpkg-source</samp> packs and unpacks Debian source archives; details are -provided in its manual page. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Installation of software by the package system uses "dependencies" -which are carefully designed by the package maintainers. These dependencies -are documented in the <samp>control</samp> file associated with each package. -For example, the package containing the GNU C compiler (<code>gcc</code>) -"depends" on the package <code>binutils</code> which includes the -linker and assembler. If a user attempts to install <code>gcc</code> without -having first installed <code>binutils</code>, the package management system -(dpkg) will send an error message that it also needs <code>binutils</code>, and -stop installing <code>gcc</code>. (However, this facility can be overridden by -the insistent user, see <code>dpkg(8)</code>.) See more in <a -href="#s-depends">What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, -<em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> -or <em>Provides</em> another package?, Section 6.9</a> below. -</p> - -<p> -Debian's packaging tools can be used to: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -manipulate and manage packages or parts of packages, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -aid the user in the break-up of packages that must be transmitted through a -limited-size medium such as floppy disks, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -aid developers in the construction of package archives, and -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -aid users in the installation of packages which reside on a remote FTP site. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-deb-format"></a>6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</h2> - -<p> -A Debian "package", or a Debian archive file, contains the executable -files, libraries, and documentation associated with a particular suite of -program or set of related programs. Normally, a Debian archive file has a -filename that ends in <samp>.deb</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -The internals of this Debian binary packages format are described in the -<code>deb(5)</code> manual page. This internal format is subject to change -(between major releases of Debian GNU/Linux), therefore please always use -<code>dpkg-deb(1)</code> for manipulating <samp>.deb</samp> files. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pkgname"></a>6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</h2> - -<p> -The Debian binary package file names conform to the following convention: -<foo>_<VersionNumber>-<DebianRevisionNumber>.deb -</p> - -<p> -Note that <samp>foo</samp> is supposed to be the package name. As a check, one -can learn the package name associated with a particular Debian archive file -(.deb file) in one of these ways: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -inspect the "Packages" file in the directory where it was stored at a -Debian FTP archive site. This file contains a stanza describing each package; -the first field in each stanza is the formal package name. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -use the command <samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> (where VVV and RRR are -the version and revision of the package in question, respectively). This -displays, among other things, the package name corresponding to the archive -file being unpacked. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The <samp>VVV</samp> component is the version number specified by the upstream -developer. There are no standards in place here, so the version number may -have formats as different as "19990513" and "1.3.8pre1". -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>RRR</samp> component is the Debian revision number, and is specified -by the Debian developer (or an individual user if he chooses to build the -package himself). This number corresponds to the revision level of the Debian -package, thus, a new revision level usually signifies changes in the Debian -Makefile (<samp>debian/rules</samp>), the Debian control file -(<samp>debian/control</samp>), the installation or removal scripts -(<samp>debian/p*</samp>), or in the configuration files used with the package. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-controlfile"></a>6.4 What is a Debian control file?</h2> - -<p> -Specifics regarding the contents of a Debian control file are provided in the -Debian Policy Manual, section 5, see <a -href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and -for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>. -</p> - -<p> -Briefly, a sample control file is shown below for the Debian package hello: -</p> - -<pre> - Package: hello - Priority: optional - Section: devel - Installed-Size: 45 - Maintainer: Adam Heath <doogie@debian.org> - Architecture: i386 - Version: 1.3-16 - Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1) - Description: The classic greeting, and a good example - The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It - allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which - would otherwise be unavailable to them. - . - Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package. - It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program - (which is itself an example for the GNU Project). -</pre> - -<p> -The Package field gives the package name. This is the name by which the -package can be manipulated by the package tools, and usually similar to but not -necessarily the same as the first component string in the Debian archive file -name. -</p> - -<p> -The Version field gives both the upstream developer's version number and (in -the last component) the revision level of the Debian package of this program as -explained in <a href="#s-pkgname">Why are Debian package file names so long?, -Section 6.3</a>. -</p> - -<p> -The Architecture field specifies the chip for which this particular binary was -compiled. -</p> - -<p> -The Depends field gives a list of packages that have to be installed in order -to install this package successfully. -</p> - -<p> -The Installed-Size indicates how much disk space the installed package will -consume. This is intended to be used by installation front-ends in order to -show whether there is enough disk space available to install the program. -</p> - -<p> -The Section line gives the "section" where this Debian package is -stored at the Debian FTP sites. This is the name of a subdirectory (within one -of the main directories, see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">What -are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?, Section 5.1</a>) where -the package is stored. -</p> - -<p> -The Priority indicates how important is this package for installation, so that -semi-intelligent software like dselect or console-apt can sort the package into -a category of e.g. packages optionally installed. See <a -href="#s-priority">What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, -<em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> -package?, Section 6.7</a>. -</p> - -<p> -The Maintainer field gives the e-mail address of the person who is currently -responsible for maintaining this package. -</p> - -<p> -The Description field gives a brief summary of the package's features. -</p> - -<p> -For more information about all possible fields a package can have, please see -the Debian Policy Manual, section 5., "Control files and their -fields". -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-conffile"></a>6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</h2> - -<p> -Conffiles is a list of configuration files (usually placed in -<samp>/etc</samp>) that the package management system will not overwrite when -the package is upgraded. This ensures that local values for the contents of -these files will be preserved, and is a critical feature enabling the in-place -upgrade of packages on a running system. -</p> - -<p> -To determine exactly which files are preserved during an upgrade, run: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --status package -</pre> - -<p> -And look under "Conffiles:". -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-maintscripts"></a>6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</h2> - -<p> -These files are executable scripts which are automatically run before or after -a package is installed. Along with a file named <samp>control</samp>, all of -these files are part of the "control" section of a Debian archive -file. -</p> - -<p> -The individual files are: -</p> -<dl> -<dt>preinst</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This script executes before that package will be unpacked from its Debian -archive (".deb") file. Many 'preinst' scripts stop services for -packages which are being upgraded until their installation or upgrade is -completed (following the successful execution of the 'postinst' script). -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>postinst</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This script typically completes any required configuration of the package -<samp>foo</samp> once <samp>foo</samp> has been unpacked from its Debian -archive (".deb") file. Often, 'postinst' scripts ask the user for -input, and/or warn the user that if he accepts default values, he should -remember to go back and re-configure that package as the situation warrants. -Many 'postinst' scripts then execute any commands necessary to start or restart -a service once a new package has been installed or upgraded. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>prerm</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This script typically stops any daemons which are associated with a package. -It is executed before the removal of files associated with the package. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>postrm</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This script typically modifies links or other files associated with -<samp>foo</samp>, and/or removes files created by the package. (Also see <a -href="#s-virtual">What is a Virtual Package?, Section 6.8</a>.) -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p> -Currently all of the control files can be found in directory -<samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info</samp>. The files relevant to package -<samp>foo</samp> begin with the name "foo" and have file extensions -of "preinst", "postinst", etc., as appropriate. The file -<samp>foo.list</samp> in that directory lists all of the files that were -installed with the package <samp>foo</samp>. (Note that the location of these -files is a dpkg internal; you should not rely on it.) -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-priority"></a>6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</h2> - -<p> -Each Debian package is assigned a <em>priority</em> by the distribution -maintainers, as an aid to the package management system. The priorities are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Required</strong>: packages that are necessary for the proper -functioning of the system. -</p> - -<p> -This includes all tools that are necessary to repair system defects. You must -not remove these packages or your system may become totally broken and you may -probably not even be able to use dpkg to put things back. Systems with only -the Required packages are probably unusable, but they do have enough -functionality to allow the sysadmin to boot and install more software. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Important</strong> packages should be found on any Unix-like system. -</p> - -<p> -Other packages which the system will not run well or be usable without will be -here. This does <em>NOT</em> include Emacs or X11 or TeX or any other large -applications. These packages only constitute the bare infrastructure. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Standard</strong> packages are standard on any Linux system, including -a reasonably small but not too limited character-mode system. Tools are -included to be able to browse the web (using w3m), send e-mail (with mutt) and -download files from FTP servers. -</p> - -<p> -This is what will install by default if users do not select anything else. It -does not include many large applications, but it does include the Python -interpreter and some server software like OpenSSH (for remote administration), -Exim (for mail delivery, although it can be configured for local delivery -only), an identd server (pidentd) and the RPC portmapper -(<samp>portmap</samp>). It also includes some common generic documentation -that most users will find helpful. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Optional</strong> packages include all those that you might reasonably -want to install if you did not know what it was, or do not have specialized -requirements. -</p> - -<p> -This includes X11, a full TeX distribution, and lots of applications. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Extra</strong>: packages that either conflict with others with higher -priorities, are only likely to be useful if you already know what they are, or -have specialized requirements that make them unsuitable for -"Optional". -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -If you do a default Debian installation all the packages of priority -<strong>Standard</strong> or higher will be installed in your system. If you -select pre-defined tasks you will get lower priority packages too. -</p> - -<p> -Additionally, some packages are marked as <strong>Essential</strong> since they -are absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of the system. The package -management tools will refuse to remove these. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-virtual"></a>6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</h2> - -<p> -A virtual package is a generic name that applies to any one of a group of -packages, all of which provide similar basic functionality. For example, both -the <samp>tin</samp> and <samp>trn</samp> programs are news readers, and should -therefore satisfy any dependency of a program that required a news reader on a -system, in order to work or to be useful. They are therefore both said to -provide the "virtual package" called <samp>news-reader</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Similarly, <samp>smail</samp> and <samp>sendmail</samp> both provide the -functionality of a mail transport agent. They are therefore said to provide -the virtual package, "mail transport agent". If either one is -installed, then any program depending on the installation of a -<samp>mail-transport-agent</samp> will be satisfied by the existence of this -virtual package. -</p> - -<p> -Debian provides a mechanism so that, if more than one package which provide the -same virtual package is installed on a system, then system administrators can -set one as the preferred package. The relevant command is -<samp>update-alternatives</samp>, and is described further in <a -href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">Some users like mawk, others like gawk; -some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does -Debian support diversity?, Section 10.10</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-depends"></a>6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</h2> - -<p> -The Debian package system has a range of package "dependencies" which -are designed to indicate (in a single flag) the level at which Program A can -operate independently of the existence of Program B on a given system: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>depends</em> on Package B if B absolutely must be installed in -order to run A. In some cases, A depends not only on B, but on a version of B. -In this case, the version dependency is usually a lower limit, in the sense -that A depends on any version of B more recent than some specified version. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>recommends</em> Package B, if the package maintainer judges that -most users would not want A without also having the functionality provided by -B. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>suggests</em> Package B if B contains files that are related to -(and usually enhance) the functionality of A. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>conflicts</em> with Package B when A will not operate if B is -installed on the system. Most often, conflicts are cases where A contains -files which are an improvement over those in B. "Conflicts" are -often combined with "replaces". -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>replaces</em> Package B when files installed by B are removed and -(in some cases) over-written by files in A. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>provides</em> Package B when all of the files and functionality -of B are incorporated into A. This mechanism provides a way for users with -constrained disk space to get only that part of package A which they really -need. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -More detailed information on the use of each these terms can be found in the -Policy manual. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pre-depends"></a>6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</h2> - -<p> -"Pre-Depends" is a special dependency. In the case of most packages, -<samp>dpkg</samp> will unpack its archive file (i.e., its <samp>.deb</samp> -file) independently of whether or not the files on which it depends exist on -the system. Simplistically, unpacking means that <samp>dpkg</samp> will -extract the files from the archive file that were meant to be installed on your -file system, and put them in place. If those packages <em>depend</em> on the -existence of some other packages on your system, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse -to complete the installation (by executing its "configure" action) -until the other packages are installed. -</p> - -<p> -However, for some packages, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse even to unpack them -until certain dependencies are resolved. Such packages are said to -"Pre-depend" on the presence of some other packages. The Debian -project provided this mechanism to support the safe upgrading of systems from -<samp>a.out</samp> format to <samp>ELF</samp> format, where the <em>order</em> -in which packages were unpacked was critical. There are other large upgrade -situations where this method is useful, e.g. the packages with the required -priority and their LibC dependency. -</p> - -<p> -As before, more detailed information about this can be found in the Policy -manual. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pkgstatus"></a>6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</h2> - -<p> -These "want" flags tell what the user wanted to do with a package (as -indicated either by the user's actions in the "Select" section of -<samp>dselect</samp>, or by the user's direct invocations of -<samp>dpkg</samp>). -</p> - -<p> -Their meanings are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -unknown - the user has never indicated whether he wants the package -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -install - the user wants the package installed or upgraded -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -remove - the user wants the package removed, but does not want to remove any -existing configuration files. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -purge - the user wants the package to be removed completely, including its -configuration files. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -hold - the user wants this package not to be processed, i.e., he wants to keep -the current version with the current status whatever that is. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-puttingonhold"></a>6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</h2> - -<p> -There are three ways of holding back packages, with dpkg, aptitude or with -dselect. -</p> - -<p> -With dpkg, you just have to export the list of package selections, with: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --get-selections \* > selections.txt -</pre> - -<p> -Then edit the resulting file <code>selections.txt</code>, change the line -containing the package you wish to hold, e.g. <code>libc6</code>, from this: -</p> - -<pre> - libc6 install -</pre> - -<p> -to this: -</p> - -<pre> - libc6 hold -</pre> - -<p> -Save the file, and reload it into dpkg database with: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt -</pre> - -<p> -With aptitude, you can hold a package using -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude hold package_name -</pre> - -<p> -and remove the hold with -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude unhold package_name -</pre> - -<p> -With dselect, you just have to enter the [S]elect screen, find the package you -wish to hold in its present state, and press the `=' key (or `H'). The changes -will go live immediately after you exit the [S]elect screen. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-sourcepkgs"></a>6.13 How do I install a source package?</h2> - -<p> -Debian source packages can't actually be "installed", they are just -unpacked in whatever directory you want to build the binary packages they -produce. -</p> - -<p> -Source packages are distributed on most of the same mirrors where you can -obtain the binary packages. If you set up your APT's -<code>sources.list(5)</code> to include the appropriate "deb-src" -lines, you'll be able to easily download any source packages by running -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get source foo -</pre> - -<p> -To help you in actually building the source package, Debian source package -provide the so-called build-dependencies mechanism. This means that the source -package maintainer keeps a list of other packages that are required to build -their package. To see how this is useful, run -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get build-dep foo -</pre> - -<p> -before building the source. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-sourcebuild"></a>6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</h2> - -<p> -You will need all of foo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz and foo_*.diff.gz to compile the -source (note: there is no .diff.gz for some packages that are native to -Debian). -</p> - -<p> -Once you have them (<a href="#s-sourcepkgs">How do I install a source package?, -Section 6.13</a>), if you have the <code>dpkg-dev</code> package installed, the -following command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc -</pre> - -<p> -will extract the package into a directory called <samp>foo-version</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -If you want just to compile the package, you may cd into -<samp>foo-version</samp> directory and issue the command -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b -</pre> - -<p> -to build the package (note that this also requires the <code>fakeroot</code> -package), and then -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb -</pre> - -<p> -to install the newly-built package(s). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-creatingdebs"></a>6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</h2> - -<p> -For more detailed description on this, read the New Maintainers' Guide, -available in the <code>maint-guide</code> package, or at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ 6 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-pkg_basics.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html index 2183ae9..6c9eeed 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html @@ -1,936 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian package management tools</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-pkgtools"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ 7 ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 7 - The Debian package management tools -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pkgprogs"></a>7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</h2> - -<p> -There are multiple tools that are used to manage Debian packages, from graphic -or text-based interfaces to the low level tools used to install packages. All -the available tools rely on the lower level tools to properly work and are -presented here in decreasing complexity level. -</p> - -<p> -It is important to understand that the higher level package management tools -such as <code>aptitude</code> or <code>dselect</code> rely on <code>apt</code> -which, itself, relies on <code>dpkg</code> to manage the packages in the -system. -</p> - -<p> -See the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/">APT -HOWTO</a></code> for more information about the Debian package management -utilities. This document is available in various languages and formats, see -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">the APT HOWTO -entry on the DDP Users' Manuals overview</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-dpkg"></a>7.1.1 dpkg</h3> - -<p> -This is the main package management program. <code>dpkg</code> can be invoked -with many options. Some common uses are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg --help</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Print out the control file (and other information) for a specified package: -<samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Install a package (including unpacking and configuring) onto the file system of -the hard disk: <samp>dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Unpack (but do not configure) a Debian archive into the file system of the hard -disk: <samp>dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. Note that this operation -does <em>not</em> necessarily leave the package in a usable state; some files -may need further customization to run properly. This command removes any -already-installed version of the program and runs the preinst (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst, -prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Configure a package that already has been unpacked: <samp>dpkg --configure -foo</samp>. Among other things, this action runs the postinst (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst, -prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package. -It also updates the files listed in the <samp>conffiles</samp> for this -package. Notice that the 'configure' operation takes as its argument a package -name (e.g., foo), <em>not</em> the name of a Debian archive file (e.g., -foo_VVV-RRR.deb). -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Extract a single file named "blurf" (or a group of files named -"blurf*" from a Debian archive: <samp>dpkg --fsys-tarfile -foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*</samp> -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Remove a package (but not its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --remove -foo</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Remove a package (including its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --purge -foo</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -List the installation status of packages containing the string (or regular -expression) "foo*": <samp>dpkg --list 'foo*'</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-apt-get"></a>7.1.2 APT</h3> - -<p> -APT is the <em>Advanced Package Tool</em> and provides the <code>apt-get</code> -program. <code>apt-get</code> provides a simple way to retrieve and install -packages from multiple sources using the command line. Unlike -<code>dpkg</code>, <code>apt-get</code> does not understand .deb files, it -works with the packages proper name and can only install .deb archives from a -source specified in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. <code>apt-get</code> -will call <code>dpkg</code> directly after downloading the .deb archives[<a -href="footnotes.en.html#f4" name="fr4">4</a>] from the configured sources. -</p> - -<p> -Some common ways to use <code>apt-get</code> are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To update the list of package known by your system, you can run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get update -</pre> - -<p> -(you should execute this regularly to update your package lists) -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To upgrade all the packages on your system, run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get upgrade -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To install the <var>foo</var> package and all its dependencies, run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get install foo -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To remove the foo package from your system, run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get remove foo -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To remove the foo package and its configuration files from your system, run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get --purge remove foo -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To upgrade all the packages on your system to a new Debian GNU/Linux release, -run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get dist-upgrade -</pre> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Note that you must be logged in as root to perform any commands that modify the -system packages. -</p> - -<p> -The apt tool suite also includes the <code>apt-cache</code> tool to query the -package lists. You can use it to find packages providing specific -functionality through simple text or regular expression queries and through -queries of dependencies in the package management system. Some common ways to -use <code>apt-cache</code> are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To find packages whose description contain <var>word</var>: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-cache search <var>word</var> -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To print the detailed information of a package: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-cache show <var>package</var> -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To print the packages a given package depends on: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-cache depends <var>package</var> -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To print detailed information of the versions available for a package and the -packages that reverse-depends on it: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-cache showpkg <var>package</var> -</pre> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -For more information, install the <code>apt</code> package and read -<code>apt-get(8)</code>, <code>sources.list(5)</code> and install the -<code>apt-doc</code> package and read -<code>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-aptitude"></a>7.1.3 aptitude</h3> - -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> is a package manager for Debian GNU/Linux systems that -provides a frontend to the apt package management infrastructure. -<code>aptitude</code> is a text-based interface using the curses library, it -can be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way. -</p> - -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> provides the functionality of <code>dselect</code> and -<code>apt-get</code>, as well as many additional features not found in either -program: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> offers access to all versions of a package. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> logs all its actions in <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> makes it easy to keep track of obsolete software by -listing it under "Obsolete and Locally Created Packages". -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> includes a fairly powerful system for searching -particular packages and limiting the package display. Users familiar with -<code>mutt</code> will pick up quickly, as <code>mutt</code> was the -inspiration for the expression syntax. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> tracks which packages have been installed due to -dependencies and removes them automatically when the packages that needed them -are removed from the system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> can automatically install <em>Recommended:</em> -packages[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f5" name="fr5">5</a>]. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> in full screen mode has <code>su</code> functionality -embedded and can be run by a normal user. It will call <code>su</code> (and -ask for the root password, if any) when you really need administrative -privileges -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -You can use <code>aptitude</code> through a visual interface (simply run -<samp>aptitude</samp>) or directly from the command line. The command line -syntax used is very similar to the one used in <code>apt-get</code>. For -example, to install the <var>foo</var> package, you can run <samp>aptitude -install <var>foo</var></samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Note that <code>aptitude</code> is the recommended program by Debian to install -a package and/or to upgrade your system. -</p> - -<p> -For more informations, read the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code> and -install the <code>aptitude-doc-en</code> package. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-dselect"></a>7.1.4 dselect</h3> - -<p> -This program is a menu-driven interface to the Debian package management -system. It is particularly useful for first-time installations. Some users -might feel more comfortable using <code>aptitude</code> which is also -recommended over <code>dselect</code> for large-scale upgrades. For more -information on <code>aptitude</code> please see <a href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, -Section 7.1.3</a>. -</p> - -<p> -<code>dselect</code> can: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -guide the user as he/she chooses among packages to install or remove, ensuring -that no packages are installed that conflict with one another, and that all -packages required to make each package work properly are installed; -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -warn the user about inconsistencies or incompatibilities in their selections; -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -determine the order in which the packages must be installed; -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -automatically perform the installation or removal; and -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -guide the user through whatever configuration process are required for each -package. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -<code>dselect</code> begins by presenting the user with a menu of 7 items, each -of which is a specific action. The user can select one of the actions by using -the arrow keys to move the highlighter bar, then pressing the -<em><enter></em> key to select the highlighted action. -</p> - -<p> -What the user sees next depends on the action he selected. If he selects any -option but <samp>Access</samp> or <samp>Select</samp>, then -<code>dselect</code> will simply proceed to execute the specified action: e.g., -if the user selected the action <samp>Remove</samp>, then dselect would proceed -to remove all of the files selected for removal when the user last chose the -<samp>Select</samp> action. -</p> - -<p> -Both the <samp>Access</samp> menu item and the <samp>Select</samp> menu item -lead to additional menus. In both cases, the menus are presented as split -screens; the top screen gives a scrollable list of choices, while the bottom -screen gives a brief explanation ("info") for each choice. -</p> - -<p> -Extensive on-line help is available, use the '?' key to get to a help screen -at any time. -</p> - -<p> -The order in which the actions are presented in the first <code>dselect</code> -menu represents the order in which a user would normally choose -<code>dselect</code> to install packages. However, a user can pick any of the -main menu choices as often as needed (including not at all, depending on what -one wants to do). -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Begin by choosing an <strong>Access Method</strong>. This is the method by -which the user plans on accessing Debian packages; e.g., some users have Debian -packages available on CD-ROM, while others plan to fetch them using anonymous -FTP. The selected "Access Method" is stored after -<code>dselect</code> exits, so if it does not change, then this option need not -be invoked again. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Then <strong>Update</strong> the list of available packages. To do this, -<code>dselect</code> reads the file "Packages.gz" which should be -included in the top level of the directory where the Debian packages to be -installed are stored. (But if it is not there, <code>dselect</code> will offer -to make it for you.) -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Select</strong> specific packages for installation on his system. -After choosing this menu item, the user is first presented with a full screen -of help (unless the `--expert' command line option was used). Once the user -exits the Help screen, he sees the split-screen menu for choosing packages to -install (or remove). -</p> - -<p> -The top part of the screen is a relatively narrow window into the list of -Debian's 18347 packages; the bottom part of the screen contains description of -the package or group of packages which are highlighted above. -</p> - -<p> -One can specify which packages should be operated on by highlighting a package -name or the label for a group of packages. After that, you can select -packages: -</p> -<dl> -<dt>to be installed:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is accomplished by pressing the `+' key. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>to be deleted:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -Packages can be deleted two ways: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -removed: this removes most of the files associated with the package, but -preserves the files listed as configuration files (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">What is a Debian conffile?, Section -6.5</a>) and package configuration information. This is done by pressing the -`-' key. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -purged: this removes <em>every</em> file that is part of the package. This is -done by pressing the `_' key. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Note that it's not possible to remove "All Packages". If you try -that, your system will instead be reduced to the initial installed base -packages. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>to be put "on hold"</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is done by pressing `=', and it effectively tells <code>dselect</code> not -to upgrade a package even if the version currently installed on your system is -not as recent as the version that is available in the Debian repository you are -using (this was specified when you set the <strong>Access Method</strong>, and -acquired when you used <strong>Update</strong>). -</p> - -<p> -Just like you can put a package on hold, you can reverse such setting by -pressing `:'. That tells <code>dselect</code> that the package(s) may be -upgraded if a newer version is available. This is the default setting. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p> -You can select a different order in which the packages are presented, by using -the `o' key to cycle between various options for sorting the packages. The -default order is to present packages by Priority; within each priority, -packages are presented in order of the directory (a.k.a. section) of the -archive in which they are stored. Given this sort order, some packages in -section A (say) may be presented first, followed by some packages in section B, -followed by more packages (of lower priority) in section A. -</p> - -<p> -You can also expand meanings of the labels at the top of the screen, by using -the `v' (verbose) key. This action pushes much of the text that formerly fit -onto the display off to the right. To see it, press the right arrow; to scroll -back to the left, press the left arrow. -</p> - -<p> -If you select a package for installation or removal, e.g., -<code>foo.deb</code>, and that package depends on (or recommends) another -package, e.g., <code>blurf.deb</code>, then <code>dselect</code> will place the -you in a sub-screen of the main selection screen. There you can choose among -the related packages, accepting the suggested actions (to install or not), or -rejecting them. To do the latter, press Shift-D; to return to the former, -press Shift-U. In any case, you can save your selections and return to the -main selection screen by pressing Shift-Q. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Users returning to the main menu can then select the "Install" menu -item to unpack and configure the selected packages. Alternatively, users -wishing to remove files can choose the "Remove" menu item. At any -point, users can choose "Quit" to exit dselect; users' selections are -preserved by <code>dselect</code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-dpkg-extra"></a>7.1.5 Other package management tools</h3> - -<hr> - -<h4><a name="s-dpkg-deb"></a>7.1.5.1 dpkg-deb</h4> - -<p> -This program manipulates Debian archive(<samp>.deb</samp>) files. Some common -uses are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg-deb --help</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Determine what files are contained in a Debian archive file: <samp>dpkg-deb ---contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>) -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Extract the files contained in a named Debian archive into a user specified -directory: <samp>dpkg-deb --extract foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp</samp> extracts each of -the files in <samp>foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> into the directory <samp>tmp/</samp>. -This is convenient for examining the contents of a package in a localized -directory, without installing the package into the root file system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Note that any packages that were merely unpacked using <samp>dpkg-deb ---extract</samp> will be incorrectly installed, you should use <samp>dpkg ---install</samp> instead. -</p> - -<p> -More information is given in the manual page <code>dpkg-deb(1)</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h4><a name="s-dpkg-split"></a>7.1.5.2 dpkg-split</h4> - -<p> -This program splits large package into smaller files (e.g., for writing onto a -set of floppy disks), and can also be used to merge a set of split files back -into a single file. It can only be used on a Debian system (i.e. a system -containing the <code>dpkg</code> package), since it calls the program -<samp>dpkg-deb</samp> to parse the debian package file into its component -records. -</p> - -<p> -For example, to split a big .deb file into N parts, -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Execute the command <samp>dpkg-split --split foo.deb</samp>. This will produce -N files each of approximately 460 KBytes long in the current directory. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Copy those N files to floppy disks. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Copy the contents of the floppy disks onto the hard disk of your choice on the -other machine. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Join those part-files together using <samp>dpkg-split --join -"foo*"</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-updaterunning"></a>7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</h2> - -<p> -The kernel (file system) in Debian GNU/Linux systems supports replacing files -even while they're being used. -</p> - -<p> -We also provide a program called <code>start-stop-daemon</code> which is used -to start daemons at boot time or to stop daemons when the kernel runlevel is -changed (e.g., from multi-user to single-user or to halt). The same program is -used by installation scripts when a new package containing a daemon is -installed, to stop running daemons, and restart them as necessary. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-whatpackages"></a>7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</h2> - -<p> -To learn the status of all the packages installed on a Debian system, execute -the command -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --list -</pre> - -<p> -This prints out a one-line summary for each package, giving a 2-letter status -symbol (explained in the header), the package name, the version which is -<em>installed</em>, and a brief description. -</p> - -<p> -To learn the status of packages whose names match the string any pattern -beginning with "foo" by executing the command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --list 'foo*' -</pre> - -<p> -To get a more verbose report for a particular package, execute the command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --status packagename -</pre> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-filesearch"></a>7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</h2> - -<p> -To identify the package that produced the file named <samp>foo</samp> execute -either: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>dpkg --search filename</samp> -</p> - -<p> -This searches for <samp>filename</samp> in installed packages. (This is -(currently) equivalent to searching all of the files having the file extension -of <samp>.list</samp> in the directory <samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</samp>, and -adjusting the output to print the names of all the packages containing it, and -diversions.) -</p> - -<p> -A faster alternative to this is the <code>dlocate</code> tool. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> -</p> - -<p> -This searches for files which contain the substring <samp>foo</samp> in their -full path names. The files <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> (where ARCH -represents the wanted architecture) reside in the major package directories -(main, non-free, contrib) at a Debian FTP site (i.e. under -<samp>/debian/dists/etch</samp>). A <samp>Contents</samp> file refers only to -the packages in the subdirectory tree where it resides. Therefore, a user -might have to search more than one <samp>Contents</samp> files to find the -package containing the file <samp>foo</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -This method has the advantage over <samp>dpkg --search</samp> in that it will -find files in packages that are not currently installed on your system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>apt-file search <var>foo</var></samp> -</p> - -<p> -Similar to the above, it searches files which contain the substring or regular -expression <samp>foo</samp> in their full path names. The advantage over the -sample above is that there is no need to retrieve the -<samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> files as it will do this automatically for all -the sources defined in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> when you run (as -root) <samp>apt-file update</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-datapackages"></a>7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</h2> - -<p> -Some packages that are split in program (`foo') and data (`foo-data'). This is -true for many games, multimedia applications and dictionaries in Debian and has -been introduced since some users might want to access the raw data without -installing the program or because the program can be run without the data -itself, making it optional. -</p> - -<p> -Similar situations occur when dealing with libraries: generally these get -installed since packages containing applications depend on them. When the -application-package is purged, the library-package might stay on the system. -Or: when the application-package no longer depends upon e.g. libdb4.2, but -upon libdb4.3, the libdb4.2 package might stay when the application-package is -upgraded. -</p> - -<p> -In these cases, `foo-data' doesn't depend on `foo', so when you remove the -`foo' package it will not get automatically removed by most package management -tools. The same holds true for the library packages. This is necessary to -avoid circular dependencies. If you use <code>aptitude</code> (see <a -href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>) as your package management tool -it will, however, track automatically installed packages and remove them when -no packages remain that need them in your system. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ 7 ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-pkgtools.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html index 8242553..f182623 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html @@ -1,170 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-redistrib"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ 13 ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 13 - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-sellcds"></a>13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</h2> - -<p> -Go ahead. You do not need permission to distribute anything we have -<em>released</em>, so that you can master your CD as soon as the beta-test -ends. You do not have to pay us anything. Of course, all CD manufacturers -must honor the licenses of the programs in Debian. For example, many of the -programs are licensed under the GPL, which requires you to distribute their -source code. -</p> - -<p> -Also, we will publish a list of CD manufacturers who donate money, software, -and time to the Debian project, and we will encourage users to buy from -manufacturers who donate, so it is good advertising to make donations. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-packagednonfree"></a>13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. While all the main components of Debian are free software, we provide a -non-free directory for programs that are not freely redistributable. -</p> - -<p> -CD manufacturers <em>may</em> be able to distribute the programs we have placed -in that directory, depending on the license terms or their private arrangements -with the authors of those software packages. CD manufacturers can also -distribute the non-free software they get from other sources on the same CD. -This is nothing new: free and commercial software are distributed on the same -CD by many manufacturers now. Of course we still encourage software authors to -release the programs they write as free software. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-childistro"></a>13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. Debian-derived distributions are being created both in close cooperation -with the Debian project itself and by external parties. One can use the -<code><a href="http://cdd.alioth.debian.org/">Custom Debian -Distributions</a></code> framework to work together with Debian; <code><a -href="http://www.skolelinux.org/">Skolelinux</a></code> is one such project. -</p> - -<p> -One person is building a "Linux for Hams" distribution, with -specialized programs for Radio Amateurs. He is starting with Debian as the -"base system", and adding programs to control the transmitter, track -satellites, etc. All of the programs he adds are packaged with the Debian -packaging system so that his users will be able to upgrade easily when he -releases subsequent CDs. -</p> - -<p> -There are several other Debian-derived distributions already on the market, -such as Progeny Debian, Linspire, Knoppix and Ubuntu, that are targeted at a -different kind of audience than the original Debian GNU/Linux is, but use most -of our components in their product. -</p> - -<p> -Debian also provides a mechanism to allow developers and system administrators -to install local versions of selected files in such a way that they will not be -overwritten when other packages are upgraded. This is discussed further in the -question on <a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">How do I override a file -installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?, -Section 10.8</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-commercialdebs"></a>13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</h2> - -<p> -Go right ahead. The package tool is free software; the packages may or may not -be free software, it can install them all. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ 13 ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-redistrib.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html index afb823b..f75c0ab 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html @@ -1,401 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Software available in the Debian system</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-software"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ 4 ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 4 - Software available in the Debian system -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-apps"></a>4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -Like most Linux distributions, Debian GNU/Linux provides: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -the major GNU applications for software development, file manipulation, and -text processing, including gcc, g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, the Bash shell and -numerous upgraded Unix utilities, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk and various related programs, modules and libraries for -each of them, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -TeX (LaTeX) and Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -the X Window System, which provides a networked graphical user interface for -Linux, and countless X applications including GNOME and KDE as well as the GIMP -GNU Image Manipulation Program, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -a full suite of networking applications, including servers for Internet -protocols such as HTTP (WWW), FTP, NNTP (news), SMTP and POP (mail) and name -server; relational databases like PostgreSQL, MySQL; also provided are web -browsers including the various Mozilla producs, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -a complete set of office applications, including the OpenOffice.org -productivity suite, Gnumeric and other spreadsheets, WYSIWYG editors, -calendars. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -More than 18138 packages, ranging from news servers and readers to sound -support, FAX programs, database and spreadsheet programs, image processing -programs, communications, net, and mail utilities, Web servers, and even -ham-radio programs are included in the distribution. Another 444 software -suites are available as Debian packages, but are not formally part of Debian -due to license restrictions. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-softwareauthors"></a>4.2 Who wrote all that software?</h2> - -<p> -For each package the <em>authors</em> of the program(s) are credited in the -file <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/copyright</samp>, where PACKAGE is to be -substituted with the package's name. -</p> - -<p> -<em>Maintainers</em> who package this software for the Debian GNU/Linux system -are listed in the Debian control file (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">What is a Debian control file?, -Section 6.4</a>) that comes with each package. The Debian changelog, in -<samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/changelog.Debian.gz</samp>, mentions the people -who've worked on the Debian packaging too. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pkglist"></a>4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</h2> - -<p> -A complete list is available from any of the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">Debian mirrors</a></code>, in the -file <samp>indices/Maintainers</samp>. That file includes the package names -and the names and e-mails of their respective maintainers. -</p> - -<p> -The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/">WWW interface to the Debian -packages</a></code> conveniently summarizes the packages in each of about -twenty "sections" of the Debian archive. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-missing"></a>4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -A list of packages which are still needed to be packaged for Debian exists, the -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/">Work-Needing and Prospective -Packages list</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -For more details about adding the missing things, see <a -href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software -developer?, Section 12.1</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-no-devs"></a>4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</h2> - -<p> -Debian Policy requires that such symbolic links (to libfoo.so.x.y.z or similar) -are placed in separate, development packages. Those packages are usually named -libfoo-dev or libfooX-dev (presuming the library package is named libfooX, and -X is a whole number). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-java"></a>4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</h2> - -<p> -Several <em>free</em> implementations of Java technology are available as -Debian packages, providing both Java Development Kits as well as Runtime -Environments. You can write, debug and run Java programs using Debian. -</p> - -<p> -Running a Java applet requires a web browser with the capability to recognize -and execute them. Several web browsers available in Debian, such as Mozilla or -Konqueror, support Java plug-ins that enable running Java applets within them. -</p> - -<p> -Please refer to the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/">Debian Java -FAQ</a></code> for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-isitdebian"></a>4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</h2> - -<p> -In order to make sure that your system has been installed from the real Debian -base disks check for the existence of <samp>/etc/debian_version</samp> file, -which contains a single one-line entry giving the version number of the -release, as defined by the package <samp>base-files</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -The existence of the program <samp>dpkg</samp> shows that you should be able to -install Debian packages on your system, but as the program has been ported to -many other operating systems and architectures, this is no longer a reliable -method of determining is a system Debian GNU/Linux. -</p> - -<p> -Users should be aware, however, that the Debian system consists of many parts, -each of which can be updated (almost) independently. Each Debian -"release" contains well defined and unchanging contents. Updates are -separately available. For a one-line description of the installation status of -package <samp>foo</samp>, use the command <samp>dpkg --list foo</samp>. To -view versions of all installed packages, run: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg -l -</pre> - -<p> -For a more verbose description, use: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --status foo -</pre> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-nonenglish"></a>4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</h2> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux is distributed with keymaps for nearly two dozen keyboards, -and with utilities (in the <samp>kbd</samp> package) to install, view, and -modify the tables. -</p> - -<p> -The installation prompts the user to specify the keyboard he will use. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Vast majority of the software we packaged supports entering non-US-ASCII -characters used in other Latin languages (e.g. ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-2), and -a number of programs support multi-byte languages such as Japanese or Chinese. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Currently, support for German-, Spanish-, Finnish-, French-, Hungarian-, -Italian-, Japanese-, Korean- and Polish-language manual pages is provided -through the <samp>manpages-LANG</samp> packages (where LANG is the two-letter -ISO country code). To access an NLS manual page, the user must set the shell -LC_MESSAGES variable to the appropriate string. -</p> - -<p> -For example, in the case of the Italian-language manual pages, LC_MESSAGES -needs to be set to 'italian'. The <code>man</code> program will then search -for Italian manual pages under <samp>/usr/share/man/it/</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-usexports"></a>4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</h2> - -<p> -US laws placed restrictions on the export of defense articles, which includes -some types of cryptographic software. PGP and ssh, among others, fall into -this category. For the <em>sarge</em> release packages in this archive were -moved to the main archive (or to <em>non-free</em>, if applicable) due to the -US relaxing its regulations on the export of cryptography. -</p> - -<p> -To prevent anyone from taking unnecessary legal risks, certain Debian GNU/Linux -packages were only available from a non-US site <code><a -href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/</a></code>, -with numerous mirror sites all of which are also outside of the US, see -<code><a -href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US</a></code> -for a full list. These sites still exist (for the benefit of users of -<em>woody</em>) but its contents are no longer supported and are considered -obsolete. Please remove any mentions to non-US from your sources in your -<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> configuration file. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pine"></a>4.10 Where is pine?</h2> - -<p> -Due to its restrictive license, it's in the non-free area. Moreover, since -license does not even allow modified binaries to be distributed, you have to -compile it yourself from the source and the Debian patches. -</p> - -<p> -The source package name is <code>pine</code>. You can use the -<code>pine-tracker</code> package to be notified about when you need to -upgrade. -</p> - -<p> -Note that there are many replacements for both pine and pico, such as -<code>mutt</code> and <code>nano</code>, that are located in the main section. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-qmail"></a>4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</h2> - -<p> -Dan J. Bernstein distributes <code><a href="http://cr.yp.to/software.html">all -software he has written</a></code> with a restrictive license, consequently, -it's in the non-free area. Since the license he uses does not allow modified -binaries to be distributed, you have to compile it yourself from the source and -the Debian patches to obtain a binary package you can install in your Debian -GNU/Linux system. -</p> - -<p> -The source package names are <code>qmail-src</code>, <code>ezmlm-src</code> and -<code>djbdns-installer</code>, respectively. -</p> - -<p> -For <code>qmail</code> you need to install <code>qmail-src</code> first and -then run <code>build-qmail</code> to build the Debian package. You also need -to do install the <code>ucspi-tcp-src</code> package to get ucspi-tcp, which -<code>qmail</code> depends on. -</p> - -<p> -Dan J. Bernstein maintains a <code><a -href="http://cr.yp.to/distributors.html">FAQ from distributors</a></code> page -if you are interested in reading his reasons (one of which is <code><a -href="http://cr.yp.to/compatibility.html">Cross-platform -compatibility</a></code>) -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ 4 ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-software.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html index f910fe7..978d556 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html @@ -1,525 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-support"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ 11 ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 11 - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-debiandocs"></a>11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</h2> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Installation instructions for the current release: see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux reference covers many aspects of system administration -through shell-command examples. Basic tutorials, tips, and other information -are provided for many different topics ranging from system administration to -programming. -</p> - -<p> -Get it from the <code>debian-reference</code> package, or at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Policy manual documents the policy requirements for the distribution, i.e. the -structure and contents of the Debian archive, several design issues of the -operating system etc. It also includes the technical requirements that each -package must satisfy to be included in the distribution, and documents the -basic technical aspects of Debian binary and source packages. -</p> - -<p> -Get it from the <code>debian-policy</code> package, or at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Documentation developed by the Debian Documentation Project. It is available -at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/">http://www.debian.org/doc/</a></code> and -includes user guides, administration guides and security guides for the Debian -GNU/Linux operating system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Documentation on installed Debian packages: Most packages have files that are -unpacked into <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Documentation on the Linux project: The Debian package <code>doc-linux</code> -installs all of the most recent versions of the HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs from the -<code><a href="http://www.tldp.org/">Linux Documentation Project</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Unix-style `man' pages: Most commands have manual pages written in the style of -the original Unix 'man' files. They are referenced by the section of the 'man' -directory where they reside: e.g., foo(3) refers to a manual page which resides -in /usr/share/man/man3/, and it can be called by executing the command: -<samp>man 3 foo</samp>, or just <samp>man foo</samp> if section 3 is the first -one containing a page on <samp>foo</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -One can learn which directory of <samp>/usr/share/man/</samp> contains a -certain manual page by executing <samp>man -w foo</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -New Debian users should note that the 'man' pages of many general system -commands are not available until they install these packages: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>man-db</samp>, which contains the <samp>man</samp> program itself, and -other programs for manipulating the manual pages. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>manpages</samp>, which contains the system manual pages. (see <a -href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English -languages?, Section 4.8</a>). -</p> -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -GNU-style `info' pages: User documentation for many commands, particularly GNU -tools, is available not in `man' pages, but in `info' files which can be read -by the GNU tool <samp>info</samp>, by running <samp>M-x info</samp> within GNU -Emacs, or with some other Info page viewer. -</p> - -<p> -Its main advantage over the original `man' pages are that it is a hypertext -system. It does <em>not</em> require the WWW, however; <samp>info</samp> can -be run from a plain text console. It was designed by Richard Stallman and -preceded the WWW. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Note that you may access a lot of documentation on your system by using a WWW -browser, through `dwww', `dhelp' or `doccentral' commands, found in respective -packages. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-onlineresources"></a>11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. In fact, the main method of support Debian provides to our users is by -the way of e-mail. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s11.2.1"></a>11.2.1 Mailing lists</h3> - -<p> -There are a lot of <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/">Debian-related mailing -lists</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -On a system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed there is a -complete list of mailing lists in -<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt</code>. -</p> - -<p> -Debian mailing lists are named following the pattern -debian-<var>list-subject</var>. Examples are debian-announce, debian-user, -debian-news. To subscribe to any list debian-<var>list-subject</var>, send -mail to debian-<var>list-subject</var>-request@lists.debian.org with the word -"subscribe" in the Subject: header. Be sure to remember to add -<em>-request</em> to the e-mail address when using this method to subscribe or -unsubscribe. Otherwise your e-mail will go to the list itself, which could be -embarrassing or annoying, depending on your point of view. -</p> - -<p> -If you have a forms-capable World Wide Web browser, you can subscribe to -mailing lists using the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe">WWW form</a></code>. You -can also un-subscribe using a <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe">WWW form</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -The list manager's e-mail address is <code><a -href="mailto:listmaster@lists.debian.org">listmaster@lists.debian.org</a></code>, -in case you have any trouble. -</p> - -<p> -The mailing lists are public forums. All e-mails sent to the lists are also -copied to the public archive, for anybody (even non-subscribers) to browse or -search. Please make sure you never send any confidential or unlicensed -material to the lists. This includes things like e-mail addresses. Of -particular note is the fact that spammers have been known to abuse e-mail -addresses posted to our mailing lists. See the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/index.en.html#disclaimer">Mailing -Lists Privacy policy</a></code> for more information. -</p> - -<p> -Archives of the Debian mailing lists are available via WWW at <code><a -href="http://lists.debian.org/">http://lists.debian.org/</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h4><a name="s-mailinglistconduct"></a>11.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?</h4> - -<p> -When using the Debian mailing lists, please follow these rules: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Do not send spam. See the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#ads">Debian mailing list advertising -policy</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Do not flame; it is not polite. The people developing Debian are all -volunteers, donating their time, energy and money in an attempt to bring the -Debian project together. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Do not use foul language; besides, some people receive the lists via packet -radio, where swearing is illegal. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Make sure that you are using the proper list. <em>Never</em> post your -(un)subscription requests to the mailing list itself[<a -href="footnotes.en.html#f6" name="fr6">6</a>] -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -See section <a href="#s-bugreport">How do I report a bug in Debian?, Section -11.5</a> for notes on reporting bugs. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s11.2.2"></a>11.2.2 Maintainers</h3> - -<p> -Users can address questions to individual package maintainers using e-mail. To -reach a maintainer of a package called xyz, send e-mail to -<em>xyz@packages.debian.org</em>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s11.2.3"></a>11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</h3> - -<p> -Users should post non-Debian-specific questions to one of the Linux USENET -groups, which are named comp.os.linux.* or linux.*. There are several lists of -Linux Usenet newsgroups and other related resources on the WWW, e.g. on the -<code><a href="http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html">Linux Online</a></code> -and <code><a -href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php">LinuxJournal</a></code> sites. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-searchtools"></a>11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -There is a variety of search engines that serve documentation related to -Debian: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code><a href="http://search.debian.org/">Debian WWW search site</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code><a href="http://groups.google.com/">Google Groups</a></code>: a search -engine for newsgroups. -</p> - -<p> -For example, to find out what experiences people have had with finding drivers -for Promise controllers under Debian, try searching on the phrase <samp>Promise -Linux driver</samp>. This will show you all the postings that contain these -strings, i.e. those where people discussed these topics. If you add -<samp>Debian</samp> to those search strings, you'll also get the postings -specifically related to Debian. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Any of the common web spidering engines, such as <code><a -href="http://www.altavista.com/">AltaVista</a></code> or <code><a -href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a></code>, as long as you use the right -search terms. -</p> - -<p> -For example, searching on the string "cgi-perl" gives a more detailed -explanation of this package than the brief description field in its control -file. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-buglogs"></a>11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</h2> - -<p> -Reports on unsolved (and closed) issues are publicly available: Debian -promissed to do so by stating "We will not hide problems" in the -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian Social -Contract</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux distribution has a bug tracking system (BTS) which files -details of bugs reported by users and developers. Each bug is given a number, -and is kept on file until it is marked as having been dealt with. -</p> - -<p> -Copies of this information are available at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -A mail server provides access to the bug tracking system database via e-mail. -In order to get the instructions, send an e-mail to request@bugs.debian.org -with "help" in the body. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-bugreport"></a>11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</h2> - -<p> -If you have found a bug in Debian, please read the instructions for reporting a -bug in Debian. These instructions can be obtained in one of several ways: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -By anonymous FTP. Debian mirror sites contain the instructions in the file -<samp>doc/bug-reporting.txt</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -From the WWW. A copy of the instructions is shown at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -On any Debian system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed. The -instructions are in the file -<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt</code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -You can use the package <code>reportbug</code> that will guide you through the -reporting process and mail the message to the proper address, with some extra -details about your system added automatically. It will also show you a list of -bugs already reported to the package you are reporting against in case your bug -has been reported previously, so that you can additional information to the -existing bug report. -</p> - -<p> -If you want to mail the report with an e-mail program, send a message to -<code><a -href="mailto:submit@bugs.debian.org">submit@bugs.debian.org</a></code>. The -message's first line must be similar to -</p> - -<pre> - Package: package-name -</pre> - -<p> -(replace <var>package-name</var> with the name of the package). The next line -should relate the package version number in a similar way: -</p> - -<pre> - Version: version-number -</pre> - -<p> -The version number for any package installed on your system can be obtained -using the command line -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg -s <var>package-name</var> -</pre> - -<p> -This section is referred to as the pseudo-header. The rest of the message -should contain the description of the bug (please make it moderately detailed), -the Debian release you are using, and versions of other relevant packages. The -Debian release number will be displayed by the command -</p> - -<pre> - cat /etc/debian_version -</pre> - -<p> -Expect to get an automatic acknowledgement of your bug report. It will also be -automatically given a bug tracking number, entered into the bug log and -forwarded to the debian-bugs-dist mailing list. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ 11 ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-support.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html index 180431b..37f6852 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html @@ -1,479 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-uptodate"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ 8 ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 8 - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date -</h1> - -<hr> - -<p> -A Debian goal is to provide a consistent upgrade path and a secure upgrade -process. We always do our best to make upgrading to new releases a smooth -procedure. In case there's some important note to add to the upgrade process, -the packages will alert the user, and often provide a solution to a possible -problem. -</p> - -<p> -You should also read the Release Notes document that describes the details of -specific upgrades. It is shipped on all Debian CDs and available on the WWW at -<code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-libc5to6upgrade"></a>8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</h2> - -<p> -There are several ways to upgrade: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Using a simple shell script called <samp>autoup.sh</samp> which upgrades the -most important packages. After <samp>autoup.sh</samp> has done his job, you -may use dselect to install the remaining packages <em>en masse</em>. This is -probably the recommended method, but not the only one. -</p> - -<p> -Currently, the latest release of <samp>autoup.sh</samp> may be found on the -following locations: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/">http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/</a></code> -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code><a -href="http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/">http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/</a></code> -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code><a -href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/">http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/</a></code> -</p> -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Following closely the <code><a -href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/HOWTO/libc5-libc6-Mini-HOWTO.html">Debian -libc5 to libc6 Mini-HOWTO</a></code> and upgrade the most important packages by -hand. <samp>autoup.sh</samp> is based on this Mini-HOWTO, so this method -should work more or less like using <samp>autoup.sh</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Using a libc5-based <samp>apt</samp>. APT stands for Advanced Package Tool, -and it might replace dselect some day. Currently, it works just as a -command-line interface, or as a dselect access method. You will find a libc5 -version in the <samp>dists/slink/main/upgrade-older-i386</samp> directory at -the Debian archives. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Using just dselect, without upgrading any package by hand first. It is highly -recommended that you do NOT use this method if you can avoid it, because -dselect alone currently does not install packages in the optimal order. APT -works much better and it is safer. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-howtocurrent"></a>8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</h2> - -<p> -One could simply execute an anonymous ftp call to a Debian archive, then peruse -the directories until one finds the desired file, and then fetch it, and -finally install it using <samp>dpkg</samp>. Note that <samp>dpkg</samp> will -install upgrade files in place, even on a running system. Sometimes, a revised -package will require the installation of a newly revised version of another -package, in which case the installation will fail until/unless the other -package is installed. -</p> - -<p> -Many people find this approach much too time-consuming, since Debian evolves so -quickly -- typically, a dozen or more new packages are uploaded every week. -This number is larger just before a new major release. To deal with this -avalanche, many people prefer to use a more automated method. Several -different packages are available for this purpose: -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-aptitude-upgrade"></a>8.2.1 aptitude</h3> - -<p> -APT is an advanced interface to the Debian packaging system. It features -complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and several other -unique features, see the User's Guide in -<samp>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</samp> (you will have to -install the <samp>apt-doc</samp> package). -</p> - -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> is the recommended package manager for Debian GNU/Linux -systems. It is a text-based interface to APT using the curses library, and can -be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way. -</p> - -<p> -Before you can use <code>aptitude</code>, you'll have to edit the -<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up. If you wish to upgrade -to the latest stable version of Debian, you'll probably want to use a source -like this one: -</p> - -<pre> - http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free -</pre> - -<p> -You can replace http.us.debian.org with the name of a faster Debian mirror near -you. See the mirror list at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors">http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors</a></code> -for more information. -</p> - -<p> -More details on this can be found in the <code>sources.list(8)</code> manual -page. -</p> - -<p> -To update your system, run -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude update -</pre> - -<p> -followed by -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude dist-upgrade -</pre> - -<p> -Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See -also <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-apt"></a>8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</h3> - -<p> -<code>apt-get</code> is an APT-based command-line tool for handling packages, -and the APT dselect method is an interface to APT through <code>dselect</code>. -Both of these provide a simple, safe way to install and upgrade packages. -</p> - -<p> -To use <code>apt-get</code>, install the <code>apt</code> package, and edit the -<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up, just as for <a -href="#s-aptitude-upgrade">aptitude, Section 8.2.1</a>. -</p> - -<p> -Then run -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get update -</pre> - -<p> -followed by -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get dist-upgrade -</pre> - -<p> -Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See -also the <code>apt-get(8)</code> manual page, as well as <a -href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">APT, Section 7.1.2</a>. -</p> - -<p> -To use APT with <code>dselect</code>, choose the APT access method in dselect's -method selection screen (option 0) and then specify the sources that should be -used. The configuration file is <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. See also -<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">dselect, Section 7.1.4</a>. -</p> - -<p> -If you want to use CDs to install packages, you can use <code>apt-cdrom</code>. -For details, please see the Release Notes, section "Setting up for an -upgrade from a local mirror". -</p> - -<p> -Please note that when you get and install the packages, you'll still have them -kept in your /var directory hierarchy. To keep your partition from -overflowing, remember to delete extra files using <samp>apt-get clean</samp> -and <samp>apt-get autoclean</samp>, or to move them someplace else (hint: use -<code>apt-move</code>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-dpkg-ftp"></a>8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</h3> - -<p> -This is an older access method for <code>dselect</code>. It can be invoked -from within <code>dselect</code>, thereby allowing a user the ability to -download files and install them directly in one step. To do this, select the -<samp>ftp</samp> access method in <code>dselect</code> (option 0) and specify -the remote host name and directory. <code>dpkg-ftp</code> will then -automatically download the files that are selected (either in this session of -<code>dselect</code> or earlier ones). -</p> - -<p> -Note that, unlike the <code>mirror</code> program, <code>dpkg-ftp</code> does -not grab everything at a mirror site. Rather, it downloads only those files -which you have selected (when first starting up <code>dpkg-ftp</code>), and -which need to be updated. -</p> - -<p> -<code>dpkg-ftp</code> is somewhat obsolete. You should use the APT access -method with ftp:// URLs in <code>sources.list</code> instead. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-mirror"></a>8.2.4 mirror</h3> - -<p> -This Perl script, and its (optional) manager program called -<code>mirror-master</code>, can be used to fetch user-specified parts of a -directory tree from a specified host <em>via</em> anonymous FTP. -</p> - -<p> -<code>mirror</code> is particularly useful for downloading large volumes of -software. After the first time files have been downloaded from a site, a file -called <samp>.mirrorinfo</samp> is stored on the local host. Changes to the -remote file system are tracked automatically by <code>mirror</code>, which -compares this file to a similar file on the remote system and downloads only -changed files. -</p> - -<p> -The <code>mirror</code> program is generally useful for updating local copies -of remote directory trees. The files fetched need not be Debian files. (Since -<code>mirror</code> is a Perl script, it can also run on non-Unix systems.) -Though the <code>mirror</code> program provides mechanisms for excluding files -names of which match user-specified strings, this program is most useful when -the objective is to download whole directory trees, rather than selected -packages. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-dpkg-mountable"></a>8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</h3> - -<p> -dpkg-mountable adds an access method called `mountable' to dselect's list, -which allows you to install from any file system specified in /etc/fstab. For -example, the archive could be a normal hard disk partition or an NFS server, -which it will automatically mount and umount for you if necessary. -</p> - -<p> -It also has some extra features not found in the standard dselect methods, such -as provision for a local file tree (either parallel to the main distribution or -totally separate), and only getting packages which are required, rather than -the time-consuming recursive directory scan, as well as logging of all dpkg -actions in the install method. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-upgradesingle"></a>8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</h2> - -<p> -No. Packages can be upgraded in place, even in running systems. Debian has a -<samp>start-stop-daemon</samp> program that is invoked to stop, then restart -running process if necessary during a package upgrade. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-savedebs"></a>8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</h2> - -<p> -No. If you have downloaded the files to your disk (which is not absolutely -necessary, see above for the description of dpkg-ftp), then after you have -installed the packages, you can remove them from your system. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-keepingalog"></a>8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</h2> - -<p> -Passing the <samp>--log</samp>-option to <code>dpkg</code> makes -<code>dpkg</code> log status change updates and actions. It logs both the -<code>dpkg</code>-invokation (e.g. -</p> - -<pre> - 2005-12-30 18:10:33 install hello 1.3.18 2.1.1-4 -</pre> - -<p> -) and the results (e.g. -</p> - -<pre> - 2005-12-30 18:10:35 status installed hello 2.1.1-4 -</pre> - -<p> -) If you'd like to log all your <code>dpkg</code> invokations (even those done -using frontends like <code>aptitude</code>), you could add -</p> - -<pre> - log /var/log/dpkg.log -</pre> - -<p> -to your <code>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg</code>. Be sure the created logfile gets -rotated periodically. If you're using <code>logrotate</code>, this can be -achieved by creating a file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/dpkg</code> with contents -</p> - -<pre> - /var/log/dpkg { - missingok - notifempty - } -</pre> - -<p> -More details on <code>dpkg</code> logging can be found in the -<code>dpkg(1)</code> manual page. -</p> - -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> logs the package installations, removals, and upgrades -that it intends to perform to <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. Note that the -<em>results</em> of those actions are not recorded in this file! -</p> - -<p> -Another way to record your actions is to run your package management session -within the <code>script(1)</code> program. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ 8 ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-uptodate.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html index 37d57bb..c18fdfb 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html @@ -1,112 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Footnotes</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Footnotes</h1> - -<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr1" name="f1">1</a></h2> - -<p> -When the present-day sid did not exist, the FTP site organization had one major -flaw: there was an assumption that when an architecture is created in the -current unstable, it will be released when that distribution becomes the new -stable. For many architectures that isn't the case, with the result that those -directories had to be moved at release time. This was impractical because the -move would chew up lots of bandwidth. -</p> - -<p> -The archive administrators worked around this problem for several years by -placing binaries for unreleased architectures in a special directory called -"sid". For those architectures not yet released, the first time they -were released there was a link from the current stable to sid, and from then on -they were created inside the unstable tree as normal. This layout was somewhat -confusing to users. -</p> - -<p> -With the advent of package pools (see <a href="#s-pools">What's in the -<samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>), binary packages began to be -stored in a canonical location in the pool, regardless of the distribution, so -releasing a distribution no longer causes large bandwidth consumption on the -mirrors (there is, however, a lot of gradual bandwidth consumption throughout -the development process). -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr2" name="f2">2</a></h2> - -<p> -<samp>dists/stable/main</samp>, <samp>dists/stable/contrib</samp>, -<samp>dists/stable/non-free</samp>, and <samp>dists/unstable/main/</samp>, etc. -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr3" name="f3">3</a></h2> - -<p> -Historically, packages were kept in the subdirectory of <samp>dists</samp> -corresponding to which distribution contained them. This turned out to cause -various problems, such as large bandwidth consumption on mirrors when major -changes were made. This was fixed with the introduction of the package pool. -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>dists</samp> directories are still used for the index files used by -programs like <samp>apt</samp>. You may also still see paths containing -<samp>dists/potato</samp> or <samp>dists/woody</samp> in the Filename header -field of some older packages. -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr4" name="f4">4</a></h2> - -<p> -Notice that there are ports that make this tool available with other package -management systems, like Red Hat package manager, also known as -<code>rpm</code> -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr5" name="f5">5</a></h2> - -<p> -Although this can also lead to systems with more packages installed than they -actually need to work. -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-support.en.html#fr6" name="f6">6</a></h2> - -<p> -Use the debian-<var>list-subject</var>-REQUEST@lists.debian.org address for -that. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +footnotes.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/index.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/index.html index 7adba8c..0e85422 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/index.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/index.html @@ -1,311 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="index"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br></h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="abstract"></a>Abstract</h2> - -<p> -This document answers questions frequently asked about Debian GNU/Linux. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="copyright"></a>Copyright Notice</h2> - -<p> -Copyright © 1996-2005 by Software in the Public Interest -</p> - -<p> -Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document -provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. -</p> - -<p> -Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document -under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting -derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to -this one. -</p> - -<p> -Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into -another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that -this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free -Software Foundation instead of in the original English. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="contents"></a>Contents</h2> - -<ul> -<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1 Definitions and overview</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq">1.1 What is this FAQ?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian">1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux">1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux">1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference">1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu">1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation">1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html">2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version">2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable">2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies">2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom">2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks">2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimages">2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-floppy">2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall">2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html">3 Compatibility issues</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs">3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages">3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5">3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5-compile">3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs">3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap">3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx">3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls">3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-software.en.html">4 Software available in the Debian system</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors">4.2 Who wrote all that software?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist">4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing">4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs">4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-java">4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian">4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-usexports">4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">4.10 Where is pine?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail">4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5 The Debian FTP archives</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames">5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames">5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames">5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid">5.4 What about "sid"?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable">5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing">5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen">5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable">5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections">5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source">5.9 Where is the source code?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools">5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming">5.11 What is "incoming"?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository">5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6 Basics of the Debian package management system</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package">6.1 What is a Debian package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format">6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname">6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">6.4 What is a Debian control file?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority">6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual">6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends">6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends">6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus">6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold">6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs">6.13 How do I install a source package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild">6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs">6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7 The Debian package management tools</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs">7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg">7.1.1 dpkg</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">7.1.2 APT</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">7.1.3 aptitude</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">7.1.4 dselect</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra">7.1.5 Other package management tools</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning">7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages">7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch">7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages">7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-libc5to6upgrade">8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent">8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade">8.2.1 aptitude</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-ftp">8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror">8.2.4 mirror</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle">8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs">8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog">8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9 Debian and the kernel</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel">9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel">9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk">9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules">9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel">9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize">10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess">10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont">10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults">10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting">10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts">10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles">10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages">10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-support.en.html">11 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources">11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.1">11.2.1 Mailing lists</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.2">11.2.2 Maintainers</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.3">11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools">11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport">11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12 Contributing to the Debian Project</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources">12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations">12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI">12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF">12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</a> - </ul></li> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds">13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree">13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs">13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-security">14.1 Increased security</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n">14.2 Extended support for non-English users</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches">14.3 More architectures</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels">14.4 More kernels</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15 General information about the FAQ</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">15.1 Authors</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">15.2 Feedback</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest">15.3 Availability</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat">15.4 Document format</a></li> - </ul></li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +index.en.html
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