diff options
| author | Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org> | 2007-09-23 10:04:46 +0200 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org> | 2011-03-09 18:14:51 +0100 |
| commit | fe6eb1c593e2df135c8807bf94df614984b4d6ec (patch) | |
| tree | 693b803dcc6473a8699f0c605c92b10c24755e28 /includes/common | |
| parent | 470cf1764bf56b32addff591cfe3fd69af0e5760 (diff) | |
| download | live-build-fe6eb1c593e2df135c8807bf94df614984b4d6ec.zip live-build-fe6eb1c593e2df135c8807bf94df614984b4d6ec.tar.gz | |
Adding live-helper 1.0~a1-1.
Diffstat (limited to 'includes/common')
76 files changed, 19906 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/includes/common/README.html b/includes/common/README.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33565f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/README.html @@ -0,0 +1,660 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + <title>Debian GNU/Linux -- The Universal Operating System</title> + <meta name="Description" content="Debian GNU/Linux is a free distribution of the GNU/Linux operating system. It is maintained and updated through the work of many users who volunteer their time and effort."> + <meta name="Keywords" content="debian, GNU, linux, unix, open source, free, DFSG"> + <meta name="Language" content="English"> + <meta name="Author" content="J.A. Bezemer, debian-boot@lists.debian.org"> + <link rev="made" href="mailto:debian-boot@lists.debian.org"> +</head> +<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> + + <!-- The HTML and TEXT file are NOT the actual source code. --> + <!-- For that, see http://svn.debian.org/wsvn/debian-cd --> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<div align=right> +(<a href="README.txt">Text version</a>) +</div> +<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" align="center" summary=""> +<tr> +<td> +<img src="pics/logo-50.jpg" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="" width="50" height="61"> +<img src="pics/debian.jpg" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="Debian" width="179" height="61"> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + + + + + + +<table bgcolor="#DF0451" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" + width="100%" summary=""> +<tr> +<td valign="top"> +<img src="pics/red-upperleft.png" align="left" border="0" hspace="0" + vspace="0" alt="" width="15" height="16"> +</td> +<td rowspan="2" align="center"> + + <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> + <tr><td bgcolor="#000084"> + <div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="helvetica,arial"><B> + + + + Debian GNU/Linux testing "Etch" - Official Snapshot i386 Binary-1 CD + </B></font></div> + </td></tr> + </table> + +</td> +<td valign="top"> +<img src="pics/red-upperright.png" align="right" border="0" hspace="0" + vspace="0" alt="" width="16" height="16"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign="bottom"> +<img src="pics/red-lowerleft.png" align="left" border="0" hspace="0" + vspace="0" alt="" width="16" height="16"> +</td> +<td valign="bottom"> +<img src="pics/red-lowerright.png" align="right" border="0" hspace="0" +vspace="0" alt="" width="15" height="16"> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=""> +<tr> + <td></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=""> +<tr> + <td colspan="3" valign="top" width="20%" bgcolor="#BBDDFF"> + <img src="pics/blue-upperleft.png" align="left" border="0" + hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="" width="16" height="16"> + <img src="pics/blue-upperright.png" align="right" border="0" + hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="" width="16" height="16"> + </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td bgcolor="#BBDDFF"> </td> + + <td valign="TOP" bgcolor="#BBDDFF"> + +<font face="Arial,Helvetica"> + + +<P><B><A href="http://www.debian.org/">Debian home page</A></B></P> + + + <br> +<P> + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<A href="#intro">Intro</A> +<P> + + + + + +<A href="#thiscd">About This CD</A> +<P> + + + + + +<A href="#install">Installing</A> +<P> + + + + + + +<A href="#lastmin">Last-Minute Notes</A> +<P> + + + + + + + + <A href="#apt">Using CDs with apt</A> + <P> + + + + + + + +<A href="#cdmanuf">CD Manufacturers</A> +<P> + + + + + + +<A href="#other">More Information</A> + +<P> + + + <P> +<A href=".">Browse this CD-ROM</A></P> +<P> +<tt> </tt> +</P> + + + +</font> + + + + + + + + </td> + <td bgcolor="#BBDDFF"> </td> + <td> </td> + + <td valign="TOP" width="80%"> + +<div align="center"> +<big><big><B><I> +Welcome to the exciting world of +</I></B></big></big> +<br> +<big><big><big><B><I> +Debian GNU/Linux! +</I></B></big></big></big> +</div> + +<P><H2><A name="intro"> +Intro + + + + +</H2> +</a> +<p> +This is one of the CD-ROMs of the +<a href="http://www.debian.org/">Debian GNU/Linux</a> +distribution. Debian is a +very extensive collection of software. But it is more. It is a complete +Operating System (OS) for your computer. And it is +<A href="http://www.debian.org/intro/free">free</A> +(as in "freedom"). +<P> +An operating system is the set of basic programs +and utilities that make your computer run. At the core of an operating +system is the kernel. The kernel is the most fundamental program on the +computer, which does all the basic housekeeping and lets you start other +programs. +Debian is kernel independent. It currently uses the +<A href="http://www.linux.org/">Linux</A> kernel but work is +in progress to provide Debian for other kernels, using +<A href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd.html">the Hurd</A>. +Most of the basic operating system tools +come from the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU project</A>; hence the name +GNU/Linux. +<P> + +Debian is available for various kinds of computers +("architectures"), like +"IBM-compatible" PCs (<i>i386</i>), +Compaq's <i>Alpha</i>, +Motorola's 680x0 (<i>m68k</i>), +Sun's <i>Sparc</i>, +Motorola/IBM's <i>PowerPC</i>, and <i>(Strong)ARM</i> processors. +Check the <A href="http://www.debian.org/ports">ports</A> page + + + +for more information. +<P> + + + + + + +<A href="http://www.debian.org/intro/about">Read more...</A> + + + + + + +<P><HR><P><H2><A name="thiscd"> + +About This CD + + + + +</H2> +</a> +<p> +This CD-ROM is labeled +<P> +<tt> + Debian GNU/Linux testing "Etch" - Official Snapshot i386 Binary-1 +</tt> +<P> + +which means that this CD is number 1 of 1 CDs containing + +programs ("binaries") for `i386' computers. +<P> +The programs on the Binary CDs are ordered by popularity. The Binary-1 CD +contains the most popular programs and the installation tools; it is possible +to install and run Debian with only the Binary-1 CD. The other CDs, up to +Binary-1, contain mostly special-interest programs. +<p> + +The Release Notes for "etch" are available on the <A +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/etch/releasenotes">Debian web +site</A>. + + + + + + + + + + +<P><HR><P><H2><A name="install"> + +Installing + + + + +</H2> +</a> +<p> + + + Because Debian is a complete Operating System, the installation procedure + may seem a bit unusual. You can install Debian GNU/Linux either + <i>alongside</i> your current OS, or as the <i>only</i> OS on your computer. + + <P> + An <b>Installation Guide</b> for this CD is available from + <A href="http://www.debian.org/releases/etch/installmanual">the Debian web site</a>. + <P> + Programs and other files that are needed for the installation can be found on + this CD under + <P> + <tt> + <A href="tools/">/tools/</a> + </tt> + and + <tt> + <A href="install/floppy/">/install/floppy/</a> + </tt> + + + <P> + For the impatient ones: + + + + you can start the installation program easily by booting off this CD-ROM. + Note that not all (esp. older) systems support this. + <P> + + + + + You can also + + + + examine the + <P> + <tt> + <a href="install/">/install</a> + </tt> + <P> + directory; you might be able to start the installation system directly + from there. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<P><HR><P><H2><A name="lastmin"> + +Last-Minute Notes + + + + +</H2> +</a> +<p> +<UL> + +<LI> +You should keep in mind that this is an unofficial CD of the current +development version of the Debian system. This means that all sorts of +bugs may be present anywhere in the system. + +<br> +</LI> + + + + + + + + + +</UL> + + + + + + + + <P><HR><P><H2><A name="apt"> + + Using Apt + + + + + </H2> + </a> + <p> + After installing or upgrading, Debian's packaging system can use CD-ROMs, + local collections, or networked servers (FTP, HTTP) to automatically + install software from (<tt>.deb</tt> <i>packages</i>). This is done + preferably with the `apt' and `aptitude' programs. + + <P> + + You can install packages from the commandline using + <tt>apt-get</tt>. For example, if you want to install the packages + `commprog' and `maxgame', you can give the command + <P> + <tt> + apt-get install commprog maxgame + </tt> + <P> + Note that you don't have to enter the complete path, or the + `<tt>.deb</tt>' extension. `Apt' will figure this out itself. + <P> + Or use aptitude for a full screen interactive selection of available + Debian packages. + + + + + + + + + +<P><HR><P><H2><A name="cdmanuf"> + +CD Manufacturers + + + + +</H2> +</a> +<p> +You are completely free to manufacture and re-distribute CD-ROMs of the +Debian GNU/Linux Operating System, like this one. There is no charge from +us (but of course donations are always welcome). + +<P> + +For all needed information and contact addresses, please refer to +<P> +<tt> + <a href="http://www.debian.org/CD/">http://www.debian.org/CD/</a> +</tt> + + + + + + +<P><HR><P><H2><A name="other"> + +More Information + + + + +</H2> +</a> +<p> + + +There is much more information present on this CD. Besides the already +mentioned installation and upgrading procedures, this is the most +interesting: <P> + +<UL> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="doc/FAQ/">Debian FAQ</a> + +</LI> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="doc/constitution.txt">The Debian Constitution</a> + +</LI> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="doc/debian-manifesto">The Debian Manifesto</a> + +</LI> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="doc/social-contract.txt">Debian's Social Contract</a> + +</LI> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="doc/bug-reporting.txt">Bug reporting instructions</a> + +</LI> +</UL> + + + + + + + + + +<P> +Also on the Internet are many resources. To name a few: +<P> + +<UL> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="http://www.debian.org/">The Debian homepage</a> + +</LI> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="http://www.debian.org/doc/">Debian Documentation</a> + +</LI> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="http://www.debian.org/support">Debian User Support</a> + +</LI> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="http://www.tldp.org/">The Linux Documentation Project</a> + +</LI> +<LI> + + + + + +<A href="http://www.linux.org/">General Linux homepage</a> + +</LI> +</UL> + +<P> + +<DIV align="center"> + + + + + + +<HR> + + +<SMALL>See the Debian +<A href="http://www.debian.org/contact">contact page</A> + + + + + +for information on contacting us. + </SMALL><P> +<SMALL> + +Last Modified: Sat Mar 20 12:30:45 EST 2004 + +<br></SMALL> +</DIV> + + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3" valign="bottom" width="20%" bgcolor="#BBDDFF"> + <img src="pics/blue-lowerleft.png" align="left" border="0" + hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="" width="17" height="16"> + <img src="pics/blue-lowerright.png" align="right" border="0" + hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="" width="16" height="16"> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/includes/common/README.mirrors.html b/includes/common/README.mirrors.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b16637b --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/README.mirrors.html @@ -0,0 +1,746 @@ +<html> + +<head> + <title>Debian worldwide mirror sites</title> +</head> + +<body> +<h1 align="center">Debian worldwide mirror sites</h1> +<p>Debian is distributed (<em>mirrored</em>) on hundreds of +servers on the Internet. Using a nearby server will probably speed up your +download, and also reduce the load on our central servers and on the +Internet as a whole. + +<p>Debian mirrors can be primary and secondary. The definitions are as follows: + + <blockquote> + A <strong>primary mirror</strong> site has good bandwidth, is available 24 hours a day, + and has an easy to remember name of the form ftp.<country>.debian.org. + <br> + Additionally, most of them are updated automatically after updates to the + Debian archive. The Debian archive on those sites is normally available + using both FTP and HTTP protocols. + + </blockquote> + <blockquote> + A <strong>secondary mirror</strong> site may have restrictions on what they mirror (due to + space restrictions). Just because a site is secondary doesn't necessarily + mean it'll be any slower or less up to date than a primary site. + + </blockquote> +<p>Use the site closest to you for the fastest downloads possible whether it is + +a primary or secondary site. The program +<a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/net/netselect"> +<em>netselect</em></a> can be used to +determine the site with the least latency; use a download program such as + +<a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/web/wget"> +<em>wget</em></a> or +<a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/net/rsync"> +<em>rsync</em></a> for determining the site with the most throughput. +Note that geographic proximity often isn't the most important factor for +determining which machine will serve you best. + +<p>The authoritative copy of the following list can always be found at: +<a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list"> http://www.debian.org/mirror/list</a>.<br> +If you know of any mirrors that are missing from this list, +please have the site maintainer fill out the form at: +<a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/submit"> http://www.debian.org/mirror/submit</a>.<br> +Everything else you want to know about Debian mirrors: +<a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/"> http://www.debian.org/mirror/</a>.<br> + +<h2 align="center">Primary Debian mirror sites</h2> + +<table border="0" align="center"> +<tr> + <th>Country</th> + <th>Site</th> + <th><b>Debian archive</b></th> + <th><b>Architectures</b></th> +</tr> +<tr><td colspan="5"><hr></td></tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Austria</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.at.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">alpha arm hppa hurd-i386 i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Australia</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.au.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Australia</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.wa.au.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.wa.au.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Bulgaria</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.bg.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">!hppa !hurd-i386 !s390</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Brazil</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.br.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.br.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Switzerland</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.ch.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.ch.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Chile</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.cl.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.cl.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Czech Republic</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.cz.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.cz.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Germany</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.de.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Germany</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp2.de.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp2.de.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Estonia</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.ee.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.ee.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Spain</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.es.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.es.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Finland</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.fi.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.fi.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">France</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.fr.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">France</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp2.fr.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp2.fr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Great Britain</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.uk.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.uk.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Hong Kong</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.hk.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.hk.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Croatia</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.hr.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.hr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Hungary</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.hu.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.hu.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Ireland</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.ie.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.ie.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Iceland</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.is.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.is.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Italy</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.it.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.it.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Japan</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.jp.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.jp.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Japan</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp2.jp.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp2.jp.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Korea</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.kr.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.kr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Netherlands</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.nl.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Norway</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.no.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.no.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">!m68k</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">New Zealand</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.nz.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.nz.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Poland</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.pl.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.pl.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Romania</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.ro.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.ro.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Russia</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.ru.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.ru.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Sweden</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.se.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Slovenia</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.si.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.si.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">alpha i386 ia64 m68k sparc</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Slovakia</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.sk.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.sk.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">Turkey</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.tr.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.tr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">all</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="25%">United States</td> + <td width="25%" align="center"><code>ftp.us.debian.org</code></td> + <td width="25%"><a href="http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a></td> + <td width="25%">!m68k !s390</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h2 align="center">Secondary mirrors of the Debian archive</h2> + + +<pre><small> +<strong>HOST NAME FTP HTTP ARCHITECTURES +--------- --- ---- ------------- +</strong> +<b>AR Argentina</b> +------------ +debian.logiclinux.com <a href="http://debian.logiclinux.com/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.ccc.uba.ar <a href="ftp://ftp.ccc.uba.ar/pub/linux/debian/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ccc.uba.ar/download/pub/linux/debian/debian/">/download/pub/linux/debian/debian/</a> i386 +debian.usla.org.ar <a href="http://debian.usla.org.ar/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>AT Austria</b> +---------- +ftp.at.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.at.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha arm hppa hurd-i386 i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +gd.tuwien.ac.at <a href="ftp://gd.tuwien.ac.at/opsys/linux/debian/">/opsys/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://gd.tuwien.ac.at/opsys/linux/debian/">/opsys/linux/debian/</a> all +debian.mur.at <a href="ftp://debian.mur.at/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.mur.at/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 ia64 +ftp.tu-graz.ac.at <a href="ftp://ftp.tu-graz.ac.at/mirror/debian/">/mirror/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.tu-graz.ac.at/mirror/debian/">/mirror/debian/</a> all +ftp.univie.ac.at <a href="ftp://ftp.univie.ac.at/systems/linux/debian/debian/">/systems/linux/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.univie.ac.at/systems/linux/debian/debian/">/systems/linux/debian/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 +debian.inode.at <a href="ftp://debian.inode.at/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.inode.at/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha arm i386 m68k sparc + +<b>AU Australia</b> +------------ +ftp.wa.au.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.wa.au.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.wa.au.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.au.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +mirror.aarnet.edu.au <a href="ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/debian/">/debian/</a> !alpha +ftp.monash.edu.au <a href="ftp://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.uwa.edu.au <a href="ftp://ftp.uwa.edu.au/mirrors/linux/debian/">/mirrors/linux/debian/</a> all +mirror.eftel.com <a href="ftp://mirror.eftel.com/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.eftel.com/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +mirror.pacific.net.au <a href="ftp://mirror.pacific.net.au/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.pacific.net.au/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.iinet.net.au <a href="ftp://ftp.iinet.net.au/debian/debian/">/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.iinet.net.au/debian/debian/">/debian/debian/</a> all +debian.goldweb.com.au <a href="http://debian.goldweb.com.au/debian/">/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 +mirror.datafast.net.au <a href="ftp://mirror.datafast.net.au/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.datafast.net.au/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.ihug.com.au <a href="ftp://debian.ihug.com.au/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.ihug.com.au/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.vicnet.net.au <a href="ftp://debian.vicnet.net.au/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +mirror.optus.net <a href="http://mirror.optus.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>BE Belgium</b> +---------- +ftp.tiscali.be <a href="ftp://ftp.tiscali.be/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.tiscali.be/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> all +ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be <a href="ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.easynet.be <a href="ftp://ftp.easynet.be/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.easynet.be/ftp/debian/">/ftp/debian/</a> all +ftp.belnet.be <a href="ftp://ftp.belnet.be/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.belnet.be/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.debian.skynet.be <a href="ftp://ftp.debian.skynet.be/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.debian.skynet.be/ftp/debian/">/ftp/debian/</a> all +ftp.scarlet.be <a href="ftp://ftp.scarlet.be/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.scarlet.be/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> all + +<b>BG Bulgaria</b> +----------- +ftp.bg.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> !hppa !hurd-i386 !s390 +debian.ludost.net <a href="ftp://debian.ludost.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.ludost.net/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.uni-sofia.bg <a href="ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.telecoms.bg <a href="ftp://debian.telecoms.bg/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.telecoms.bg/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>BR Brazil</b> +--------- +ftp.br.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.br.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.br.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +sft.if.usp.br <a href="http://sft.if.usp.br/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +linorg.usp.br <a href="ftp://linorg.usp.br/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://linorg.usp.br/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +linux.iq.usp.br <a href="http://linux.iq.usp.br/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 m68k +ftp.pucpr.br <a href="ftp://ftp.pucpr.br/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.pucpr.br/debian/">/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 +www.las.ic.unicamp.br <a href="ftp://www.las.ic.unicamp.br/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://www.las.ic.unicamp.br/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>BY Belarus</b> +---------- +linux.org.by <a href="ftp://linux.org.by/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://linux.org.by/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.mgts.by <a href="ftp://ftp.mgts.by/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>CA Canada</b> +--------- +mirror.direct.ca <a href="ftp://mirror.direct.ca/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.direct.ca/linux/debian/">/linux/debian/</a> i386 ia64 sparc +debian.yorku.ca <a href="http://debian.yorku.ca/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha i386 +ftp3.nrc.ca <a href="ftp://ftp3.nrc.ca/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp3.nrc.ca/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +gulus.usherbrooke.ca <a href="ftp://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/debian/">/debian/</a> all +mirror.cpsc.ucalgary.ca <a href="ftp://mirror.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +mirror.peer1.net <a href="http://mirror.peer1.net/debian/">/debian/</a> !hppa !ia64 !s390 +debian.savoirfairelinux.net <a href="ftp://debian.savoirfairelinux.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.savoirfairelinux.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.mirror.cygnal.ca <a href="ftp://debian.mirror.cygnal.ca/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.mirror.cygnal.ca/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>CH Switzerland</b> +-------------- +ftp.ch.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.ch.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ch.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +mirror.switch.ch <a href="ftp://mirror.switch.ch/mirror/debian/">/mirror/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/mirror/debian/">/ftp/mirror/debian/</a> all + +<b>CL Chile</b> +-------- +ftp.cl.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.cl.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.cl.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.experimentos.cl <a href="ftp://debian.experimentos.cl/Debian/debian/">/Debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.experimentos.cl/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.ubiobio.cl <a href="http://debian.ubiobio.cl/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 sparc + +<b>CN China</b> +-------- +ftp.linuxforum.net <a href="ftp://ftp.linuxforum.net/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +mirrors.geekbone.org <a href="ftp://mirrors.geekbone.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.geekbone.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.cn99.com <a href="ftp://debian.cn99.com/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.cn99.com/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +mirror.vmmatrix.net <a href="http://mirror.vmmatrix.net/debian/">/debian/</a> !alpha !hppa !m68k !mipsel !s390 + +<b>CO Colombia</b> +----------- +fatboy.umng.edu.co <a href="http://fatboy.umng.edu.co/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha hurd-i386 i386 ia64 sparc +debian.funlam.edu.co <a href="http://debian.funlam.edu.co/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>CR Costa Rica</b> +------------- +debian.efis.ucr.ac.cr <a href="http://debian.efis.ucr.ac.cr/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>CZ Czech Republic</b> +----------------- +ftp.cz.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.cz.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.cz.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.sh.cvut.cz <a href="ftp://debian.sh.cvut.cz/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.sh.cvut.cz/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.zcu.cz <a href="ftp://ftp.zcu.cz/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.zcu.cz/ftp/pub/linux/debian/">/ftp/pub/linux/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>DE Germany</b> +---------- +ftp.de.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp2.de.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp2.de.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp2.de.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.tu-clausthal.de <a href="ftp://ftp.tu-clausthal.de/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> alpha arm i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc sparc +debian.uni-essen.de <a href="ftp://debian.uni-essen.de/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.uni-essen.de/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.freenet.de <a href="ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.debian.org/debian/">/pub/ftp.debian.org/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.freenet.de/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.uni-erlangen.de <a href="ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> all +sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de <a href="ftp://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/ftp/pub/Linux/debian/">/ftp/pub/Linux/debian/</a> alpha i386 sparc +ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de <a href="ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.stw-bonn.de <a href="ftp://ftp.stw-bonn.de/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.stw-bonn.de/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.fu-berlin.de <a href="ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/pub/unix/linux/mirrors/debian/">/pub/unix/linux/mirrors/debian/</a> all +debian.tu-bs.de <a href="ftp://debian.tu-bs.de/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.tu-bs.de/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.uni-koeln.de <a href="ftp://ftp.uni-koeln.de/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.uni-koeln.de/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha i386 sparc +debian.pffa.de <a href="ftp://debian.pffa.de/pub/mirrors/debian/">/pub/mirrors/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.pffa.de/mirrors/debian/">/mirrors/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 +ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de <a href="ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/linux/distributions/debian/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/debian/</a> all +ftp.tiscali.de <a href="ftp://ftp.tiscali.de/pub/debian/debian/">/pub/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.tiscali.de/pub/debian/debian/">/pub/debian/debian/</a> all +ftp.tu-chemnitz.de <a href="ftp://ftp.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/linux/debian/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/linux/debian/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/debian/</a> all +ftp.uni-kl.de <a href="ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.uni-kl.de/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 ia64 sparc +ftp.uni-bayreuth.de <a href="ftp://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/pub/linux/Debian/debian/">/pub/linux/Debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/linux/Debian/debian/">/linux/Debian/debian/</a> !arm +ftp.informatik.hu-berlin.de <a href="ftp://ftp.informatik.hu-berlin.de/pub/Mirrors/ftp.de.debian.org/debian/">/pub/Mirrors/ftp.de.debian.org/debian/</a> all +ftp.gwdg.de <a href="ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/debian/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/debian/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/debian/</a> all +ftp.hosteurope.de <a href="ftp://ftp.hosteurope.de/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.hosteurope.de/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +ftp.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de <a href="ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de/pub/linux/Mirror/ftp.debian.org/debian/">/pub/linux/Mirror/ftp.debian.org/debian/</a><a href="http://ftp.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 ia64 +debian.netcologne.de <a href="ftp://debian.netcologne.de/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.netcologne.de/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>DK Denmark</b> +---------- +mirrors.dotsrc.org <a href="ftp://mirrors.dotsrc.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.dkuug.dk <a href="ftp://ftp.dkuug.dk/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.dkuug.dk/debian/">/debian/</a> all +mirror.here.dk <a href="http://mirror.here.dk/debian/">/debian/</a> !mips !mipsel +debian.uni-c.dk <a href="http://debian.uni-c.dk/debian/">/debian/</a> all +mirrors.telianet.dk <a href="ftp://mirrors.telianet.dk/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.telianet.dk/debian/">/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 sparc + +<b>EE Estonia</b> +---------- +ftp.ee.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.ee.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ee.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>ES Spain</b> +-------- +ftp.es.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.es.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.es.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +toxo.com.uvigo.es <a href="ftp://toxo.com.uvigo.es/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://toxo.com.uvigo.es/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.rediris.es <a href="ftp://ftp.rediris.es/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.rediris.es/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha i386 ia64 sparc +jane.uab.es <a href="http://jane.uab.es/debian/">/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 +ftp.caliu.info <a href="ftp://ftp.caliu.info/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.caliu.info/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc sparc +ftp.cica.es <a href="ftp://ftp.cica.es/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.dat.etsit.upm.es <a href="ftp://ftp.dat.etsit.upm.es/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.dat.etsit.upm.es/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.gva.es <a href="ftp://ftp.gva.es/pub/mirror/debian/">/pub/mirror/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.gva.es/mirror/debian/">/mirror/debian/</a> alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc + +<b>FI Finland</b> +---------- +ftp.fi.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.fi.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.fi.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.funet.fi <a href="ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/mirrors/debian/">/pub/linux/mirrors/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/mirrors/debian/">/pub/linux/mirrors/debian/</a> all +ftp.jyu.fi <a href="ftp://ftp.jyu.fi/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.jyu.fi/debian/">/debian/</a> !arm !m68k !mips !mipsel !s390 + +<b>FR France</b> +--------- +ftp.fr.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp2.fr.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp2.fr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp2.fr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr <a href="ftp://ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.proxad.net <a href="ftp://ftp.proxad.net/mirrors/ftp.debian.org/">/mirrors/ftp.debian.org/</a> all +ftp.minet.net <a href="ftp://ftp.minet.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.info.iut-tlse3.fr <a href="ftp://ftp.info.iut-tlse3.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.info.iut-tlse3.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 m68k +ftp.lip6.fr <a href="ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> all +debian.ens-cachan.fr <a href="ftp://debian.ens-cachan.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.ens-cachan.fr/ftp/debian/">/ftp/debian/</a> i386 sparc +ftp.u-picardie.fr <a href="ftp://ftp.u-picardie.fr/mirror/debian/">/mirror/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.u-picardie.fr/mirror/debian/">/mirror/debian/</a> alpha i386 +debian.mirrors.easynet.fr <a href="ftp://debian.mirrors.easynet.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.mirrors.easynet.fr/">/</a> alpha i386 powerpc +ftp.u-strasbg.fr <a href="ftp://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> !arm !hppa !mips !mipsel !s390 +ftp.ipv6.opentransit.net <a href="ftp://ftp.ipv6.opentransit.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ipv6.opentransit.net/debian/">/debian/</a> !mipsel +debian.lami.univ-evry.fr <a href="ftp://debian.lami.univ-evry.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 sparc +mir1.ovh.net <a href="ftp://mir1.ovh.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mir1.ovh.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all +mir2.ovh.net <a href="http://mir2.ovh.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.nerim.net <a href="ftp://ftp.nerim.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.nerim.net/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.crihan.fr <a href="ftp://ftp.crihan.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.crihan.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.mines.inpl-nancy.fr <a href="ftp://debian.mines.inpl-nancy.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.mines.inpl-nancy.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> !alpha !arm !m68k +ftp.debian.ikoula.com <a href="ftp://ftp.debian.ikoula.com/debian/">/debian/</a> all +webb.ens-cachan.fr <a href="ftp://webb.ens-cachan.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://webb.ens-cachan.fr/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +mirrors.ircam.fr <a href="ftp://mirrors.ircam.fr/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.ircam.fr/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> !arm !hppa !s390 + +<b>GB Great Britain</b> +---------------- +ftp.uk.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.uk.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.uk.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.hands.com <a href="ftp://debian.hands.com/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.hands.com/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.demon.co.uk <a href="ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/linux/debian/">/pub/mirrors/linux/debian/</a> all +ftp.mcc.ac.uk <a href="ftp://ftp.mcc.ac.uk/pub/linux/distributions/Debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/Debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 sh +www.mirrorservice.org <a href="ftp://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/">/sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/</a> <a href="http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/">/sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/</a> i386 +download.mirror.ac.uk <a href="ftp://download.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/">/sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/</a> <a href="http://download.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/">/sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/</a> all +ftp.ticklers.org <a href="ftp://ftp.ticklers.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ticklers.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.blueyonder.co.uk <a href="ftp://debian.blueyonder.co.uk/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.blueyonder.co.uk/">/</a> all +mirror.positive-internet.com <a href="ftp://mirror.positive-internet.com/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.positive-internet.com/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +the.earth.li <a href="ftp://the.earth.li/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://the.earth.li/debian/">/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 +mirror.ox.ac.uk <a href="ftp://mirror.ox.ac.uk/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.ox.ac.uk/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>GR Greece</b> +--------- +debian.otenet.gr <a href="ftp://debian.otenet.gr/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.otenet.gr/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.ntua.gr <a href="ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> i386 sparc +ftp.duth.gr <a href="ftp://ftp.duth.gr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.duth.gr/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.softnet.tuc.gr <a href="ftp://ftp.softnet.tuc.gr/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.softnet.tuc.gr/ftp/linux/debian/">/ftp/linux/debian/</a> all +debian.spark.net.gr <a href="http://debian.spark.net.gr/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 sparc +debian.internet.gr <a href="ftp://debian.internet.gr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.internet.gr/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 ia64 s390 sparc + +<b>HK Hong Kong</b> +------------ +ftp.hk.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.hk.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.hk.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +sunsite.ust.hk <a href="ftp://sunsite.ust.hk/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> all +www.zentek-international.com <a href="http://www.zentek-international.com/mirrors/debian/debian/">/mirrors/debian/debian/</a> all + +<b>HR Croatia</b> +---------- +ftp.hr.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.hr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.hr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.irb.hr <a href="ftp://ftp.irb.hr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.irb.hr/debian/">/debian/</a> arm hurd-i386 i386 ia64 sparc +ftp.carnet.hr <a href="ftp://ftp.carnet.hr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.carnet.hr/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.iskon.hr <a href="ftp://debian.iskon.hr/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.iskon.hr/debian/">/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 ia64 s390 + +<b>HU Hungary</b> +---------- +ftp.hu.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.hu.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.hu.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.index.hu <a href="ftp://ftp.index.hu/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.inf.elte.hu <a href="ftp://debian.inf.elte.hu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.inf.elte.hu/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.bme.hu <a href="ftp://ftp.bme.hu/OS/Linux/dist/debian/">/OS/Linux/dist/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.bme.hu/OS/Linux/dist/debian/">/OS/Linux/dist/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 ia64 + +<b>ID Indonesia</b> +------------ +kebo.vlsm.org <a href="ftp://kebo.vlsm.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://kebo.vlsm.org/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.3wsi.net <a href="http://debian.3wsi.net/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.indika.net.id <a href="http://debian.indika.net.id/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>IE Ireland</b> +---------- +ftp.ie.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.ie.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ie.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.esat.net <a href="ftp://ftp.esat.net/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.esat.net/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> all + +<b>IL Israel</b> +--------- +mirror.hamakor.org.il <a href="http://mirror.hamakor.org.il/pub/mirrors/debian/">/pub/mirrors/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>IN India</b> +-------- +ftp.iitm.ac.in <a href="ftp://ftp.iitm.ac.in/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.iitm.ac.in/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>IS Iceland</b> +---------- +ftp.is.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.is.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.is.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>IT Italy</b> +-------- +ftp.it.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.it.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.it.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.bononia.it <a href="ftp://ftp.bononia.it/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.bononia.it/debian/">/debian/</a> all +freedom.dicea.unifi.it <a href="ftp://freedom.dicea.unifi.it/ftp/pub/linux/debian/">/ftp/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://freedom.dicea.unifi.it/ftp/pub/linux/debian/">/ftp/pub/linux/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 +ftp.eutelia.it <a href="ftp://ftp.eutelia.it/pub/Debian_Mirror/">/pub/Debian_Mirror/</a> all +cdn.mirror.garr.it <a href="http://cdn.mirror.garr.it/mirrors/debian/">/mirrors/debian/</a> alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 sparc +mi.mirror.garr.it <a href="ftp://mi.mirror.garr.it/mirrors/debian/">/mirrors/debian/</a> <a href="http://mi.mirror.garr.it/mirrors/debian/">/mirrors/debian/</a> alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 sparc +debian.fastweb.it <a href="ftp://debian.fastweb.it/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.fastweb.it/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.unina.it <a href="ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.unina.it/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +debian.fastbull.org <a href="ftp://debian.fastbull.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.fastbull.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>JP Japan</b> +-------- +ftp2.jp.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp2.jp.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp2.jp.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.jp.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.jp.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.jp.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ring.asahi-net.or.jp <a href="ftp://ring.asahi-net.or.jp/pub/linux/debian/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ring.asahi-net.or.jp/archives/linux/debian/debian/">/archives/linux/debian/debian/</a> all +ftp.dti.ad.jp <a href="ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> all +dennou-k.gfd-dennou.org <a href="ftp://dennou-k.gfd-dennou.org/library/Linux/debian/">/library/Linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://dennou-k.gfd-dennou.org/library/Linux/debian/">/library/Linux/debian/</a> all +dennou-q.gfd-dennou.org <a href="ftp://dennou-q.gfd-dennou.org/library/Linux/debian/">/library/Linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://dennou-q.gfd-dennou.org/library/Linux/debian/">/library/Linux/debian/</a> all +ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp <a href="ftp://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/debian/">/debian/</a> all +sb.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp <a href="ftp://sb.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/DEBIAN/debian/">/DEBIAN/debian/</a> all +ftp.riken.go.jp <a href="ftp://ftp.riken.go.jp/pub/Linux/debian/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.riken.go.jp/pub/Linux/debian/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/debian/</a> i386 +debian.shimpinomori.net <a href="http://debian.shimpinomori.net/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ring.hosei.ac.jp <a href="ftp://ring.hosei.ac.jp/pub/linux/debian/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://ring.hosei.ac.jp/archives/linux/debian/debian/">/archives/linux/debian/debian/</a> all +www.ring.gr.jp <a href="ftp://www.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/debian/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://www.ring.gr.jp/archives/linux/debian/debian/">/archives/linux/debian/debian/</a> all +ftp.jaist.ac.jp <a href="ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/Linux/Debian/">/pub/Linux/Debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/Linux/Debian/">/pub/Linux/Debian/</a> alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc + +<b>KR Korea</b> +-------- +ftp.kr.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.kr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.kr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.kreonet.re.kr <a href="ftp://ftp.kreonet.re.kr/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.kreonet.re.kr/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> all + +<b>LT Lithuania</b> +------------ +ameba.sc-uni.ktu.lt <a href="ftp://ameba.sc-uni.ktu.lt/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ameba.sc-uni.ktu.lt/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.balt.net <a href="ftp://debian.balt.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.balt.net/debian/">/debian/</a> arm i386 sparc +debian.vinita.lt <a href="ftp://debian.vinita.lt/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.vinita.lt/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>LV Latvia</b> +--------- +ftp.latnet.lv <a href="ftp://ftp.latnet.lv/linux/debian/">/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.latnet.lv/linux/debian/">/linux/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 + +<b>MX Mexico</b> +--------- +nisamox.fciencias.unam.mx <a href="ftp://nisamox.fciencias.unam.mx/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://nisamox.fciencias.unam.mx/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>NI Nicaragua</b> +------------ +debian.uni.edu.ni <a href="http://debian.uni.edu.ni/debian/">/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 + +<b>NL Netherlands</b> +-------------- +ftp.nl.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.nluug.nl <a href="ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/os/Linux/distr/debian/">/pub/os/Linux/distr/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/os/Linux/distr/debian/">/pub/os/Linux/distr/debian/</a> all +ftp.eu.uu.net <a href="ftp://ftp.eu.uu.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.eu.uu.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.surfnet.nl <a href="ftp://ftp.surfnet.nl/pub/os/Linux/distr/debian/">/pub/os/Linux/distr/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.surfnet.nl/os/Linux/distr/debian/">/os/Linux/distr/debian/</a> all +download.xs4all.nl <a href="ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/debian/">/pub/mirror/debian/</a> all +ftp.debian.nl <a href="ftp://ftp.debian.nl/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.debian.nl/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.tiscali.nl <a href="ftp://ftp.tiscali.nl/pub/mirrors/debian/">/pub/mirrors/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.tiscali.nl/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.essentkabel.com <a href="ftp://debian.essentkabel.com/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.essentkabel.com/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>NO Norway</b> +--------- +ftp.no.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.no.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.no.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> !m68k +debian.marked.no <a href="ftp://debian.marked.no/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.marked.no/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>NZ New Zealand</b> +-------------- +ftp.nz.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.nz.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.nz.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.ihug.co.nz <a href="ftp://debian.ihug.co.nz/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.ihug.co.nz/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>PL Poland</b> +--------- +ftp.pl.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.pl.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.pl.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.icm.edu.pl <a href="ftp://ftp.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> !arm !m68k +mirror.ipartners.pl <a href="ftp://mirror.ipartners.pl/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> all +ftp.man.szczecin.pl <a href="ftp://ftp.man.szczecin.pl/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> all + +<b>PT Portugal</b> +----------- +ftp.uevora.pt <a href="ftp://ftp.uevora.pt/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.uevora.pt/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.eq.uc.pt <a href="ftp://ftp.eq.uc.pt/pub/software/Linux/debian/">/pub/software/Linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.eq.uc.pt/software/Linux/debian/">/software/Linux/debian/</a> i386 +debian.ua.pt <a href="ftp://debian.ua.pt/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.ua.pt/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.linux.pt <a href="ftp://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/debian/">/pub/mirrors/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/debian/">/pub/mirrors/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 + +<b>RO Romania</b> +---------- +ftp.ro.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.ro.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ro.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.lug.ro <a href="ftp://ftp.lug.ro/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.lug.ro/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 ia64 + +<b>RU Russia</b> +--------- +ftp.ru.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.ru.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ru.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.nsu.ru <a href="ftp://debian.nsu.ru/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.nsu.ru/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.udsu.ru <a href="ftp://debian.udsu.ru/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.udsu.ru/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.psn.ru <a href="ftp://ftp.psn.ru/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.psn.ru/debian/">/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 +ftp.corbina.ru <a href="ftp://ftp.corbina.ru/pub/Linux/debian/">/pub/Linux/debian/</a> i386 ia64 + +<b>SE Sweden</b> +--------- +ftp.se.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.se.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.se.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.sunet.se <a href="ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/os/Linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/os/Linux/distributions/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/os/Linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/os/Linux/distributions/debian/</a>all +ftp.du.se <a href="ftp://ftp.du.se/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.du.se/debian/">/debian/</a> all +kalle.csb.ki.se <a href="ftp://kalle.csb.ki.se/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://kalle.csb.ki.se/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> i386 sparc +mirror.pudas.net <a href="ftp://mirror.pudas.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.pudas.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.port80.se <a href="ftp://ftp.port80.se/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.port80.se/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.ds.hj.se <a href="ftp://ftp.ds.hj.se/pub/Linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/Linux/distributions/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ds.hj.se/pub/Linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/Linux/distributions/debian/</a> i386 powerpc sparc + +<b>SG Singapore</b> +------------ +mirror.averse.net <a href="ftp://mirror.averse.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.averse.net/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +mirror.nus.edu.sg <a href="ftp://mirror.nus.edu.sg/pub/Debian/">/pub/Debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.nus.edu.sg/Debian/">/Debian/</a> alpha hurd-i386 i386 +debian.wow-vision.com.sg <a href="ftp://debian.wow-vision.com.sg/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.wow-vision.com.sg/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>SI Slovenia</b> +----------- +ftp.si.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.si.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.si.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha i386 ia64 m68k sparc +ftp.arnes.si <a href="ftp://ftp.arnes.si/packages/debian/">/packages/debian/</a> all + +<b>SK Slovakia</b> +----------- +ftp.sk.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.sk.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.sk.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>TH Thailand</b> +----------- +ftp.nectec.or.th <a href="ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/linux-distributions/Debian/">/pub/linux-distributions/Debian/</a> all +ftp.coe.psu.ac.th <a href="ftp://ftp.coe.psu.ac.th/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.coe.psu.ac.th/debian/">/debian/</a> !arm !hppa !ia64 !sparc + +<b>TR Turkey</b> +--------- +ftp.tr.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.tr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.tr.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.linux.org.tr <a href="ftp://ftp.linux.org.tr/pub/mirrors/debian/">/pub/mirrors/debian/</a> all + +<b>TW Taiwan</b> +--------- +ftp.tku.edu.tw <a href="ftp://ftp.tku.edu.tw/OS/Linux/distributions/debian/">/OS/Linux/distributions/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/OS/Linux/distributions/debian/">/OS/Linux/distributions/debian/</a> all +debian.csie.ntu.edu.tw <a href="ftp://debian.csie.ntu.edu.tw/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.csie.ntu.edu.tw/debian/">/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 +debian.linux.org.tw <a href="ftp://debian.linux.org.tw/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.linux.org.tw/debian/">/debian/</a> all +linux.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw <a href="ftp://linux.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://linux.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/debian/">/debian/</a> all +opensource.nchc.org.tw <a href="ftp://opensource.nchc.org.tw/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://opensource.nchc.org.tw/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.nctu.edu.tw <a href="http://debian.nctu.edu.tw/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>UA Ukraine</b> +---------- +debian.osdn.org.ua <a href="ftp://debian.osdn.org.ua/pub/Debian/debian/">/pub/Debian/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.osdn.org.ua/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.org.ua <a href="ftp://debian.org.ua/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.org.ua/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.3logic.net <a href="ftp://ftp.3logic.net/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 + +<b>US United States</b> +---------------- +ftp.us.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> !m68k !s390 +ftp.debian.org <a href="ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.debian.org/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +debian.crosslink.net <a href="ftp://debian.crosslink.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.crosslink.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp-linux.cc.gatech.edu <a href="ftp://ftp-linux.cc.gatech.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp-linux.cc.gatech.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.egr.msu.edu <a href="ftp://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> all +distro.ibiblio.org <a href="ftp://distro.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> <a href="http://distro.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> hurd-i386 i386 sparc +ftp-mirror.internap.com <a href="ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> all +ftp.cerias.purdue.edu <a href="ftp://ftp.cerias.purdue.edu/pub/os/debian/">/pub/os/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.cerias.purdue.edu/pub/os/debian/">/pub/os/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.cs.unm.edu <a href="ftp://ftp.cs.unm.edu/mirrors/debian/">/mirrors/debian/</a> all +mirror.cs.wisc.edu <a href="ftp://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/linux/debian/">/pub/mirrors/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/linux/debian/">/pub/mirrors/linux/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu <a href="ftp://ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu/linux/debian/">/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu/linux/debian/">/linux/debian/</a> all +natasha.stmarytx.edu <a href="http://natasha.stmarytx.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> all +ftp.ndlug.nd.edu <a href="ftp://ftp.ndlug.nd.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.ndlug.nd.edu/mirrors/debian/">/mirrors/debian/</a> all +debian.uchicago.edu <a href="ftp://debian.uchicago.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.uchicago.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> all +carroll.aset.psu.edu <a href="ftp://carroll.aset.psu.edu/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> <a href="http://carroll.aset.psu.edu/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> all +debian.fifi.org <a href="ftp://debian.fifi.org/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.fifi.org/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 sparc +gladiator.real-time.com <a href="ftp://gladiator.real-time.com/linux/debian/">/linux/debian/</a> i386 +mirrors.kernel.org <a href="ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +mirrors.rcn.net <a href="ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.rcn.net/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.keystealth.org <a href="ftp://ftp.keystealth.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.keystealth.org/debian/">/debian/</a> !alpha !arm !hppa !m68k !s390 +debian.lcs.mit.edu <a href="ftp://debian.lcs.mit.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.lcs.mit.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> all +archive.progeny.com <a href="ftp://archive.progeny.com/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://archive.progeny.com/debian/">/debian/</a> all +linux.csua.berkeley.edu <a href="ftp://linux.csua.berkeley.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://linux.csua.berkeley.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.secsup.org <a href="ftp://debian.secsup.org/pub/linux/debian/">/pub/linux/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.secsup.org/">/</a> all +debian.teleglobe.net <a href="ftp://debian.teleglobe.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.teleglobe.net/">/</a> all +techweb.rfa.org <a href="ftp://techweb.rfa.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://techweb.rfa.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.osuosl.org <a href="ftp://debian.osuosl.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.osuosl.org/debian/">/debian/</a> all +lyre.mit.edu <a href="http://lyre.mit.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> all +mirror.mcs.anl.gov <a href="ftp://mirror.mcs.anl.gov/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirror.mcs.anl.gov/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.2z.net <a href="http://debian.2z.net/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +sluglug.ucsc.edu <a href="ftp://sluglug.ucsc.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://sluglug.ucsc.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> all +cudlug.cudenver.edu <a href="ftp://cudlug.cudenver.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://cudlug.cudenver.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha hurd-i386 i386 ia64 sparc +mirrors.geeks.org <a href="ftp://mirrors.geeks.org/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.geeks.org/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +mirrors.engr.arizona.edu <a href="http://mirrors.engr.arizona.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +mirrors.terrabox.com <a href="ftp://mirrors.terrabox.com/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.terrabox.com/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.midco.net <a href="http://debian.midco.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all +mirrors.usc.edu <a href="ftp://mirrors.usc.edu/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.usc.edu/pub/linux/distributions/debian/">/pub/linux/distributions/debian/</a> all +debian.mirrors.pair.com <a href="ftp://debian.mirrors.pair.com/">/</a> <a href="http://debian.mirrors.pair.com/">/</a> all +lug.mtu.edu <a href="ftp://lug.mtu.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://lug.mtu.edu/debian/">/debian/</a> alpha hppa i386 mips mipsel powerpc sparc +debian.mirrors.tds.net <a href="ftp://debian.mirrors.tds.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.mirrors.tds.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.cites.uiuc.edu <a href="ftp://debian.cites.uiuc.edu/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.cites.uiuc.edu/pub/debian/">/pub/debian/</a> alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +mirrors.tummy.com <a href="ftp://mirrors.tummy.com/pub/ftp.debian.org/">/pub/ftp.debian.org/</a> <a href="http://mirrors.tummy.com/debian/">/debian/</a> all +debian.mirror.frontiernet.net <a href="ftp://debian.mirror.frontiernet.net/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://debian.mirror.frontiernet.net/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>VE Venezuela</b> +------------ +debian.unesr.edu.ve <a href="http://debian.unesr.edu.ve/debian/">/debian/</a> all + +<b>ZA South Africa</b> +--------------- +ftp.is.co.za <a href="ftp://ftp.is.co.za/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.is.co.za/debian/">/debian/</a> i386 +ftp.sun.ac.za <a href="ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/debian/">/debian/</a> <a href="http://ftp.sun.ac.za/ftp/debian/">/ftp/debian/</a> i386 +</small></pre><hr> +<table border="0" width="100%"><tr> + <td align="left"><small>Last modified: Wed May 17 18:52:18 2006</small></td> + <td align="right"><small>Number of sites listed: 330</small></td> +</tr></table> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/includes/common/README.mirrors.txt b/includes/common/README.mirrors.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..286f181 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/README.mirrors.txt @@ -0,0 +1,541 @@ + Debian worldwide mirror sites + ----------------------------- + +Debian is distributed (mirrored) on hundreds of +servers on the Internet. Using a nearby server will probably speed up your +download, and also reduce the load on our central servers and on the +Internet as a whole. + +Debian mirrors can be primary and secondary. The definitions are as follows: + + A primary mirror site has good bandwidth, is available 24 hours a day, + and has an easy to remember name of the form ftp.<country>.debian.org. + Additionally, most of them are updated automatically after updates to the + Debian archive. The Debian archive on those sites is normally available + using both FTP and HTTP protocols. + + A secondary mirror site may have restrictions on what they mirror (due to + space restrictions). Just because a site is secondary doesn't necessarily + mean it'll be any slower or less up to date than a primary site. + +Use the site closest to you for the fastest downloads possible whether it is +a primary or secondary site. The program `netselect' can be used to +determine the site with the least latency; use a download program such as +`wget' or `rsync' for determining the site with the most throughput. +Note that geographic proximity often isn't the most important factor for +determining which machine will serve you best. + +The authoritative copy of the following list can always be found at: + http://www.debian.org/mirror/list +If you know of any mirrors that are missing from this list, +please have the site maintainer fill out the form at: + http://www.debian.org/mirror/submit +Everything else you want to know about Debian mirrors: + http://www.debian.org/mirror/ + + + Primary Debian mirror sites + --------------------------- + + Country Site Debian archive Architectures + --------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Austria ftp.at.debian.org /debian/ alpha arm hppa hurd-i386 i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc + Australia ftp.au.debian.org /debian/ all + Australia ftp.wa.au.debian.org /debian/ all + Bulgaria ftp.bg.debian.org /debian/ !hppa !hurd-i386 !s390 + Brazil ftp.br.debian.org /debian/ all + Switzerland ftp.ch.debian.org /debian/ all + Chile ftp.cl.debian.org /debian/ all + Czech Republic ftp.cz.debian.org /debian/ all + Germany ftp.de.debian.org /debian/ all + Germany ftp2.de.debian.org /debian/ all + Estonia ftp.ee.debian.org /debian/ all + Spain ftp.es.debian.org /debian/ all + Finland ftp.fi.debian.org /debian/ all + France ftp.fr.debian.org /debian/ all + France ftp2.fr.debian.org /debian/ all + Great Britain ftp.uk.debian.org /debian/ all + Hong Kong ftp.hk.debian.org /debian/ all + Croatia ftp.hr.debian.org /debian/ all + Hungary ftp.hu.debian.org /debian/ all + Ireland ftp.ie.debian.org /debian/ all + Iceland ftp.is.debian.org /debian/ all + Italy ftp.it.debian.org /debian/ all + Japan ftp.jp.debian.org /debian/ all + Japan ftp2.jp.debian.org /debian/ all + Korea ftp.kr.debian.org /debian/ all + Netherlands ftp.nl.debian.org /debian/ all + Norway ftp.no.debian.org /debian/ !m68k + New Zealand ftp.nz.debian.org /debian/ all + Poland ftp.pl.debian.org /debian/ all + Romania ftp.ro.debian.org /debian/ all + Russia ftp.ru.debian.org /debian/ all + Sweden ftp.se.debian.org /debian/ all + Slovenia ftp.si.debian.org /debian/ alpha i386 ia64 m68k sparc + Slovakia ftp.sk.debian.org /debian/ all + Turkey ftp.tr.debian.org /debian/ all + United States ftp.us.debian.org /debian/ !m68k !s390 + + + Secondary mirrors of the Debian archive + --------------------------------------- + +HOST NAME FTP HTTP ARCHITECTURES +--------- --- ---- ------------- + +AR Argentina +------------ +debian.logiclinux.com /debian/ i386 +ftp.ccc.uba.ar /pub/linux/debian/debian/ /download/pub/linux/debian/debian/ i386 +debian.usla.org.ar /debian/ i386 + +AT Austria +---------- +ftp.at.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ alpha arm hppa hurd-i386 i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +gd.tuwien.ac.at /opsys/linux/debian/ /opsys/linux/debian/ all +debian.mur.at /debian/ /debian/ i386 ia64 +ftp.tu-graz.ac.at /mirror/debian/ /mirror/debian/ all +ftp.univie.ac.at /systems/linux/debian/debian/ /systems/linux/debian/debian/ hurd-i386 i386 +debian.inode.at /debian/ /debian/ alpha arm i386 m68k sparc + +AU Australia +------------ +ftp.wa.au.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.au.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +mirror.aarnet.edu.au /debian/ /debian/ !alpha +ftp.monash.edu.au /pub/linux/debian/ /pub/linux/debian/ i386 +ftp.uwa.edu.au /mirrors/linux/debian/ all +mirror.eftel.com /debian/ /debian/ i386 +mirror.pacific.net.au /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.iinet.net.au /debian/debian/ /debian/debian/ all +debian.goldweb.com.au /debian/ hurd-i386 i386 +mirror.datafast.net.au /debian/ /debian/ i386 +debian.ihug.com.au /debian/ /debian/ i386 +debian.vicnet.net.au /debian/ /debian/ i386 +mirror.optus.net /debian/ all + +BE Belgium +---------- +ftp.tiscali.be /pub/debian/ /pub/debian/ all +ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.easynet.be /debian/ /ftp/debian/ all +ftp.belnet.be /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.debian.skynet.be /debian/ /ftp/debian/ all +ftp.scarlet.be /pub/debian/ /pub/debian/ all + +BG Bulgaria +----------- +ftp.bg.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ !hppa !hurd-i386 !s390 +debian.ludost.net /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.uni-sofia.bg /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.telecoms.bg /debian/ /debian/ all + +BR Brazil +--------- +ftp.br.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +sft.if.usp.br /debian/ i386 +linorg.usp.br /debian/ /debian/ i386 +linux.iq.usp.br /debian/ i386 m68k +ftp.pucpr.br /debian/ /debian/ hurd-i386 i386 +www.las.ic.unicamp.br /pub/debian/ /pub/debian/ i386 + +BY Belarus +---------- +linux.org.by /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.mgts.by /debian/ i386 + +CA Canada +--------- +mirror.direct.ca /pub/linux/debian/ /linux/debian/ i386 ia64 sparc +debian.yorku.ca /debian/ alpha i386 +ftp3.nrc.ca /debian/ /debian/ i386 +gulus.usherbrooke.ca /debian/ /debian/ all +mirror.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /debian/ /debian/ i386 +mirror.peer1.net /debian/ !hppa !ia64 !s390 +debian.savoirfairelinux.net /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.mirror.cygnal.ca /debian/ /debian/ all + +CH Switzerland +-------------- +ftp.ch.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +mirror.switch.ch /mirror/debian/ /ftp/mirror/debian/ all + +CL Chile +-------- +ftp.cl.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.experimentos.cl /Debian/debian/ /debian/ i386 +debian.ubiobio.cl /debian/ i386 sparc + +CN China +-------- +ftp.linuxforum.net /debian/ i386 +mirrors.geekbone.org /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.cn99.com /debian/ /debian/ i386 +mirror.vmmatrix.net /debian/ !alpha !hppa !m68k !mipsel !s390 + +CO Colombia +----------- +fatboy.umng.edu.co /debian/ alpha hurd-i386 i386 ia64 sparc +debian.funlam.edu.co /debian/ i386 + +CR Costa Rica +------------- +debian.efis.ucr.ac.cr /debian/ all + +CZ Czech Republic +----------------- +ftp.cz.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.sh.cvut.cz /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.zcu.cz /pub/linux/debian/ /ftp/pub/linux/debian/ i386 + +DE Germany +---------- +ftp.de.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp2.de.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.tu-clausthal.de /pub/linux/debian/ alpha arm i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc sparc +debian.uni-essen.de /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.freenet.de /pub/ftp.debian.org/debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.uni-erlangen.de /pub/Linux/debian/ /pub/Linux/debian/ all +sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de /pub/Linux/debian/ /ftp/pub/Linux/debian/ alpha i386 sparc +ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.stw-bonn.de /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.fu-berlin.de /pub/unix/linux/mirrors/debian/ all +debian.tu-bs.de /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.uni-koeln.de /debian/ /debian/ alpha i386 sparc +debian.pffa.de /pub/mirrors/debian/ /mirrors/debian/ hurd-i386 i386 +ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de /pub/linux/distributions/debian/debian/ all +ftp.tiscali.de /pub/debian/debian/ /pub/debian/debian/ all +ftp.tu-chemnitz.de /pub/linux/debian/debian/ /pub/linux/debian/debian/ all +ftp.uni-kl.de /pub/linux/debian/ /debian/ i386 ia64 sparc +ftp.uni-bayreuth.de /pub/linux/Debian/debian/ /linux/Debian/debian/ !arm +ftp.informatik.hu-berlin.de /pub/Mirrors/ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ all +ftp.gwdg.de /pub/linux/debian/debian/ /pub/linux/debian/debian/ all +ftp.hosteurope.de /pub/linux/debian/ /pub/linux/debian/ alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +ftp.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de /pub/linux/Mirror/ftp.debian.org/debian//debian/ i386 ia64 +debian.netcologne.de /debian/ /debian/ all + +DK Denmark +---------- +mirrors.dotsrc.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.dkuug.dk /pub/debian/ /debian/ all +mirror.here.dk /debian/ !mips !mipsel +debian.uni-c.dk /debian/ all +mirrors.telianet.dk /debian/ /debian/ hurd-i386 i386 sparc + +EE Estonia +---------- +ftp.ee.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all + +ES Spain +-------- +ftp.es.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +toxo.com.uvigo.es /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.rediris.es /debian/ /debian/ alpha i386 ia64 sparc +jane.uab.es /debian/ hurd-i386 i386 +ftp.caliu.info /debian/ /debian/ i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc sparc +ftp.cica.es /debian/ all +ftp.dat.etsit.upm.es /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.gva.es /pub/mirror/debian/ /mirror/debian/ alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc + +FI Finland +---------- +ftp.fi.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.funet.fi /pub/linux/mirrors/debian/ /pub/linux/mirrors/debian/ all +ftp.jyu.fi /debian/ /debian/ !arm !m68k !mips !mipsel !s390 + +FR France +--------- +ftp.fr.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp2.fr.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.proxad.net /mirrors/ftp.debian.org/ all +ftp.minet.net /debian/ all +ftp.info.iut-tlse3.fr /debian/ /debian/ i386 m68k +ftp.lip6.fr /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ all +debian.ens-cachan.fr /debian/ /ftp/debian/ i386 sparc +ftp.u-picardie.fr /mirror/debian/ /mirror/debian/ alpha i386 +debian.mirrors.easynet.fr /debian/ / alpha i386 powerpc +ftp.u-strasbg.fr /debian/ /debian/ !arm !hppa !mips !mipsel !s390 +ftp.ipv6.opentransit.net /debian/ /debian/ !mipsel +debian.lami.univ-evry.fr /debian/ i386 sparc +mir1.ovh.net /debian/ /debian/ all +mir2.ovh.net /debian/ all +ftp.nerim.net /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.crihan.fr /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.mines.inpl-nancy.fr /debian/ /debian/ !alpha !arm !m68k +ftp.debian.ikoula.com /debian/ all +webb.ens-cachan.fr /debian/ /debian/ alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +mirrors.ircam.fr /pub/debian/ /pub/debian/ !arm !hppa !s390 + +GB Great Britain +---------------- +ftp.uk.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.hands.com /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.demon.co.uk /pub/mirrors/linux/debian/ all +ftp.mcc.ac.uk /pub/linux/distributions/Debian/ hurd-i386 i386 sh +www.mirrorservice.org /sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/ /sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/ i386 +download.mirror.ac.uk /sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/ /sites/ftp.debian.org/debian/ all +ftp.ticklers.org /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.blueyonder.co.uk /pub/debian/ / all +mirror.positive-internet.com /debian/ /debian/ i386 +the.earth.li /debian/ /debian/ hurd-i386 i386 +mirror.ox.ac.uk /debian/ /debian/ all + +GR Greece +--------- +debian.otenet.gr /pub/linux/debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.ntua.gr /pub/linux/debian/ /pub/linux/debian/ i386 sparc +ftp.duth.gr /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.softnet.tuc.gr /pub/linux/debian/ /ftp/linux/debian/ all +debian.spark.net.gr /debian/ i386 sparc +debian.internet.gr /debian/ /debian/ i386 ia64 s390 sparc + +HK Hong Kong +------------ +ftp.hk.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +sunsite.ust.hk /pub/debian/ all +www.zentek-international.com /mirrors/debian/debian/ all + +HR Croatia +---------- +ftp.hr.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.irb.hr /debian/ /debian/ arm hurd-i386 i386 ia64 sparc +ftp.carnet.hr /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.iskon.hr /debian/ /debian/ hurd-i386 i386 ia64 s390 + +HU Hungary +---------- +ftp.hu.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.index.hu /debian/ i386 +debian.inf.elte.hu /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.bme.hu /OS/Linux/dist/debian/ /OS/Linux/dist/debian/ hurd-i386 i386 ia64 + +ID Indonesia +------------ +kebo.vlsm.org /debian/ /debian/ i386 +debian.3wsi.net /debian/ i386 +debian.indika.net.id /debian/ all + +IE Ireland +---------- +ftp.ie.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.esat.net /pub/linux/debian/ /pub/linux/debian/ all + +IL Israel +--------- +mirror.hamakor.org.il /pub/mirrors/debian/ i386 + +IN India +-------- +ftp.iitm.ac.in /debian/ /debian/ i386 + +IS Iceland +---------- +ftp.is.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all + +IT Italy +-------- +ftp.it.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.bononia.it /debian/ /debian/ all +freedom.dicea.unifi.it /ftp/pub/linux/debian/ /ftp/pub/linux/debian/ hurd-i386 i386 +ftp.eutelia.it /pub/Debian_Mirror/ all +cdn.mirror.garr.it /mirrors/debian/ alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 sparc +mi.mirror.garr.it /mirrors/debian/ /mirrors/debian/ alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 sparc +debian.fastweb.it /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.unina.it /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +debian.fastbull.org /debian/ /debian/ all + +JP Japan +-------- +ftp2.jp.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.jp.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ring.asahi-net.or.jp /pub/linux/debian/debian/ /archives/linux/debian/debian/ all +ftp.dti.ad.jp /pub/Linux/debian/ /pub/Linux/debian/ all +dennou-k.gfd-dennou.org /library/Linux/debian/ /library/Linux/debian/ all +dennou-q.gfd-dennou.org /library/Linux/debian/ /library/Linux/debian/ all +ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp /debian/ /debian/ all +sb.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp /DEBIAN/debian/ all +ftp.riken.go.jp /pub/Linux/debian/debian/ /pub/Linux/debian/debian/ i386 +debian.shimpinomori.net /debian/ i386 +ring.hosei.ac.jp /pub/linux/debian/debian/ /archives/linux/debian/debian/ all +www.ring.gr.jp /pub/linux/debian/debian/ /archives/linux/debian/debian/ all +ftp.jaist.ac.jp /pub/Linux/Debian/ /pub/Linux/Debian/ alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc + +KR Korea +-------- +ftp.kr.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.kreonet.re.kr /pub/Linux/debian/ /pub/Linux/debian/ all + +LT Lithuania +------------ +ameba.sc-uni.ktu.lt /debian/ /debian/ i386 +debian.balt.net /debian/ /debian/ arm i386 sparc +debian.vinita.lt /debian/ /debian/ i386 + +LV Latvia +--------- +ftp.latnet.lv /linux/debian/ /linux/debian/ hurd-i386 i386 + +MX Mexico +--------- +nisamox.fciencias.unam.mx /debian/ /debian/ all + +NI Nicaragua +------------ +debian.uni.edu.ni /debian/ hurd-i386 i386 + +NL Netherlands +-------------- +ftp.nl.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.nluug.nl /pub/os/Linux/distr/debian/ /pub/os/Linux/distr/debian/ all +ftp.eu.uu.net /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.surfnet.nl /pub/os/Linux/distr/debian/ /os/Linux/distr/debian/ all +download.xs4all.nl /pub/mirror/debian/ all +ftp.debian.nl /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.tiscali.nl /pub/mirrors/debian/ /debian/ all +debian.essentkabel.com /debian/ /debian/ all + +NO Norway +--------- +ftp.no.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ !m68k +debian.marked.no /debian/ /debian/ all + +NZ New Zealand +-------------- +ftp.nz.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.ihug.co.nz /debian/ /debian/ i386 + +PL Poland +--------- +ftp.pl.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.icm.edu.pl /pub/Linux/debian/ /pub/Linux/debian/ !arm !m68k +mirror.ipartners.pl /pub/debian/ all +ftp.man.szczecin.pl /pub/Linux/debian/ all + +PT Portugal +----------- +ftp.uevora.pt /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.eq.uc.pt /pub/software/Linux/debian/ /software/Linux/debian/ i386 +debian.ua.pt /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.linux.pt /pub/mirrors/debian/ /pub/mirrors/debian/ hurd-i386 i386 + +RO Romania +---------- +ftp.ro.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.lug.ro /debian/ /debian/ i386 ia64 + +RU Russia +--------- +ftp.ru.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.nsu.ru /debian/ /debian/ i386 +debian.udsu.ru /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.psn.ru /debian/ /debian/ hurd-i386 i386 +ftp.corbina.ru /pub/Linux/debian/ i386 ia64 + +SE Sweden +--------- +ftp.se.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.sunet.se /pub/os/Linux/distributions/debian/ /pub/os/Linux/distributions/debian/all +ftp.du.se /debian/ /debian/ all +kalle.csb.ki.se /pub/linux/debian/ /pub/linux/debian/ i386 sparc +mirror.pudas.net /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.port80.se /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.ds.hj.se /pub/Linux/distributions/debian/ /pub/Linux/distributions/debian/ i386 powerpc sparc + +SG Singapore +------------ +mirror.averse.net /debian/ /debian/ i386 +mirror.nus.edu.sg /pub/Debian/ /Debian/ alpha hurd-i386 i386 +debian.wow-vision.com.sg /debian/ /debian/ i386 + +SI Slovenia +----------- +ftp.si.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ alpha i386 ia64 m68k sparc +ftp.arnes.si /packages/debian/ all + +SK Slovakia +----------- +ftp.sk.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all + +TH Thailand +----------- +ftp.nectec.or.th /pub/linux-distributions/Debian/ all +ftp.coe.psu.ac.th /debian/ /debian/ !arm !hppa !ia64 !sparc + +TR Turkey +--------- +ftp.tr.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.linux.org.tr /pub/mirrors/debian/ all + +TW Taiwan +--------- +ftp.tku.edu.tw /OS/Linux/distributions/debian/ /OS/Linux/distributions/debian/ all +debian.csie.ntu.edu.tw /pub/debian/ /debian/ hurd-i386 i386 +debian.linux.org.tw /debian/ /debian/ all +linux.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw /debian/ /debian/ all +opensource.nchc.org.tw /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.nctu.edu.tw /debian/ all + +UA Ukraine +---------- +debian.osdn.org.ua /pub/Debian/debian/ /debian/ i386 +debian.org.ua /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.3logic.net /debian/ i386 + +US United States +---------------- +ftp.us.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ !m68k !s390 +ftp.debian.org /debian/ /debian/ i386 +debian.crosslink.net /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp-linux.cc.gatech.edu /debian/ /debian/ all +ftp.egr.msu.edu /debian/ /debian/ all +distro.ibiblio.org /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ hurd-i386 i386 sparc +ftp-mirror.internap.com /pub/debian/ /pub/debian/ all +ftp.cerias.purdue.edu /pub/os/debian/ /pub/os/debian/ i386 +ftp.cs.unm.edu /mirrors/debian/ all +mirror.cs.wisc.edu /pub/mirrors/linux/debian/ /pub/mirrors/linux/debian/ i386 +ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu /linux/debian/ /linux/debian/ all +natasha.stmarytx.edu /debian/ all +ftp.ndlug.nd.edu /debian/ /mirrors/debian/ all +debian.uchicago.edu /debian/ /debian/ all +carroll.aset.psu.edu /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ all +debian.fifi.org /pub/debian/ /debian/ i386 sparc +gladiator.real-time.com /linux/debian/ i386 +mirrors.kernel.org /debian/ /debian/ all +mirrors.rcn.net /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.keystealth.org /debian/ /debian/ !alpha !arm !hppa !m68k !s390 +debian.lcs.mit.edu /debian/ /debian/ all +archive.progeny.com /debian/ /debian/ all +linux.csua.berkeley.edu /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.secsup.org /pub/linux/debian/ / all +debian.teleglobe.net /debian/ / all +techweb.rfa.org /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.osuosl.org /debian/ /debian/ all +lyre.mit.edu /debian/ all +mirror.mcs.anl.gov /pub/debian/ /debian/ all +debian.2z.net /debian/ i386 +sluglug.ucsc.edu /debian/ /debian/ all +cudlug.cudenver.edu /debian/ /debian/ alpha hurd-i386 i386 ia64 sparc +mirrors.geeks.org /debian/ /debian/ i386 +mirrors.engr.arizona.edu /debian/ i386 +mirrors.terrabox.com /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.midco.net /debian/ all +mirrors.usc.edu /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ /pub/linux/distributions/debian/ all +debian.mirrors.pair.com / / all +lug.mtu.edu /debian/ /debian/ alpha hppa i386 mips mipsel powerpc sparc +debian.mirrors.tds.net /debian/ /debian/ all +debian.cites.uiuc.edu /pub/debian/ /pub/debian/ alpha arm hppa i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc +mirrors.tummy.com /pub/ftp.debian.org/ /debian/ all +debian.mirror.frontiernet.net /debian/ /debian/ all + +VE Venezuela +------------ +debian.unesr.edu.ve /debian/ all + +ZA South Africa +--------------- +ftp.is.co.za /debian/ /debian/ i386 +ftp.sun.ac.za /debian/ /ftp/debian/ i386 + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Last modified: Wed May 17 18:52:18 2006 Number of sites listed: 330 diff --git a/includes/common/README.txt b/includes/common/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b847f71 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +
+ (HTML version in README.html)
+
+ Debian GNU/Linux testing "Etch" - Official Snapshot i386 Binary-1
+ CD
+
+
+
+ CONTENTS:
+
+ * Intro
+ * About This CD
+ * Installing
+ * Last-Minute Notes
+ * Using CDs with apt
+ * CD Manufacturers
+ * More Information
+
+
+ Welcome to the exciting world of
+ Debian GNU/Linux!
+
+Intro
+=====
+
+ This is one of the CD-ROMs of the Debian GNU/Linux distribution.
+ Debian is a very extensive collection of software. But it is more. It
+ is a complete Operating System (OS) for your computer. And it is free
+ (as in "freedom").
+
+ An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that
+ make your computer run. At the core of an operating system is the
+ kernel. The kernel is the most fundamental program on the computer,
+ which does all the basic housekeeping and lets you start other
+ programs. Debian is kernel independent. It currently uses the Linux
+ kernel but work is in progress to provide Debian for other kernels,
+ using the Hurd. Most of the basic operating system tools come from the
+ GNU project; hence the name GNU/Linux.
+
+ Debian is available for various kinds of computers ("architectures"),
+ like "IBM-compatible" PCs (i386), Compaq's Alpha, Motorola's 680x0
+ (m68k), Sun's Sparc, Motorola/IBM's PowerPC, and (Strong)ARM
+ processors. Check the ports page (http://www.debian.org/ports) for
+ more information.
+
+ Read more at
+
+ http://www.debian.org/intro/about
+
+
+About This CD
+=============
+
+ This CD-ROM is labeled
+
+ Debian GNU/Linux testing "Etch" - Official Snapshot i386 Binary-1
+
+ which means that this CD is number 1 of 1 CDs containing programs
+ ("binaries") for `i386' computers.
+
+ The programs on the Binary CDs are ordered by popularity. The Binary-1
+ CD contains the most popular programs and the installation tools; it
+ is possible to install and run Debian with only the Binary-1 CD. The
+ other CDs, up to Binary-1, contain mostly special-interest programs.
+
+ The Release Notes for "etch" are available on the Debian web site.
+
+
+Installing
+==========
+
+ Because Debian is a complete Operating System, the installation
+ procedure may seem a bit unusual. You can install Debian GNU/Linux
+ either alongside your current OS, or as the only OS on your computer.
+
+ An Installation Guide for this CD is available from the Debian web
+ site.
+
+ Programs and other files that are needed for the installation can be
+ found on this CD under
+
+ /tools/ and /install/floppy/
+
+ For the impatient ones: you can start the installation program easily
+ by booting off this CD-ROM. Note that not all (esp. older) systems
+ support this.
+
+ You can also examine the
+
+ /install
+
+ directory; you might be able to start the installation system directly
+ from there.
+
+
+Last-Minute Notes
+=================
+
+ * You should keep in mind that this is an unofficial CD of the
+ current development version of the Debian system. This means that
+ all sorts of bugs may be present anywhere in the system.
+
+
+
+Using Apt
+=============
+
+ After installing or upgrading, Debian's packaging system can use
+ CD-ROMs, local collections, or networked servers (FTP, HTTP) to
+ automatically install software from (.deb packages). This is done
+ preferably with the `apt' and `aptitude' programs.
+
+ You can install packages from the commandline using apt-get. For
+ example, if you want to install the packages `commprog' and `maxgame',
+ you can give the command
+
+ apt-get install commprog maxgame
+
+ Note that you don't have to enter the complete path, or the `.deb'
+ extension. `Apt' will figure this out itself.
+
+ Or use aptitude for a full screen interactive selection of available
+ Debian packages.
+
+
+CD Manufacturers
+================
+
+ You are completely free to manufacture and re-distribute CD-ROMs of
+ the Debian GNU/Linux Operating System, like this one. There is no
+ charge from us (but of course donations are always welcome).
+
+ For all needed information and contact addresses, please refer to
+
+ http://www.debian.org/CD/
+
+
+More Information
+================
+
+ There is much more information present on this CD. Besides the already
+ mentioned installation and upgrading procedures, this is the most
+ interesting:
+
+ * /doc/FAQ Debian FAQ
+ * /doc/constitution.txt The Debian Constitution
+ * /doc/debian-manifesto The Debian Manifesto
+ * /doc/social-contract.txt Debian's Social Contract
+ * /doc/bug-reporting.txt Bug reporting instructions
+
+ Also on the Internet are many resources. To name a few:
+
+ * http://www.debian.org The Debian homepage
+ * http://www.debian.org/doc Debian Documentation
+ * http://www.debian.org/support Debian User Support
+ * http://www.tldp.org The Linux Documentation Project
+ * http://www.linux.org General Linux homepage
+
+
+
+ See the Debian contact page (http://www.debian.org/contact) for
+ information on contacting us.
+
+ Last Modified: Sat Mar 20 12:30:45 EST 2004
diff --git a/includes/common/doc/00-INDEX b/includes/common/doc/00-INDEX new file mode 100644 index 0000000..041eaca --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/00-INDEX @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +What's in /debian/doc? + +--- General Documentation +FAQ/ Debian FAQ List in html, postscript, and plain text +constitution.txt Debian Constitution +debian-manifesto How it all started... +mailing-lists.txt How to subscribe to the Debian mailing lists +social-contract.txt Debian Social Contract and Free Software Guidelines +source-unpack.txt How to unpack a Debian source package +debian-keyring.tar.gz PGP keys of all the developers. + + +--- The Bug Tracking System for users +bug-reporting.txt How to report a bug in Debian +bug-log-mailserver.txt Introduction to the bug system request server +bug-log-access.txt Accessing bug reports in the tracking system +bug-mailserver-refcard.txt Mail server's reference card + + +--- Debian Developer's Information +bug-maint-info.txt Developer's information re the bug system +bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt Introduction to the bug control mailserver diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.html.tar.gz b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.html.tar.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d85f3d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.html.tar.gz diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.pdf.gz b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.pdf.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8aa37b --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.pdf.gz diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.ps.gz b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.ps.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..86aa67f --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.ps.gz diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.txt.gz b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.txt.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ecb1b1a --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.txt.gz diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7425706 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,431 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Definitions and overview</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-basic_defs"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ 1 ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 1 - Definitions and overview +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-whatisfaq"></a>1.1 What is this FAQ?</h2> + +<p> +This document gives frequently asked questions (with their answers!) about the +Debian distribution (Debian GNU/Linux and others) and about the Debian project. +If applicable, pointers to other documentation will be given: we won't quote +large parts of external documentation in this document. You'll find out that +some answers assume some knowledge of Unix-like operating systems. We'll try +to assume as little prior knowledge as possible: answers to general beginners +questions will be kept simple. +</p> + +<p> +If you can't find what you're looking for in this FAQ, be sure to check out <a +href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and +for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>. If even that doesn't help, refer to <a +href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">Feedback, Section 15.2</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-whatisdebian"></a>1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux is a particular <em>distribution</em> of the Linux operating +system, and numerous packages that run on it. +</p> + +<p> +In principle, users could obtain the Linux kernel via the Internet or from +elsewhere, and compile it themselves. They could then obtain source code for +many applications in the same way, compile the programs, then install them into +their systems. For complicated programs, this process can be not only +time-consuming but error-prone. To avoid it, users often choose to obtain the +operating system and the application packages from one of the Linux +distributors. What distinguishes the various Linux distributors are the +software, protocols, and practices they use for packaging, installing, and +tracking applications packages on users' systems, combined with installation +and maintenance tools, documentation, and other services. +</p> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux is the result of a volunteer effort to create a free, +high-quality Unix-compatible operating system, complete with a suite of +applications. The idea of a free Unix-like system originates from the GNU +project, and many of the applications that make Debian GNU/Linux so useful were +developed by the GNU project. +</p> + +<p> +For Debian, free has the GNUish meaning (see the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software +Guidelines</a></code>). When we speak of free software, we are referring to +freedom, not price. Free software means that you have the freedom to +distribute copies of free software, that you receive source code or can get it +if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new +free programs; and that you know you can do these things. +</p> + +<p> +The Debian Project was created by Ian Murdock in 1993, initially under the +sponsorship of the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Today, Debian's +developers think of it as a direct descendent of the GNU project. +</p> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux is: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>full featured</strong>: Debian includes more than 15400 software +packages at present. Users can select which packages to install; Debian +provides a tool for this purpose. You can find a list and descriptions of the +packages currently available in Debian at any of the Debian <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">mirror sites</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>free to use and redistribute</strong>: There is no consortium +membership or payment required to participate in its distribution and +development. All packages that are formally part of Debian GNU/Linux are free +to redistribute, usually under terms specified by the GNU General Public +License. +</p> + +<p> +The Debian FTP archives also carry approximately 450 software packages (in the +<samp>non-free</samp> and <samp>contrib</samp> sections), which are +distributable under specific terms included with each package. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>dynamic</strong>: With about 1649 volunteers constantly contributing +new and improved code, Debian is evolving rapidly. New releases are planned to +be made every several months, and the FTP archives are updated daily. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Although Debian GNU/Linux itself is free software, it is a base upon which +value-added Linux distributions can be built. By providing a reliable, +full-featured base system, Debian provides Linux users with increased +compatibility, and allows Linux distribution creators to eliminate duplication +of effort and focus on the things that make their distribution special. See <a +href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">I am making a special Linux +distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for +the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?, Section +13.3</a> for more information. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-linux"></a>1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</h2> + +<p> +In short, Linux is the kernel of a Unix-like operating system. It was +originally designed for 386 (and better) PCs; today Linux also runs on a dozen +of other systems. Linux is written by Linus Torvalds and many computer +scientists around the world. +</p> + +<p> +Besides its kernel, a "Linux" system usually has: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +a file system that follows the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard <code><a +href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">http://www.pathname.com/fhs/</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +a wide range of Unix utilities, many of which have been developed by the GNU +project and the Free Software Foundation. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The combination of the Linux kernel, the file system, the GNU and FSF +utilities, and the other utilities are designed to achieve compliance with the +POSIX (IEEE 1003.1) standard; see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">How +source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?, Section 3.3</a>. +</p> + +<p> +For more information about Linux, see Michael K. Johnson's <code><a +href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET">Linux Information +Sheet</a></code> and <code><a +href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/META-FAQ">Meta-FAQ</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-non-linux"></a>1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +Currently, Debian is only available for Linux, but with Debian GNU/Hurd and +Debian on BSD kernels, we have started to offer non-Linux-based OSes as a +development, server and desktop platform, too. However, these non-linux ports +are not officially released yet. +</p> + +<p> +The oldest porting effort is Debian GNU/Hurd. +</p> + +<p> +The Hurd is a set of servers running on top of the GNU Mach microkernel. +Together they build the base for the GNU operating system. +</p> + +<p> +Please see <code><a +href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/</a></code> +for more information about the GNU/Hurd in general, and <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/</a></code> +for more information about Debian GNU/Hurd. +</p> + +<p> +A second effort is the port to a BSD kernel. People are working with both the +NetBSD and the FreeBSD kernels. +</p> + +<p> +See <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux">http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux</a></code> +for more information about these non-linux ports. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-difference"></a>1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</h2> + +<p> +These key features distinguish Debian from other Linux distributions: +</p> +<dl> +<dt>Freedom:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +As stated in the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian +Social Contract</a></code>, Debian will remain 100% free. Debian is very +strict about shipping truly free software. The guidelines used to determine if +a work is "free" are provided in <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">The Debian Free +Software</a></code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>The Debian package maintenance system:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +The entire system, or any individual component of it, can be upgraded in place +without reformatting, without losing custom configuration files, and (in most +cases) without rebooting the system. Most Linux distributions available today +have some kind of package maintenance system; the Debian package maintenance +system is unique and particularly robust (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">Basics of the Debian package management system, +Chapter 6</a>). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>Open development:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +Whereas other Linux distributions are developed by individuals, small, closed +groups, or commercial vendors, Debian is the only major Linux distribution that +is being developed cooperatively by many individuals through the Internet, in +the same spirit as Linux and other free software. +</p> + +<p> +More than 1649 volunteer package maintainers are working on over 15400 packages +and improving Debian GNU/Linux. The Debian developers contribute to the +project not by writing new applications (in most cases), but by packaging +existing software according to the standards of the project, by communicating +bug reports to upstream developers, and by providing user support. See also +additional information on how to become a contributor in <a +href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software +developer?, Section 12.1</a>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>The Universal Operating System:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +Debian comes with <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/">more than +15400 packages</a></code> and runs on <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/ports/">11 architectures</a></code>. This is far +more than is available for any other GNU/Linux distribution. See <a +href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">What types of applications and development +software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?, Section 4.1</a> for an overview +of the provided software and see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what +hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a> for +a description of the supported hardware platforms. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>The Bug Tracking System:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +The geographical dispersion of the Debian developers required sophisticated +tools and quick communication of bugs and bug-fixes to accelerate the +development of the system. Users are encouraged to send bugs in a formal +style, which are quickly accessible by WWW archives or via e-mail. See +additional information in this FAQ on the management of the bug log in <a +href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">Are there logs of known bugs?, Section +11.4</a>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>The Debian Policy:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +Debian has an extensive specification of our standards of quality, the Debian +Policy. This document defines the qualities and standards to which we hold +Debian packages. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p> +For additional information about this, please see our web page about <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian">reasons to choose +Debian</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-gnu"></a>1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</h2> + +<p> +The Debian system builds on the ideals of free software first championed by the +<code><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">Free Software Foundation</a></code> and in +particular by <code><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></code>. FSF's powerful system development tools, utilities, and +applications are also a key part of the Debian system. +</p> + +<p> +The Debian Project is a separate entity from the FSF, however we communicate +regularly and cooperate on various projects. The FSF explicitly requested that +we call our system "Debian GNU/Linux", and we are happy to comply +with that request. +</p> + +<p> +The FSF's long-standing objective is to develop a new operating system called +GNU, based on <code><a +href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">Hurd</a></code>. Debian is working +with FSF on this system, called <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">Debian GNU/Hurd</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pronunciation"></a>1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</h2> + +<p> +The project name is pronounced Deb'-ee-en, with a short e in Deb, and emphasis +on the first syllable. This word is a contraction of the names of Debra and +Ian Murdock, who founded the project. (Dictionaries seem to offer some +ambiguity in the pronunciation of Ian (!), but Ian prefers ee'-en.) +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ 1 ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7425706 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html @@ -0,0 +1,431 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Definitions and overview</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-basic_defs"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ 1 ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 1 - Definitions and overview +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-whatisfaq"></a>1.1 What is this FAQ?</h2> + +<p> +This document gives frequently asked questions (with their answers!) about the +Debian distribution (Debian GNU/Linux and others) and about the Debian project. +If applicable, pointers to other documentation will be given: we won't quote +large parts of external documentation in this document. You'll find out that +some answers assume some knowledge of Unix-like operating systems. We'll try +to assume as little prior knowledge as possible: answers to general beginners +questions will be kept simple. +</p> + +<p> +If you can't find what you're looking for in this FAQ, be sure to check out <a +href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and +for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>. If even that doesn't help, refer to <a +href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">Feedback, Section 15.2</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-whatisdebian"></a>1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux is a particular <em>distribution</em> of the Linux operating +system, and numerous packages that run on it. +</p> + +<p> +In principle, users could obtain the Linux kernel via the Internet or from +elsewhere, and compile it themselves. They could then obtain source code for +many applications in the same way, compile the programs, then install them into +their systems. For complicated programs, this process can be not only +time-consuming but error-prone. To avoid it, users often choose to obtain the +operating system and the application packages from one of the Linux +distributors. What distinguishes the various Linux distributors are the +software, protocols, and practices they use for packaging, installing, and +tracking applications packages on users' systems, combined with installation +and maintenance tools, documentation, and other services. +</p> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux is the result of a volunteer effort to create a free, +high-quality Unix-compatible operating system, complete with a suite of +applications. The idea of a free Unix-like system originates from the GNU +project, and many of the applications that make Debian GNU/Linux so useful were +developed by the GNU project. +</p> + +<p> +For Debian, free has the GNUish meaning (see the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software +Guidelines</a></code>). When we speak of free software, we are referring to +freedom, not price. Free software means that you have the freedom to +distribute copies of free software, that you receive source code or can get it +if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new +free programs; and that you know you can do these things. +</p> + +<p> +The Debian Project was created by Ian Murdock in 1993, initially under the +sponsorship of the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Today, Debian's +developers think of it as a direct descendent of the GNU project. +</p> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux is: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>full featured</strong>: Debian includes more than 15400 software +packages at present. Users can select which packages to install; Debian +provides a tool for this purpose. You can find a list and descriptions of the +packages currently available in Debian at any of the Debian <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">mirror sites</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>free to use and redistribute</strong>: There is no consortium +membership or payment required to participate in its distribution and +development. All packages that are formally part of Debian GNU/Linux are free +to redistribute, usually under terms specified by the GNU General Public +License. +</p> + +<p> +The Debian FTP archives also carry approximately 450 software packages (in the +<samp>non-free</samp> and <samp>contrib</samp> sections), which are +distributable under specific terms included with each package. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>dynamic</strong>: With about 1649 volunteers constantly contributing +new and improved code, Debian is evolving rapidly. New releases are planned to +be made every several months, and the FTP archives are updated daily. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Although Debian GNU/Linux itself is free software, it is a base upon which +value-added Linux distributions can be built. By providing a reliable, +full-featured base system, Debian provides Linux users with increased +compatibility, and allows Linux distribution creators to eliminate duplication +of effort and focus on the things that make their distribution special. See <a +href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">I am making a special Linux +distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for +the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?, Section +13.3</a> for more information. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-linux"></a>1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</h2> + +<p> +In short, Linux is the kernel of a Unix-like operating system. It was +originally designed for 386 (and better) PCs; today Linux also runs on a dozen +of other systems. Linux is written by Linus Torvalds and many computer +scientists around the world. +</p> + +<p> +Besides its kernel, a "Linux" system usually has: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +a file system that follows the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard <code><a +href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">http://www.pathname.com/fhs/</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +a wide range of Unix utilities, many of which have been developed by the GNU +project and the Free Software Foundation. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The combination of the Linux kernel, the file system, the GNU and FSF +utilities, and the other utilities are designed to achieve compliance with the +POSIX (IEEE 1003.1) standard; see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">How +source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?, Section 3.3</a>. +</p> + +<p> +For more information about Linux, see Michael K. Johnson's <code><a +href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET">Linux Information +Sheet</a></code> and <code><a +href="ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/META-FAQ">Meta-FAQ</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-non-linux"></a>1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +Currently, Debian is only available for Linux, but with Debian GNU/Hurd and +Debian on BSD kernels, we have started to offer non-Linux-based OSes as a +development, server and desktop platform, too. However, these non-linux ports +are not officially released yet. +</p> + +<p> +The oldest porting effort is Debian GNU/Hurd. +</p> + +<p> +The Hurd is a set of servers running on top of the GNU Mach microkernel. +Together they build the base for the GNU operating system. +</p> + +<p> +Please see <code><a +href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/</a></code> +for more information about the GNU/Hurd in general, and <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/</a></code> +for more information about Debian GNU/Hurd. +</p> + +<p> +A second effort is the port to a BSD kernel. People are working with both the +NetBSD and the FreeBSD kernels. +</p> + +<p> +See <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux">http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux</a></code> +for more information about these non-linux ports. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-difference"></a>1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</h2> + +<p> +These key features distinguish Debian from other Linux distributions: +</p> +<dl> +<dt>Freedom:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +As stated in the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian +Social Contract</a></code>, Debian will remain 100% free. Debian is very +strict about shipping truly free software. The guidelines used to determine if +a work is "free" are provided in <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">The Debian Free +Software</a></code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>The Debian package maintenance system:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +The entire system, or any individual component of it, can be upgraded in place +without reformatting, without losing custom configuration files, and (in most +cases) without rebooting the system. Most Linux distributions available today +have some kind of package maintenance system; the Debian package maintenance +system is unique and particularly robust (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">Basics of the Debian package management system, +Chapter 6</a>). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>Open development:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +Whereas other Linux distributions are developed by individuals, small, closed +groups, or commercial vendors, Debian is the only major Linux distribution that +is being developed cooperatively by many individuals through the Internet, in +the same spirit as Linux and other free software. +</p> + +<p> +More than 1649 volunteer package maintainers are working on over 15400 packages +and improving Debian GNU/Linux. The Debian developers contribute to the +project not by writing new applications (in most cases), but by packaging +existing software according to the standards of the project, by communicating +bug reports to upstream developers, and by providing user support. See also +additional information on how to become a contributor in <a +href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software +developer?, Section 12.1</a>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>The Universal Operating System:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +Debian comes with <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/">more than +15400 packages</a></code> and runs on <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/ports/">11 architectures</a></code>. This is far +more than is available for any other GNU/Linux distribution. See <a +href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">What types of applications and development +software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?, Section 4.1</a> for an overview +of the provided software and see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what +hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a> for +a description of the supported hardware platforms. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>The Bug Tracking System:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +The geographical dispersion of the Debian developers required sophisticated +tools and quick communication of bugs and bug-fixes to accelerate the +development of the system. Users are encouraged to send bugs in a formal +style, which are quickly accessible by WWW archives or via e-mail. See +additional information in this FAQ on the management of the bug log in <a +href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">Are there logs of known bugs?, Section +11.4</a>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>The Debian Policy:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +Debian has an extensive specification of our standards of quality, the Debian +Policy. This document defines the qualities and standards to which we hold +Debian packages. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p> +For additional information about this, please see our web page about <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian">reasons to choose +Debian</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-gnu"></a>1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</h2> + +<p> +The Debian system builds on the ideals of free software first championed by the +<code><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">Free Software Foundation</a></code> and in +particular by <code><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard +Stallman</a></code>. FSF's powerful system development tools, utilities, and +applications are also a key part of the Debian system. +</p> + +<p> +The Debian Project is a separate entity from the FSF, however we communicate +regularly and cooperate on various projects. The FSF explicitly requested that +we call our system "Debian GNU/Linux", and we are happy to comply +with that request. +</p> + +<p> +The FSF's long-standing objective is to develop a new operating system called +GNU, based on <code><a +href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">Hurd</a></code>. Debian is working +with FSF on this system, called <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">Debian GNU/Hurd</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pronunciation"></a>1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</h2> + +<p> +The project name is pronounced Deb'-ee-en, with a short e in Deb, and emphasis +on the first syllable. This word is a contraction of the names of Debra and +Ian Murdock, who founded the project. (Dictionaries seem to offer some +ambiguity in the pronunciation of Ian (!), but Ian prefers ee'-en.) +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ 1 ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24b527d --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,386 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Compatibility issues</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-compat"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ 3 ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 3 - Compatibility issues +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-arches"></a>3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</h2> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux includes complete source-code for all of the included +programs, so it should work on all systems which are supported by the Linux +kernel; see the <code><a +href="http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER">Linux +FAQ</a></code> for details. +</p> + +<p> +The current Debian GNU/Linux release, 3.1, contains a complete, binary +distribution for the following architectures: +</p> + +<p> +<em>i386</em>: this covers PCs based on Intel and compatible processors, +including Intel's 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II (both Klamath and +Celeron), and Pentium III, and most compatible processors by AMD, Cyrix and +others. +</p> + +<p> +<em>m68k</em>: this covers Amigas and ATARIs having a Motorola 680x0 processor +for x>=2; with MMU. +</p> + +<p> +<em>alpha</em>: Compaq/Digital's Alpha systems. +</p> + +<p> +<em>sparc</em>: this covers Sun's SPARC and most UltraSPARC systems. +</p> + +<p> +<em>powerpc</em>: this covers some IBM/Motorola PowerPC machines, including +CHRP, PowerMac and PReP machines. +</p> + +<p> +<em>arm</em>: ARM and StrongARM machines. +</p> + +<p> +<em>mips</em>: SGI's big-endian MIPS systems, Indy and Indigo2; +<em>mipsel</em>: little-endian MIPS machines, Digital DECstations. +</p> + +<p> +<em>hppa</em>: Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC machines (712, C3000, L2000, A500). +</p> + +<p> +<em>ia64</em>: Intel IA-64 ("Itanium") computers. +</p> + +<p> +<em>s390</em>: IBM S/390 mainframe systems. +</p> + +<p> +The development of binary distributions of Debian for Sparc64 (UltraSPARC +native) architectures is currently underway. +</p> + +<p> +For further information on booting, partitioning your drive, enabling PCMCIA +(PC Card) devices and similar issues please follow the instructions given in +the Installation Manual, which is available from our WWW site at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-otherdistribs"></a>3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</h2> + +<p> +Debian developers communicate with other Linux distribution creators in an +effort to maintain binary compatibility across Linux distributions. Most +commercial Linux products run as well under Debian as they do on the system +upon which they were built. +</p> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux adheres to the <code><a +href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">Linux Filesystem Hierarchy +Standard</a></code>. However, there is room for interpretation in some of the +rules within this standard, so there may be slight differences between a Debian +system and other Linux systems. +</p> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux supports software developed for the <code><a +href="http://www.linuxbase.org/">Linux Standard Base</a></code>. The LSB is a +specification for allowing the same binary package to be used on multiple +distributions. Packages for the Debian Etch release must not conflict with +requirements of the LSB, v1.3. As of this writing, Debian GNU/Linux is not +formally LSB-certified. However, some Debian derived distributions are. +Discussion and coordination of efforts towards ensuring Debian meets the +requirements of the Linux Standard Base is taking place on the <code><a +href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-lsb/">debian-lsb mailing list</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-otherunices"></a>3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</h2> + +<p> +For most applications Linux source code is compatible with other Unix systems. +It supports almost everything that is available in System V Unix systems and +the free and commercial BSD-derived systems. However in the Unix business such +claim has nearly no value because there is no way to prove it. In the software +development area complete compatibility is required instead of compatibility in +"about most" cases. So years ago the need for standards arose, and +nowadays POSIX.1 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is one of the major standards for +source code compatibility in Unix-like operating systems. +</p> + +<p> +Linux is intended to adhere to POSIX.1, but the POSIX standards cost real money +and the POSIX.1 (and FIPS 151-2) certification is quite expensive; this made it +more difficult for the Linux developers to work on complete POSIX conformance. +The certification costs make it unlikely that Debian will get an official +conformance certification even if it completely passed the validation suite. +(The validation suite is now freely available, so it is expected that more +people will work on POSIX.1 issues.) +</p> + +<p> +Unifix GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) developed a Linux system that has been +certified to conform to FIPS 151-2 (a superset of POSIX.1). This technology +was available in Unifix' own distribution called Unifix Linux 2.0 and in +Lasermoon's Linux-FT. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-otherpackages"></a>3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</h2> + +<p> +Different Linux distributions use different package formats and different +package management programs. +</p> +<dl> +<dt><strong>You probably can:</strong></dt> +<dd> +<p> +A program to unpack a Debian package onto a Linux host that is been built from +a `foreign' distribution is available, and will generally work, in the sense +that files will be unpacked. The converse is probably also true, that is, a +program to unpack a Red Hat or Slackware package on a host that is based on +Debian GNU/Linux will probably succeed in unpacking the package and placing +most files in their intended directories. This is largely a consequence of the +existence (and broad adherence to) the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. +The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/alien">Alien</a></code> package +is used to convert between different package formats. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><strong>You probably do not want to:</strong></dt> +<dd> +<p> +Most package managers write administrative files when they are used to unpack +an archive. These administrative files are generally not standardized. +Therefore, the effect of unpacking a Debian package on a `foreign' host will +have unpredictable (certainly not useful) effects on the package manager on +that system. Likewise, utilities from other distributions might succeed in +unpacking their archives on Debian systems, but will probably cause the Debian +package management system to fail when the time comes to upgrade or remove some +packages, or even simply to report exactly what packages are present on a +system. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><strong>A better way:</strong></dt> +<dd> +<p> +The Linux File System Standard (and therefore Debian GNU/Linux) requires that +subdirectories under <samp>/usr/local/</samp> be entirely under the user's +discretion. Therefore, users can unpack `foreign' packages into this +directory, and then manage their configuration, upgrade and removal +individually. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-libc5"></a>3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. Just install the required <code>libc5</code> libraries, from the +<samp>oldlibs</samp> section (containing old packages included for +compatibility with older applications). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-libc5-compile"></a>3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. Install <code>libc5-altdev</code> and <code>altgcc</code> packages (from +the <samp>oldlibs</samp> section). You can find the appropriate libc5-compiled +<code>gcc</code> and <code>g++</code> in directory +<samp>/usr/i486-linuxlibc1/bin</samp>. Put them in your $PATH variable to get +<code>make</code> and other programs to execute these first. +</p> + +<p> +Be aware that libc5 environment isn't fully supported by our other packages +anymore. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-non-debian-programs"></a>3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</h2> + +<p> +Files under the directory <samp>/usr/local/</samp> are not under the control of +the Debian package management system. Therefore, it is good practice to place +the source code for your program in /usr/local/src/. For example, you might +extract the files for a package named "foo.tar" into the directory +<samp>/usr/local/src/foo</samp>. After you compile them, place the binaries in +<samp>/usr/local/bin/</samp>, the libraries in <samp>/usr/local/lib/</samp>, +and the configuration files in <samp>/usr/local/etc/</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +If your programs and/or files really must be placed in some other directory, +you could still store them in <samp>/usr/local/</samp>, and build the +appropriate symbolic links from the required location to its location in +<samp>/usr/local/</samp>, e.g., you could make the link +</p> + +<pre> + ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo +</pre> + +<p> +In any case, if you obtain a package whose copyright allows redistribution, you +should consider making a Debian package of it, and uploading it for the Debian +system. Guidelines for becoming a package developer are included in the Debian +Policy manual (see <a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other +documentation exists on and for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-termcap"></a>3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</h2> + +<p> +Debian uses the <samp>terminfo</samp> database and the <samp>ncurses</samp> +library of terminal interface routes, rather than the <samp>termcap</samp> +database and the <samp>termcap</samp> library. Users who are compiling +programs that require some knowledge of the terminal interface should replace +references to <samp>libtermcap</samp> with references to +<samp>libncurses</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +To support binaries that have already been linked with the <samp>termcap</samp> +library, and for which you do not have the source, Debian provides a package +called <code>termcap-compat</code>. This provides both +<samp>libtermcap.so.2</samp> and <samp>/etc/termcap</samp>. Install this +package if the program fails to run with the error message "can't load +library 'libtermcap.so.2'", or complains about a missing +<samp>/etc/termcap</samp> file. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-accelx"></a>3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</h2> + +<p> +AccelX uses the <samp>termcap</samp> library for installation. See <a +href="#s-termcap">Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?, +Section 3.8</a> above. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-motifnls"></a>3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</h2> + +<p> +You need to install the <code>motifnls</code> package, which provides the +XFree-2.1 configuration files needed to allow Motif applications compiled under +XFree-2.1 to run under XFree-3.1. +</p> + +<p> +Without these files, some Motif applications compiled on other machines (such +as Netscape) may crash when attempting to copy or paste from or to a text +field, and may also exhibit other problems. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ 3 ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24b527d --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html @@ -0,0 +1,386 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Compatibility issues</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-compat"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ 3 ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 3 - Compatibility issues +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-arches"></a>3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</h2> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux includes complete source-code for all of the included +programs, so it should work on all systems which are supported by the Linux +kernel; see the <code><a +href="http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER">Linux +FAQ</a></code> for details. +</p> + +<p> +The current Debian GNU/Linux release, 3.1, contains a complete, binary +distribution for the following architectures: +</p> + +<p> +<em>i386</em>: this covers PCs based on Intel and compatible processors, +including Intel's 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II (both Klamath and +Celeron), and Pentium III, and most compatible processors by AMD, Cyrix and +others. +</p> + +<p> +<em>m68k</em>: this covers Amigas and ATARIs having a Motorola 680x0 processor +for x>=2; with MMU. +</p> + +<p> +<em>alpha</em>: Compaq/Digital's Alpha systems. +</p> + +<p> +<em>sparc</em>: this covers Sun's SPARC and most UltraSPARC systems. +</p> + +<p> +<em>powerpc</em>: this covers some IBM/Motorola PowerPC machines, including +CHRP, PowerMac and PReP machines. +</p> + +<p> +<em>arm</em>: ARM and StrongARM machines. +</p> + +<p> +<em>mips</em>: SGI's big-endian MIPS systems, Indy and Indigo2; +<em>mipsel</em>: little-endian MIPS machines, Digital DECstations. +</p> + +<p> +<em>hppa</em>: Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC machines (712, C3000, L2000, A500). +</p> + +<p> +<em>ia64</em>: Intel IA-64 ("Itanium") computers. +</p> + +<p> +<em>s390</em>: IBM S/390 mainframe systems. +</p> + +<p> +The development of binary distributions of Debian for Sparc64 (UltraSPARC +native) architectures is currently underway. +</p> + +<p> +For further information on booting, partitioning your drive, enabling PCMCIA +(PC Card) devices and similar issues please follow the instructions given in +the Installation Manual, which is available from our WWW site at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-otherdistribs"></a>3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</h2> + +<p> +Debian developers communicate with other Linux distribution creators in an +effort to maintain binary compatibility across Linux distributions. Most +commercial Linux products run as well under Debian as they do on the system +upon which they were built. +</p> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux adheres to the <code><a +href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">Linux Filesystem Hierarchy +Standard</a></code>. However, there is room for interpretation in some of the +rules within this standard, so there may be slight differences between a Debian +system and other Linux systems. +</p> + +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux supports software developed for the <code><a +href="http://www.linuxbase.org/">Linux Standard Base</a></code>. The LSB is a +specification for allowing the same binary package to be used on multiple +distributions. Packages for the Debian Etch release must not conflict with +requirements of the LSB, v1.3. As of this writing, Debian GNU/Linux is not +formally LSB-certified. However, some Debian derived distributions are. +Discussion and coordination of efforts towards ensuring Debian meets the +requirements of the Linux Standard Base is taking place on the <code><a +href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-lsb/">debian-lsb mailing list</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-otherunices"></a>3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</h2> + +<p> +For most applications Linux source code is compatible with other Unix systems. +It supports almost everything that is available in System V Unix systems and +the free and commercial BSD-derived systems. However in the Unix business such +claim has nearly no value because there is no way to prove it. In the software +development area complete compatibility is required instead of compatibility in +"about most" cases. So years ago the need for standards arose, and +nowadays POSIX.1 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is one of the major standards for +source code compatibility in Unix-like operating systems. +</p> + +<p> +Linux is intended to adhere to POSIX.1, but the POSIX standards cost real money +and the POSIX.1 (and FIPS 151-2) certification is quite expensive; this made it +more difficult for the Linux developers to work on complete POSIX conformance. +The certification costs make it unlikely that Debian will get an official +conformance certification even if it completely passed the validation suite. +(The validation suite is now freely available, so it is expected that more +people will work on POSIX.1 issues.) +</p> + +<p> +Unifix GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) developed a Linux system that has been +certified to conform to FIPS 151-2 (a superset of POSIX.1). This technology +was available in Unifix' own distribution called Unifix Linux 2.0 and in +Lasermoon's Linux-FT. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-otherpackages"></a>3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</h2> + +<p> +Different Linux distributions use different package formats and different +package management programs. +</p> +<dl> +<dt><strong>You probably can:</strong></dt> +<dd> +<p> +A program to unpack a Debian package onto a Linux host that is been built from +a `foreign' distribution is available, and will generally work, in the sense +that files will be unpacked. The converse is probably also true, that is, a +program to unpack a Red Hat or Slackware package on a host that is based on +Debian GNU/Linux will probably succeed in unpacking the package and placing +most files in their intended directories. This is largely a consequence of the +existence (and broad adherence to) the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. +The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/alien">Alien</a></code> package +is used to convert between different package formats. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><strong>You probably do not want to:</strong></dt> +<dd> +<p> +Most package managers write administrative files when they are used to unpack +an archive. These administrative files are generally not standardized. +Therefore, the effect of unpacking a Debian package on a `foreign' host will +have unpredictable (certainly not useful) effects on the package manager on +that system. Likewise, utilities from other distributions might succeed in +unpacking their archives on Debian systems, but will probably cause the Debian +package management system to fail when the time comes to upgrade or remove some +packages, or even simply to report exactly what packages are present on a +system. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><strong>A better way:</strong></dt> +<dd> +<p> +The Linux File System Standard (and therefore Debian GNU/Linux) requires that +subdirectories under <samp>/usr/local/</samp> be entirely under the user's +discretion. Therefore, users can unpack `foreign' packages into this +directory, and then manage their configuration, upgrade and removal +individually. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-libc5"></a>3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. Just install the required <code>libc5</code> libraries, from the +<samp>oldlibs</samp> section (containing old packages included for +compatibility with older applications). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-libc5-compile"></a>3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. Install <code>libc5-altdev</code> and <code>altgcc</code> packages (from +the <samp>oldlibs</samp> section). You can find the appropriate libc5-compiled +<code>gcc</code> and <code>g++</code> in directory +<samp>/usr/i486-linuxlibc1/bin</samp>. Put them in your $PATH variable to get +<code>make</code> and other programs to execute these first. +</p> + +<p> +Be aware that libc5 environment isn't fully supported by our other packages +anymore. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-non-debian-programs"></a>3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</h2> + +<p> +Files under the directory <samp>/usr/local/</samp> are not under the control of +the Debian package management system. Therefore, it is good practice to place +the source code for your program in /usr/local/src/. For example, you might +extract the files for a package named "foo.tar" into the directory +<samp>/usr/local/src/foo</samp>. After you compile them, place the binaries in +<samp>/usr/local/bin/</samp>, the libraries in <samp>/usr/local/lib/</samp>, +and the configuration files in <samp>/usr/local/etc/</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +If your programs and/or files really must be placed in some other directory, +you could still store them in <samp>/usr/local/</samp>, and build the +appropriate symbolic links from the required location to its location in +<samp>/usr/local/</samp>, e.g., you could make the link +</p> + +<pre> + ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo +</pre> + +<p> +In any case, if you obtain a package whose copyright allows redistribution, you +should consider making a Debian package of it, and uploading it for the Debian +system. Guidelines for becoming a package developer are included in the Debian +Policy manual (see <a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other +documentation exists on and for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-termcap"></a>3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</h2> + +<p> +Debian uses the <samp>terminfo</samp> database and the <samp>ncurses</samp> +library of terminal interface routes, rather than the <samp>termcap</samp> +database and the <samp>termcap</samp> library. Users who are compiling +programs that require some knowledge of the terminal interface should replace +references to <samp>libtermcap</samp> with references to +<samp>libncurses</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +To support binaries that have already been linked with the <samp>termcap</samp> +library, and for which you do not have the source, Debian provides a package +called <code>termcap-compat</code>. This provides both +<samp>libtermcap.so.2</samp> and <samp>/etc/termcap</samp>. Install this +package if the program fails to run with the error message "can't load +library 'libtermcap.so.2'", or complains about a missing +<samp>/etc/termcap</samp> file. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-accelx"></a>3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</h2> + +<p> +AccelX uses the <samp>termcap</samp> library for installation. See <a +href="#s-termcap">Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?, +Section 3.8</a> above. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-motifnls"></a>3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</h2> + +<p> +You need to install the <code>motifnls</code> package, which provides the +XFree-2.1 configuration files needed to allow Motif applications compiled under +XFree-2.1 to run under XFree-3.1. +</p> + +<p> +Without these files, some Motif applications compiled on other machines (such +as Netscape) may crash when attempting to copy or paste from or to a text +field, and may also exhibit other problems. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ 3 ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ed5a56 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Contributing to the Debian Project</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-contributing"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ 12 ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 12 - Contributing to the Debian Project +</h1> + +<hr> + +<p> +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/donations">Donations</a></code> of time +(to develop new packages, maintain existing packages, or provide user support), +resources (to mirror the FTP and WWW archives), and money (to pay for new +testbeds as well as hardware for the archives) can help the project. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-contrib"></a>12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</h2> + +<p> +The development of Debian is open to all, and new users with the right skills +and/or the willingness to learn are needed to maintain existing packages which +have been "orphaned" by their previous maintainers, to develop new +packages, and to provide user support. +</p> + +<p> +The description of becoming a Debian developer can be found at the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint">New Maintainer's +Corner</a></code> at the Debian web site. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-contribresources"></a>12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</h2> + +<p> +Since the project aims to make a substantial body of software rapidly and +easily accessible throughout the globe, mirrors are urgently needed. It is +desirable but not absolutely necessary to mirror all of the archive. Please +visit the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/size">Debian mirror +size</a></code> page for information on the disk space requirements. +</p> + +<p> +Most of the mirroring is accomplished entirely automatically by scripts, +without any interaction. However, the occasional glitch or system change +occurs which requires human intervention. +</p> + +<p> +If you have a high-speed connection to the Internet, the resources to mirror +all or part of the distribution, and are willing to take the time (or find +someone) who can provide regular maintenance of the system, then please contact +<code><a +href="mailto:debian-admin@lists.debian.org">debian-admin@lists.debian.org</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-supportingorganizations"></a>12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</h2> + +<p> +One can make individual donations to one of two organizations that are critical +to the development of the Debian project. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-SPI"></a>12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</h3> + +<p> +Software in the Public Interest (SPI) is an IRS 501(c)(3) non-profit +organization, formed when FSF withdrew their sponsorship of Debian. The +purpose of the organization is to develop and distribute free software. +</p> + +<p> +Our goals are very much like those of FSF, and we encourage programmers to use +the GNU General Public License on their programs. However, we have a slightly +different focus in that we are building and distributing a Linux system that +diverges in many technical details from the GNU system planned by FSF. We +still communicate with FSF, and we cooperate in sending them changes to GNU +software and in asking our users to donate to FSF and the GNU project. +</p> + +<p> +SPI can be reached at: <code><a +href="http://www.spi-inc.org/">http://www.spi-inc.org/</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-FSF"></a>12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</h3> + +<p> +At this time there is no formal connection between Debian and the Free Software +Foundation. However, the Free Software Foundation is responsible for some of +the most important software components in Debian, including the GNU C compiler, +GNU Emacs, and much of the C run-time library that is used by all programs on +the system. FSF pioneered much of what free software is today: they wrote the +General Public License that is used on much of the Debian software, and they +invented the "GNU" project to create an entirely free Unix system. +Debian should be considered a descendent of the GNU system. +</p> + +<p> +FSF can be reached at: <code><a +href="http://www.fsf.org/">http://www.fsf.org/</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ 12 ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ed5a56 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Contributing to the Debian Project</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-contributing"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ 12 ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 12 - Contributing to the Debian Project +</h1> + +<hr> + +<p> +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/donations">Donations</a></code> of time +(to develop new packages, maintain existing packages, or provide user support), +resources (to mirror the FTP and WWW archives), and money (to pay for new +testbeds as well as hardware for the archives) can help the project. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-contrib"></a>12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</h2> + +<p> +The development of Debian is open to all, and new users with the right skills +and/or the willingness to learn are needed to maintain existing packages which +have been "orphaned" by their previous maintainers, to develop new +packages, and to provide user support. +</p> + +<p> +The description of becoming a Debian developer can be found at the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint">New Maintainer's +Corner</a></code> at the Debian web site. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-contribresources"></a>12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</h2> + +<p> +Since the project aims to make a substantial body of software rapidly and +easily accessible throughout the globe, mirrors are urgently needed. It is +desirable but not absolutely necessary to mirror all of the archive. Please +visit the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/size">Debian mirror +size</a></code> page for information on the disk space requirements. +</p> + +<p> +Most of the mirroring is accomplished entirely automatically by scripts, +without any interaction. However, the occasional glitch or system change +occurs which requires human intervention. +</p> + +<p> +If you have a high-speed connection to the Internet, the resources to mirror +all or part of the distribution, and are willing to take the time (or find +someone) who can provide regular maintenance of the system, then please contact +<code><a +href="mailto:debian-admin@lists.debian.org">debian-admin@lists.debian.org</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-supportingorganizations"></a>12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</h2> + +<p> +One can make individual donations to one of two organizations that are critical +to the development of the Debian project. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-SPI"></a>12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</h3> + +<p> +Software in the Public Interest (SPI) is an IRS 501(c)(3) non-profit +organization, formed when FSF withdrew their sponsorship of Debian. The +purpose of the organization is to develop and distribute free software. +</p> + +<p> +Our goals are very much like those of FSF, and we encourage programmers to use +the GNU General Public License on their programs. However, we have a slightly +different focus in that we are building and distributing a Linux system that +diverges in many technical details from the GNU system planned by FSF. We +still communicate with FSF, and we cooperate in sending them changes to GNU +software and in asking our users to donate to FSF and the GNU project. +</p> + +<p> +SPI can be reached at: <code><a +href="http://www.spi-inc.org/">http://www.spi-inc.org/</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-FSF"></a>12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</h3> + +<p> +At this time there is no formal connection between Debian and the Free Software +Foundation. However, the Free Software Foundation is responsible for some of +the most important software components in Debian, including the GNU C compiler, +GNU Emacs, and much of the C run-time library that is used by all programs on +the system. FSF pioneered much of what free software is today: they wrote the +General Public License that is used on much of the Debian software, and they +invented the "GNU" project to create an entirely free Unix system. +Debian should be considered a descendent of the GNU system. +</p> + +<p> +FSF can be reached at: <code><a +href="http://www.fsf.org/">http://www.fsf.org/</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ 12 ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb89888 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,522 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-customizing"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ 10 ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 10 - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-papersize"></a>10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</h2> + +<p> +Install the <code>libpaper1</code> package, and it will ask you for a +system-wide default paper size. This setting will be kept in the file +<samp>/etc/papersize</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Users can override the paper size setting using the <samp>PAPERSIZE</samp> +environment variable. For details, see the manual page +<code>papersize(5)</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-hardwareaccess"></a>10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</h2> + +<p> +Many device files in the <samp>/dev</samp> directory belong to some predefined +groups. For example, <samp>/dev/fd0</samp> belongs to the <samp>floppy</samp> +group, and <samp>/dev/dsp</samp> belongs to the <samp>audio</samp> group. +</p> + +<p> +If you want a certain user to have access to one of these devices, just add the +user to the group the device belongs to, i.e. do: +</p> + +<pre> + adduser user group +</pre> + +<p> +This way you won't have to change the file permissions on the device. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-consolefont"></a>10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</h2> + +<p> +The <code>kbd</code> and <code>console-tools</code> packages support this, edit +<samp>/etc/kbd/config</samp> or <samp>/etc/console-tools/config</samp> files. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-appdefaults"></a>10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</h2> + +<p> +Debian's X programs will install their application resource data in the +<samp>/etc/X11/app-defaults/</samp> directory. If you want to customize X +applications globally, put your customizations in those files. They are marked +as configuration files, so their contents will be preserved during upgrades. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-booting"></a>10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</h2> + +<p> +Like all Unices, Debian boots up by executing the program <samp>init</samp>. +The configuration file for <samp>init</samp> (which is +<samp>/etc/inittab</samp>) specifies that the first script to be executed +should be <samp>/etc/init.d/rcS</samp>. This script runs all of the scripts in +<samp>/etc/rcS.d/</samp> by sourcing or forking subprocess depending on their +file extension to perform initialization such as to check and to mount file +systems, to load modules, to start the network services, to set the clock, and +to perform other initialization. Then, for compatibility, it runs the files +(except those with a `.'in the filename) in <samp>/etc/rc.boot/</samp> too. +Any scripts in the latter directory are usually reserved for system +administrator use, and using them in packages is deprecated. +</p> + +<p> +After completing the boot process, <samp>init</samp> executes all start scripts +in a directory specified by the default runlevel (this runlevel is given by the +entry for <samp>id</samp> in <samp>/etc/inittab</samp>). Like most System V +compatible Unices, Linux has 7 runlevels: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +0 (halt the system), +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +1 (single-user mode), +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +2 through 5 (various multi-user modes), and +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +6 (reboot the system). +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Debian systems come with id=2, which indicates that the default runlevel will +be '2' when the multi-user state is entered, and the scripts in +<samp>/etc/rc2.d/</samp> will be run. +</p> + +<p> +In fact, the scripts in any of the directories, <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are +just symbolic links back to scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. However, the +<em>names</em> of the files in each of the <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> directories +are selected to indicate the <em>way</em> the scripts in +<samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> will be run. Specifically, before entering any +runlevel, all the scripts beginning with 'K' are run; these scripts kill +services. Then all the scripts beginning with 'S' are run; these scripts start +services. The two-digit number following the 'K' or 'S' indicates the order in +which the script is run. Lower numbered scripts are executed first. +</p> + +<p> +This approach works because the scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> all take +an argument which can be either `start', `stop', `reload', `restart' or +`force-reload' and will then do the task indicated by the argument. These +scripts can be used even after a system has been booted, to control various +processes. +</p> + +<p> +For example, with the argument `reload' the command +</p> + +<pre> + /etc/init.d/sendmail reload +</pre> + +<p> +sends the sendmail daemon a signal to reread its configuration file. (BTW, +Debian supplies <code>invoke-rc.d</code> as a wrapper for invoking the scripts +in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.) +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-custombootscripts"></a>10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</h2> + +<p> +Suppose a system needs to execute script <samp>foo</samp> on start-up, or on +entry to a particular (System V) runlevel. Then the system administrator +should: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Enter the script <samp>foo</samp> into the directory <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Run the Debian command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> with appropriate arguments, to +set up links between the (command-line-specified) directories rc?.d and +<samp>/etc/init.d/foo</samp>. Here, '?' is a number from 0 through 6 and +corresponds to each of the System V runlevels. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Reboot the system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> will set up links between files in the +directories rc?.d and the script in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. Each link will +begin with a 'S' or a 'K', followed by a number, followed by the name of the +script. Scripts beginning with 'S' in <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are executed +when runlevel <samp>N</samp> is entered. Scripts beginning with a 'K' are +executed when leaving runlevel <samp>N</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +One might, for example, cause the script <samp>foo</samp> to execute at +boot-up, by putting it in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> and installing the links +with <samp>update-rc.d foo defaults 19</samp>. The argument 'defaults' refers +to the default runlevels, which are 2 through 5. The argument '19' ensures +that <samp>foo</samp> is called before any scripts containing numbers 20 or +larger. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-interconffiles"></a>10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</h2> + +<p> +Some users wish to create, for example, a new server by installing a group of +Debian packages and a locally generated package consisting of configuration +files. This is not generally a good idea, because <code>dpkg</code> will not +know about those configuration files if they are in a different package, and +may write conflicting configurations when one of the initial "group" +of packages is upgraded. +</p> + +<p> +Instead, create a local package that modifies the configuration files of the +"group" of Debian packages of interest. Then <code>dpkg</code> and +the rest of the package management system will see that the files have been +modified by the local "sysadmin" and will not try to overwrite them +when those packages are upgraded. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-divert"></a>10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</h2> + +<p> +Suppose a sysadmin or local user wishes to use a program +"login-local" rather than the program "login" provided by +the Debian <code>login</code> package. +</p> + +<p> +Do <strong>not</strong>: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Overwrite <samp>/bin/login</samp> with <samp>login-local</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The package management system will not know about this change, and will simply +overwrite your custom <samp>/bin/login</samp> whenever <samp>login</samp> (or +any package that provides <samp>/bin/login</samp>) is installed or updated. +</p> + +<p> +Rather, do +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Execute: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login +</pre> + +<p> +in order to cause all future installations of the Debian <code>login</code> +package to write the file <samp>/bin/login</samp> to +<samp>/bin/login.debian</samp> instead. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Then execute: +</p> + +<pre> + cp login-local /bin/login +</pre> + +<p> +to move your own locally-built program into place. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Details are given in the manual page <code>dpkg-divert(8)</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-localpackages"></a>10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</h2> + +<p> +Execute the command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] > my_Packages +</pre> + +<p> +where: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +BIN-DIR is a directory where Debian archive files (which usually have an +extension of ".deb") are stored. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +OVERRIDE_FILE is a file that is edited by the distribution maintainers and is +usually stored on a Debian FTP archive at <samp>indices/override.main.gz</samp> +for the Debian packages in the "main" distribution. You can ignore +this for local packages. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +PATHPREFIX is an <em>optional</em> string that can be prepended to the +<samp>my_Packages</samp> file being produced. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Once you have built the file <samp>my_Packages</samp>, tell the package +management system about it by using the command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages +</pre> + +<p> +If you are using APT, you can add the local repository to your +<code>sources.list(5)</code> file, too. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-diverse"></a>10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</h2> + +<p> +There are several cases where two packages provide two different versions of a +program, both of which provide the same core functionality. Users might prefer +one over another out of habit, or because the user interface of one package is +somehow more pleasing than the interface of another. Other users on the same +system might make a different choice. +</p> + +<p> +Debian uses a "virtual" package system to allow system administrators +to choose (or let users choose) their favorite tools when there are two or more +that provide the same basic functionality, yet satisfy package dependency +requirements without specifying a particular package. +</p> + +<p> +For example, there might exist two different versions of newsreaders on a +system. The news server package might 'recommend' that there exist +<em>some</em> news reader on the system, but the choice of <samp>tin</samp> or +<samp>trn</samp> is left up to the individual user. This is satisfied by +having both the <code>tin</code> and <code>trn</code> packages provide the +virtual package <code>news-reader</code>. <em>Which</em> program is invoked is +determined by a link pointing from a file with the virtual package name +<samp>/etc/alternatives/news-reader</samp> to the selected file, e.g., +<samp>/usr/bin/trn</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +A single link is insufficient to support full use of an alternate program; +normally, manual pages, and possibly other supporting files must be selected as +well. The Perl script <samp>update-alternatives</samp> provides a way of +ensuring that all the files associated with a specified package are selected as +a system default. +</p> + +<p> +For example, to check what executables provide `x-window-manager', run: +</p> + +<pre> + update-alternatives --display x-window-manager +</pre> + +<p> +If you want to change it, run: +</p> + +<pre> + update-alternatives --config x-window-manager +</pre> + +<p> +And follow the instructions on the screen (basically, press the number next to +the entry you'd like better). +</p> + +<p> +If a package doesn't register itself as a window manager for some reason (file +a bug if it's in error), or if you use a window manager from /usr/local +directory, the selections on screen won't contain your preferred entry. You +can update the link through command line options, like this: +</p> + +<pre> + update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \ + x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50 +</pre> + +<p> +The first argument to `--install' option is the symlink that points to +/etc/alternatives/NAME, where NAME is the second argument. The third argument +is the program to which /etc/alternatives/NAME should point to, and the fourth +argument is the priority (larger value means the alternative will more probably +get picked automatically). +</p> + +<p> +To remove an alternative you added, simply run: +</p> + +<pre> + update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs +</pre> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ 10 ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb89888 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html @@ -0,0 +1,522 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-customizing"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ 10 ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 10 - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-papersize"></a>10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</h2> + +<p> +Install the <code>libpaper1</code> package, and it will ask you for a +system-wide default paper size. This setting will be kept in the file +<samp>/etc/papersize</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Users can override the paper size setting using the <samp>PAPERSIZE</samp> +environment variable. For details, see the manual page +<code>papersize(5)</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-hardwareaccess"></a>10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</h2> + +<p> +Many device files in the <samp>/dev</samp> directory belong to some predefined +groups. For example, <samp>/dev/fd0</samp> belongs to the <samp>floppy</samp> +group, and <samp>/dev/dsp</samp> belongs to the <samp>audio</samp> group. +</p> + +<p> +If you want a certain user to have access to one of these devices, just add the +user to the group the device belongs to, i.e. do: +</p> + +<pre> + adduser user group +</pre> + +<p> +This way you won't have to change the file permissions on the device. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-consolefont"></a>10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</h2> + +<p> +The <code>kbd</code> and <code>console-tools</code> packages support this, edit +<samp>/etc/kbd/config</samp> or <samp>/etc/console-tools/config</samp> files. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-appdefaults"></a>10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</h2> + +<p> +Debian's X programs will install their application resource data in the +<samp>/etc/X11/app-defaults/</samp> directory. If you want to customize X +applications globally, put your customizations in those files. They are marked +as configuration files, so their contents will be preserved during upgrades. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-booting"></a>10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</h2> + +<p> +Like all Unices, Debian boots up by executing the program <samp>init</samp>. +The configuration file for <samp>init</samp> (which is +<samp>/etc/inittab</samp>) specifies that the first script to be executed +should be <samp>/etc/init.d/rcS</samp>. This script runs all of the scripts in +<samp>/etc/rcS.d/</samp> by sourcing or forking subprocess depending on their +file extension to perform initialization such as to check and to mount file +systems, to load modules, to start the network services, to set the clock, and +to perform other initialization. Then, for compatibility, it runs the files +(except those with a `.'in the filename) in <samp>/etc/rc.boot/</samp> too. +Any scripts in the latter directory are usually reserved for system +administrator use, and using them in packages is deprecated. +</p> + +<p> +After completing the boot process, <samp>init</samp> executes all start scripts +in a directory specified by the default runlevel (this runlevel is given by the +entry for <samp>id</samp> in <samp>/etc/inittab</samp>). Like most System V +compatible Unices, Linux has 7 runlevels: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +0 (halt the system), +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +1 (single-user mode), +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +2 through 5 (various multi-user modes), and +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +6 (reboot the system). +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Debian systems come with id=2, which indicates that the default runlevel will +be '2' when the multi-user state is entered, and the scripts in +<samp>/etc/rc2.d/</samp> will be run. +</p> + +<p> +In fact, the scripts in any of the directories, <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are +just symbolic links back to scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. However, the +<em>names</em> of the files in each of the <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> directories +are selected to indicate the <em>way</em> the scripts in +<samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> will be run. Specifically, before entering any +runlevel, all the scripts beginning with 'K' are run; these scripts kill +services. Then all the scripts beginning with 'S' are run; these scripts start +services. The two-digit number following the 'K' or 'S' indicates the order in +which the script is run. Lower numbered scripts are executed first. +</p> + +<p> +This approach works because the scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> all take +an argument which can be either `start', `stop', `reload', `restart' or +`force-reload' and will then do the task indicated by the argument. These +scripts can be used even after a system has been booted, to control various +processes. +</p> + +<p> +For example, with the argument `reload' the command +</p> + +<pre> + /etc/init.d/sendmail reload +</pre> + +<p> +sends the sendmail daemon a signal to reread its configuration file. (BTW, +Debian supplies <code>invoke-rc.d</code> as a wrapper for invoking the scripts +in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.) +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-custombootscripts"></a>10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</h2> + +<p> +Suppose a system needs to execute script <samp>foo</samp> on start-up, or on +entry to a particular (System V) runlevel. Then the system administrator +should: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Enter the script <samp>foo</samp> into the directory <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Run the Debian command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> with appropriate arguments, to +set up links between the (command-line-specified) directories rc?.d and +<samp>/etc/init.d/foo</samp>. Here, '?' is a number from 0 through 6 and +corresponds to each of the System V runlevels. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Reboot the system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> will set up links between files in the +directories rc?.d and the script in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. Each link will +begin with a 'S' or a 'K', followed by a number, followed by the name of the +script. Scripts beginning with 'S' in <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are executed +when runlevel <samp>N</samp> is entered. Scripts beginning with a 'K' are +executed when leaving runlevel <samp>N</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +One might, for example, cause the script <samp>foo</samp> to execute at +boot-up, by putting it in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> and installing the links +with <samp>update-rc.d foo defaults 19</samp>. The argument 'defaults' refers +to the default runlevels, which are 2 through 5. The argument '19' ensures +that <samp>foo</samp> is called before any scripts containing numbers 20 or +larger. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-interconffiles"></a>10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</h2> + +<p> +Some users wish to create, for example, a new server by installing a group of +Debian packages and a locally generated package consisting of configuration +files. This is not generally a good idea, because <code>dpkg</code> will not +know about those configuration files if they are in a different package, and +may write conflicting configurations when one of the initial "group" +of packages is upgraded. +</p> + +<p> +Instead, create a local package that modifies the configuration files of the +"group" of Debian packages of interest. Then <code>dpkg</code> and +the rest of the package management system will see that the files have been +modified by the local "sysadmin" and will not try to overwrite them +when those packages are upgraded. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-divert"></a>10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</h2> + +<p> +Suppose a sysadmin or local user wishes to use a program +"login-local" rather than the program "login" provided by +the Debian <code>login</code> package. +</p> + +<p> +Do <strong>not</strong>: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Overwrite <samp>/bin/login</samp> with <samp>login-local</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The package management system will not know about this change, and will simply +overwrite your custom <samp>/bin/login</samp> whenever <samp>login</samp> (or +any package that provides <samp>/bin/login</samp>) is installed or updated. +</p> + +<p> +Rather, do +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Execute: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login +</pre> + +<p> +in order to cause all future installations of the Debian <code>login</code> +package to write the file <samp>/bin/login</samp> to +<samp>/bin/login.debian</samp> instead. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Then execute: +</p> + +<pre> + cp login-local /bin/login +</pre> + +<p> +to move your own locally-built program into place. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Details are given in the manual page <code>dpkg-divert(8)</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-localpackages"></a>10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</h2> + +<p> +Execute the command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] > my_Packages +</pre> + +<p> +where: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +BIN-DIR is a directory where Debian archive files (which usually have an +extension of ".deb") are stored. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +OVERRIDE_FILE is a file that is edited by the distribution maintainers and is +usually stored on a Debian FTP archive at <samp>indices/override.main.gz</samp> +for the Debian packages in the "main" distribution. You can ignore +this for local packages. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +PATHPREFIX is an <em>optional</em> string that can be prepended to the +<samp>my_Packages</samp> file being produced. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Once you have built the file <samp>my_Packages</samp>, tell the package +management system about it by using the command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages +</pre> + +<p> +If you are using APT, you can add the local repository to your +<code>sources.list(5)</code> file, too. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-diverse"></a>10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</h2> + +<p> +There are several cases where two packages provide two different versions of a +program, both of which provide the same core functionality. Users might prefer +one over another out of habit, or because the user interface of one package is +somehow more pleasing than the interface of another. Other users on the same +system might make a different choice. +</p> + +<p> +Debian uses a "virtual" package system to allow system administrators +to choose (or let users choose) their favorite tools when there are two or more +that provide the same basic functionality, yet satisfy package dependency +requirements without specifying a particular package. +</p> + +<p> +For example, there might exist two different versions of newsreaders on a +system. The news server package might 'recommend' that there exist +<em>some</em> news reader on the system, but the choice of <samp>tin</samp> or +<samp>trn</samp> is left up to the individual user. This is satisfied by +having both the <code>tin</code> and <code>trn</code> packages provide the +virtual package <code>news-reader</code>. <em>Which</em> program is invoked is +determined by a link pointing from a file with the virtual package name +<samp>/etc/alternatives/news-reader</samp> to the selected file, e.g., +<samp>/usr/bin/trn</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +A single link is insufficient to support full use of an alternate program; +normally, manual pages, and possibly other supporting files must be selected as +well. The Perl script <samp>update-alternatives</samp> provides a way of +ensuring that all the files associated with a specified package are selected as +a system default. +</p> + +<p> +For example, to check what executables provide `x-window-manager', run: +</p> + +<pre> + update-alternatives --display x-window-manager +</pre> + +<p> +If you want to change it, run: +</p> + +<pre> + update-alternatives --config x-window-manager +</pre> + +<p> +And follow the instructions on the screen (basically, press the number next to +the entry you'd like better). +</p> + +<p> +If a package doesn't register itself as a window manager for some reason (file +a bug if it's in error), or if you use a window manager from /usr/local +directory, the selections on screen won't contain your preferred entry. You +can update the link through command line options, like this: +</p> + +<pre> + update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \ + x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50 +</pre> + +<p> +The first argument to `--install' option is the symlink that points to +/etc/alternatives/NAME, where NAME is the second argument. The third argument +is the program to which /etc/alternatives/NAME should point to, and the fourth +argument is the priority (larger value means the alternative will more probably +get picked automatically). +</p> + +<p> +To remove an alternative you added, simply run: +</p> + +<pre> + update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs +</pre> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ 10 ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6fdb982 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - General information about the FAQ</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-faqinfo"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ 15 ] +[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 15 - General information about the FAQ +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-authors"></a>15.1 Authors</h2> + +<p> +The first edition of this FAQ was made and maintained by J.H.M. Dassen (Ray) +and Chuck Stickelman. Authors of the rewritten Debian GNU/Linux FAQ are Susan +G. Kleinmann and Sven Rudolph. After them, the FAQ was maintained by Santiago +Vila and, later, by Josip Rodin. The current maintainer is Javier +Fernandez-Sanguino. +</p> + +<p> +Parts of the information came from: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +The Debian-1.1 release announcement, by <code><a +href="http://www.perens.com/">Bruce Perens</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +The Linux FAQ, by <code><a +href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/">Ian Jackson</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a href="http://lists.debian.org/">Debian Mailing Lists +Archives</a></code>, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +the dpkg programmers' manual and the Debian Policy manual (see <a +href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and +for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>) +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +many developers, volunteers, and beta testers, and +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +the flaky memories of its authors. :-) +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The authors would like to thank all those who helped make this document +possible. +</p> + +<p> +All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their respective +trademark owners. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-feedback"></a>15.2 Feedback</h2> + +<p> +Comments and additions to this document are always welcome. Please send e-mail +to <code><a +href="mailto:doc-debian@packages.debian.org">doc-debian@packages.debian.org</a></code>, +or submit a wishlist bug report against the <code><code><a +href="http://bugs.debian.org/doc-debian">doc-debian</a></code></code> package. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-latest"></a>15.3 Availability</h2> + +<p> +The latest version of this document can be viewed on the Debian WWW pages at +<code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/">http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +It is also available for download in plain text, HTML, PostScript and PDF +formats at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq</a></code>. +Also, there are several translations there. +</p> + +<p> +The original SGML files used to create this document are also available in +<code>doc-debian</code>'s source package, or in CVS at: +<samp>:pserver:anonymous@cvs.debian.org:/cvs/debian-doc/ddp/manuals.sgml/faq</samp> +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-docformat"></a>15.4 Document format</h2> + +<p> +This document was written using the DebianDoc SGML DTD (rewritten from LinuxDoc +SGML). DebianDoc SGML systems enables us to create files in a variety of +formats from one source, e.g. this document can be viewed as HTML, plain text, +TeX DVI, PostScript, PDF, or GNU info. +</p> + +<p> +Conversion utilities for DebianDoc SGML are available in Debian package +<code>debiandoc-sgml</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ 15 ] +[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6fdb982 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - General information about the FAQ</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-faqinfo"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ 15 ] +[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 15 - General information about the FAQ +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-authors"></a>15.1 Authors</h2> + +<p> +The first edition of this FAQ was made and maintained by J.H.M. Dassen (Ray) +and Chuck Stickelman. Authors of the rewritten Debian GNU/Linux FAQ are Susan +G. Kleinmann and Sven Rudolph. After them, the FAQ was maintained by Santiago +Vila and, later, by Josip Rodin. The current maintainer is Javier +Fernandez-Sanguino. +</p> + +<p> +Parts of the information came from: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +The Debian-1.1 release announcement, by <code><a +href="http://www.perens.com/">Bruce Perens</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +The Linux FAQ, by <code><a +href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/">Ian Jackson</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a href="http://lists.debian.org/">Debian Mailing Lists +Archives</a></code>, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +the dpkg programmers' manual and the Debian Policy manual (see <a +href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and +for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>) +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +many developers, volunteers, and beta testers, and +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +the flaky memories of its authors. :-) +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The authors would like to thank all those who helped make this document +possible. +</p> + +<p> +All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their respective +trademark owners. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-feedback"></a>15.2 Feedback</h2> + +<p> +Comments and additions to this document are always welcome. Please send e-mail +to <code><a +href="mailto:doc-debian@packages.debian.org">doc-debian@packages.debian.org</a></code>, +or submit a wishlist bug report against the <code><code><a +href="http://bugs.debian.org/doc-debian">doc-debian</a></code></code> package. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-latest"></a>15.3 Availability</h2> + +<p> +The latest version of this document can be viewed on the Debian WWW pages at +<code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/">http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +It is also available for download in plain text, HTML, PostScript and PDF +formats at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq</a></code>. +Also, there are several translations there. +</p> + +<p> +The original SGML files used to create this document are also available in +<code>doc-debian</code>'s source package, or in CVS at: +<samp>:pserver:anonymous@cvs.debian.org:/cvs/debian-doc/ddp/manuals.sgml/faq</samp> +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-docformat"></a>15.4 Document format</h2> + +<p> +This document was written using the DebianDoc SGML DTD (rewritten from LinuxDoc +SGML). DebianDoc SGML systems enables us to create files in a variety of +formats from one source, e.g. this document can be viewed as HTML, plain text, +TeX DVI, PostScript, PDF, or GNU info. +</p> + +<p> +Conversion utilities for DebianDoc SGML are available in Debian package +<code>debiandoc-sgml</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ 15 ] +[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0133507 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,567 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian FTP archives</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-ftparchives"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ 5 ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-dirtree"></a>5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</h2> + +<p> +The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of +several directory trees on each Debian mirror site. +</p> + +<p> +The <samp>dists</samp> directory is short for "distributions", and it +is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and +pre-releases). +</p> + +<p> +The <samp>pool</samp> directory contains the actual packages, see <a +href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>. +</p> + +<p> +There are the following supplementary directories: +</p> +<dl> +<dt><em>/tools/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive, +compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>/doc/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +The basic Debian documentation, such as the FAQ, the bug reporting system +instructions, etc. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>/indices/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +The Maintainers file and the override files. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>/project/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +mostly developer-only materials, such as: +</p> +<dl> +<dt><em>project/experimental/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This directory contains packages and tools which are still being developed, and +are still in the alpha testing stage. Users shouldn't be using packages from +here, because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced +people. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</dd> +</dl> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-dists"></a>5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</h2> + +<p> +There are three distributions, the "stable" distribution, the +"testing" distribution, and the "unstable" distribution. +The "testing" distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see <a +href="#s-frozen">What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?, Section +5.6.1</a>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-codenames"></a>5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</h2> + +<p> +They are just "codenames". When a Debian distribution is in the +development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of +these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if +a real directory like <samp>unstable</samp> suddenly changed its name to +<samp>stable</samp>, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded +again). +</p> + +<p> +Currently, <samp>stable</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>sarge</samp> (i.e. +Debian GNU/Linux 3.1) and <samp>testing</samp> is a symbolic link to +<samp>etch</samp>. This means that <samp>sarge</samp> is the current stable +distribution and <samp>etch</samp> is the current testing distribution. +</p> + +<p> +<samp>unstable</samp> is a permanent symbolic link to <samp>sid</samp>, as +<samp>sid</samp> is always the unstable distribution (see <a href="#s-sid">What +about "sid"?, Section 5.4</a>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-oldcodenames"></a>5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</h3> + +<p> +Other codenames that have been already used are: <samp>buzz</samp> for release +1.1, <samp>rex</samp> for release 1.2, <samp>bo</samp> for releases 1.3.x, +<samp>hamm</samp> for release 2.0, <samp>slink</samp> for release 2.1, +<samp>potato</samp> for release 2.2 and <samp>woody</samp> for release 3.0. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-sourceforcodenames"></a>5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</h3> + +<p> +So far they have been characters taken from the movie "Toy Story" by +Pixar. +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>buzz</em> (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>rex</em> was the tyrannosaurus, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>bo</em> (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>hamm</em> was the piggy bank, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>slink</em> (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>potato</em> was, of course, Mr. Potato (R), +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>woody</em> was the cowboy, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>sarge</em> was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>etch</em> was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>sid</em> was the boy next door who destroyed toys. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-sid"></a>5.4 What about "sid"?</h2> + +<p> +<em>sid</em> or <em>unstable</em> is the place where most of the packages are +initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which +are to be released will first have to be included in <em>testing</em>, in order +to be released in <em>stable</em> later on. sid contains packages for both +released and unreleased architectures. +</p> + +<p> +The name "sid" also comes from the "Toy Story" animated +motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-) +</p> + +<p> +[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f1" name="fr1">1</a>] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-stable"></a>5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</h2> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute +the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system. +</p> + +<p> +These packages all comply with the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software +Guidelines</a></code>, and are all freely usable and distributable. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is +restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the +specified copyright requirements. +</p> + +<p> +For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial +distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not +freeware. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and possibly +negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution (e.g., in a +CD-ROM). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and +<em>freely distributable</em> themselves, but somehow depend on a package that +is <em>not</em> freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free +section. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-testing"></a>5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</h2> + +<p> +Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone +some degree of testing in <a href="#s-unstable">unstable</a>. +</p> + +<p> +They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and +mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have +fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way, +we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate. +</p> + +<p> +More information about the status of "testing" in general and the +individual packages is available at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/devel/testing">http://www.debian.org/devel/testing</a></code> +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-frozen"></a>5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</h3> + +<p> +When the "testing" distribution is mature enough, the release manager +starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure +that as little as possible new bugs from "unstable" enter +"testing". +</p> + +<p> +After a while, the "testing" distribution becomes truly `frozen'. +This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the +"testing" are held back, unless they include release-critical bug +fixes. The "testing" distribution can also remain in such a deep +freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent. +</p> + +<p> +We keep a record of bugs in the "testing" distribution that can hold +off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole +release. For details, please see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/">current testing release +information</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen +"testing" distribution is declared "stable" and released +with a version number. +</p> + +<p> +With each new release, the previous "stable" distribution becomes +obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive">Debian archive</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-unstable"></a>5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</h2> + +<p> +The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system. +Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their +state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that +you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but +if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-) +</p> + +<p> +There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable', +separated on the same criteria as in `stable'. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-archsections"></a>5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</h2> + +<p> +Within each of the major directory trees[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f2" +name="fr2">2</a>], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index +files. +</p> + +<p> +There's one set of <samp>binary-<var>something</var></samp> subdirectories +which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer +architecture, for example <samp>binary-i386</samp> for packages which execute +on Intel x86 PC machines or <samp>binary-sparc</samp> for packages which +execute on Sun SPARCStations. +</p> + +<p> +The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">the release's web +page</a></code>. For the current release, please see <a +href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what hardware architectures/systems does +Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a>. +</p> + +<p> +The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz) and they include a summary +of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The actual +binary packages (for <em>woody</em> and subsequent releases) reside in the top +level <a href="#s-pools"><samp>pool</samp> directory</a>. +</p> + +<p> +Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files +for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called +Sources(.gz). +</p> + +<p> +Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation +system index files. In the <em>woody</em> release, these are named +<samp>disks-<var>architecture</var></samp>; in <em>sarge</em>, they are at +<samp>debian-installer/binary-<var>architecture</var></samp>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-source"></a>5.9 Where is the source code?</h2> + +<p> +Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the +license terms of most programs in the system <em>require</em> that source code +be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source +code accompany the programs. +</p> + +<p> +The source code is distributed in the <samp>pool</samp> directory (see <a +href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>) +together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve +the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP +archive, try a command like <samp>apt-get source mypackagename</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in +their licenses. Notably, one such package is <samp>pine</samp>, see <a +href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">Where is pine?, Section 4.10</a> for more +information. +</p> + +<p> +Source code may or may not be available for packages in the "contrib" +and "non-free" directories, which are not formally part of the Debian +system. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pools"></a>5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</h2> + +<p> +Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the +source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section +(`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source +package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for +each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were +generated. +</p> + +<p> +You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like +<samp>apt-cache showsrc mypackagename</samp> and looking at the `Directory:' +line. For example, the <samp>apache</samp> packages are stored in +<samp>pool/main/a/apache/</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Additionally, since there are so many <samp>lib*</samp> packages, these are +treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in +<samp>pool/main/libp/libpaper/</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f3" name="fr3">3</a>] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-incoming"></a>5.11 What is "incoming"?</h2> + +<p> +After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the +"incoming" directory before it is checked that it's genuine and +allowed into the archive. +</p> + +<p> +Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare +cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at <code><a +href="http://incoming.debian.org/">http://incoming.debian.org/</a></code>. You +can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the +.changes and .dsc files, and then install them. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-ownrepository"></a>5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</h2> + +<p> +If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install +using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own +apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your +Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project. +Instructions on how to do this are given in the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto">Debian +Repository HOWTO</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ 5 ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0133507 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html @@ -0,0 +1,567 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian FTP archives</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-ftparchives"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ 5 ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-dirtree"></a>5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</h2> + +<p> +The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of +several directory trees on each Debian mirror site. +</p> + +<p> +The <samp>dists</samp> directory is short for "distributions", and it +is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and +pre-releases). +</p> + +<p> +The <samp>pool</samp> directory contains the actual packages, see <a +href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>. +</p> + +<p> +There are the following supplementary directories: +</p> +<dl> +<dt><em>/tools/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive, +compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>/doc/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +The basic Debian documentation, such as the FAQ, the bug reporting system +instructions, etc. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>/indices/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +The Maintainers file and the override files. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>/project/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +mostly developer-only materials, such as: +</p> +<dl> +<dt><em>project/experimental/</em>:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This directory contains packages and tools which are still being developed, and +are still in the alpha testing stage. Users shouldn't be using packages from +here, because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced +people. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</dd> +</dl> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-dists"></a>5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</h2> + +<p> +There are three distributions, the "stable" distribution, the +"testing" distribution, and the "unstable" distribution. +The "testing" distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see <a +href="#s-frozen">What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?, Section +5.6.1</a>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-codenames"></a>5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</h2> + +<p> +They are just "codenames". When a Debian distribution is in the +development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of +these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if +a real directory like <samp>unstable</samp> suddenly changed its name to +<samp>stable</samp>, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded +again). +</p> + +<p> +Currently, <samp>stable</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>sarge</samp> (i.e. +Debian GNU/Linux 3.1) and <samp>testing</samp> is a symbolic link to +<samp>etch</samp>. This means that <samp>sarge</samp> is the current stable +distribution and <samp>etch</samp> is the current testing distribution. +</p> + +<p> +<samp>unstable</samp> is a permanent symbolic link to <samp>sid</samp>, as +<samp>sid</samp> is always the unstable distribution (see <a href="#s-sid">What +about "sid"?, Section 5.4</a>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-oldcodenames"></a>5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</h3> + +<p> +Other codenames that have been already used are: <samp>buzz</samp> for release +1.1, <samp>rex</samp> for release 1.2, <samp>bo</samp> for releases 1.3.x, +<samp>hamm</samp> for release 2.0, <samp>slink</samp> for release 2.1, +<samp>potato</samp> for release 2.2 and <samp>woody</samp> for release 3.0. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-sourceforcodenames"></a>5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</h3> + +<p> +So far they have been characters taken from the movie "Toy Story" by +Pixar. +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>buzz</em> (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>rex</em> was the tyrannosaurus, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>bo</em> (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>hamm</em> was the piggy bank, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>slink</em> (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>potato</em> was, of course, Mr. Potato (R), +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>woody</em> was the cowboy, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>sarge</em> was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>etch</em> was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>sid</em> was the boy next door who destroyed toys. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-sid"></a>5.4 What about "sid"?</h2> + +<p> +<em>sid</em> or <em>unstable</em> is the place where most of the packages are +initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which +are to be released will first have to be included in <em>testing</em>, in order +to be released in <em>stable</em> later on. sid contains packages for both +released and unreleased architectures. +</p> + +<p> +The name "sid" also comes from the "Toy Story" animated +motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-) +</p> + +<p> +[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f1" name="fr1">1</a>] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-stable"></a>5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</h2> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute +the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system. +</p> + +<p> +These packages all comply with the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software +Guidelines</a></code>, and are all freely usable and distributable. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is +restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the +specified copyright requirements. +</p> + +<p> +For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial +distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not +freeware. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and possibly +negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution (e.g., in a +CD-ROM). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and +<em>freely distributable</em> themselves, but somehow depend on a package that +is <em>not</em> freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free +section. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-testing"></a>5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</h2> + +<p> +Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone +some degree of testing in <a href="#s-unstable">unstable</a>. +</p> + +<p> +They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and +mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have +fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way, +we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate. +</p> + +<p> +More information about the status of "testing" in general and the +individual packages is available at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/devel/testing">http://www.debian.org/devel/testing</a></code> +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-frozen"></a>5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</h3> + +<p> +When the "testing" distribution is mature enough, the release manager +starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure +that as little as possible new bugs from "unstable" enter +"testing". +</p> + +<p> +After a while, the "testing" distribution becomes truly `frozen'. +This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the +"testing" are held back, unless they include release-critical bug +fixes. The "testing" distribution can also remain in such a deep +freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent. +</p> + +<p> +We keep a record of bugs in the "testing" distribution that can hold +off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole +release. For details, please see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/">current testing release +information</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen +"testing" distribution is declared "stable" and released +with a version number. +</p> + +<p> +With each new release, the previous "stable" distribution becomes +obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive">Debian archive</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-unstable"></a>5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</h2> + +<p> +The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system. +Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their +state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that +you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but +if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-) +</p> + +<p> +There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable', +separated on the same criteria as in `stable'. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-archsections"></a>5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</h2> + +<p> +Within each of the major directory trees[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f2" +name="fr2">2</a>], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index +files. +</p> + +<p> +There's one set of <samp>binary-<var>something</var></samp> subdirectories +which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer +architecture, for example <samp>binary-i386</samp> for packages which execute +on Intel x86 PC machines or <samp>binary-sparc</samp> for packages which +execute on Sun SPARCStations. +</p> + +<p> +The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">the release's web +page</a></code>. For the current release, please see <a +href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what hardware architectures/systems does +Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a>. +</p> + +<p> +The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz) and they include a summary +of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The actual +binary packages (for <em>woody</em> and subsequent releases) reside in the top +level <a href="#s-pools"><samp>pool</samp> directory</a>. +</p> + +<p> +Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files +for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called +Sources(.gz). +</p> + +<p> +Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation +system index files. In the <em>woody</em> release, these are named +<samp>disks-<var>architecture</var></samp>; in <em>sarge</em>, they are at +<samp>debian-installer/binary-<var>architecture</var></samp>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-source"></a>5.9 Where is the source code?</h2> + +<p> +Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the +license terms of most programs in the system <em>require</em> that source code +be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source +code accompany the programs. +</p> + +<p> +The source code is distributed in the <samp>pool</samp> directory (see <a +href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>) +together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve +the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP +archive, try a command like <samp>apt-get source mypackagename</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in +their licenses. Notably, one such package is <samp>pine</samp>, see <a +href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">Where is pine?, Section 4.10</a> for more +information. +</p> + +<p> +Source code may or may not be available for packages in the "contrib" +and "non-free" directories, which are not formally part of the Debian +system. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pools"></a>5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</h2> + +<p> +Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the +source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section +(`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source +package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for +each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were +generated. +</p> + +<p> +You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like +<samp>apt-cache showsrc mypackagename</samp> and looking at the `Directory:' +line. For example, the <samp>apache</samp> packages are stored in +<samp>pool/main/a/apache/</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Additionally, since there are so many <samp>lib*</samp> packages, these are +treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in +<samp>pool/main/libp/libpaper/</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f3" name="fr3">3</a>] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-incoming"></a>5.11 What is "incoming"?</h2> + +<p> +After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the +"incoming" directory before it is checked that it's genuine and +allowed into the archive. +</p> + +<p> +Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare +cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at <code><a +href="http://incoming.debian.org/">http://incoming.debian.org/</a></code>. You +can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the +.changes and .dsc files, and then install them. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-ownrepository"></a>5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</h2> + +<p> +If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install +using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own +apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your +Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project. +Instructions on how to do this are given in the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto">Debian +Repository HOWTO</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ 5 ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f608d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,374 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-getting"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ 2 ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 2 - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux +</h1> + +<hr> + +<p> +The official document giving installation instructions is the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux +Installation Guide</a></code>. We'll give some additional notes about getting +and installing Debian GNU/Linux here. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-version"></a>2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</h2> + +<p> +Currently there are three versions of Debian GNU/Linux: +</p> +<dl> +<dt><em>release 3.1, a.k.a. the `stable' distribution</em></dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is stable and well tested software, it changes if major security or +usability fixes are incorporated. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>the `testing' distribution</em></dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is where packages that will be released as the next `stable' are placed; +they've had some testing in unstable but they may not be completely fit for +release yet. This distribution is updated more often than `stable', but not +more often than `unstable'. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>the `unstable' distribution</em></dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is the version currently under development; it is updated continuously. +You can retrieve packages from the `unstable' archive on any Debian FTP site +and use them to upgrade your system at any time, but you may not expect the +system to be as usable or as stable as before - that's why it's called +`<strong>unstable</strong>'! +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p> +Please see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">How many Debian +distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?, Section 5.2</a> +for more information. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-updatestable"></a>2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</h2> + +<p> +No new functionality is added to the stable release. Once a Debian version is +released and tagged `stable' it will only get security updates. That is, only +packages for which a security vulnerability has been found after the release +will be upgraded. All the security updates are served through <code><a +href="ftp://security.debian.org">security.debian.org</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +Security updates serve one purpose: to supply a fix for a security +vulnerability. They are not a method for sneaking additional changes into the +stable release without going through normal point release procedure. +Consequently, fixes for packages with security issues will not upgrade the +software. The Debian Security Team will backport the necessary fixes to the +version of the software distributed in `stable' instead. +</p> + +<p> +For more information related to security support please read the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/security/faq">Security FAQ</a></code> or the +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/">Debian +Security Manual</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-boot-floppies"></a>2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</h2> + +<p> +You can get the installation disks by downloading the appropriate files from +one of the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian +mirrors</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +The installation system files are separated in subdirectories of +<code>dists/stable/main</code> directory, and the names of these subdirectories +correspond to your architecture like this: <samp>disks-<var>arch</var></samp> +(<var>arch</var> is "i386", "sparc", etc, check the site +for an exact list). In each of these architecture subdirectories there can be +several directories, each for a version of the installation system, and the +currently used one is in the `current' directory (that's a symbolic link). +</p> + +<p> +See the <code>README.txt</code> file in that directory for further +instructions. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-cdrom"></a>2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</h2> + +<p> +Linux supports the ISO 9660 (CD-ROM) file system with Rock Ridge extensions +(formerly known as "High Sierra"). Several <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/">vendors</a></code> provide Debian +GNU/Linux in this format. +</p> + +<p> +Warning: When installing from CD-ROM, it is usually not a good idea to choose +dselect's <samp>cdrom</samp> access method. This method is usually very slow. +The <samp>mountable</samp> and <samp>apt</samp> methods, for example, are much +better for installing from CD-ROM (see <a +href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">dpkg-mountable, Section 8.2.5</a> +and <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom, Section +8.2.2</a>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-cdimage-symlinks"></a>2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</h2> + +<p> +Official Debian CD images indeed contain symlinks like: +</p> + +<pre> + /dists/frozen -> sarge/ + /dists/stable -> sarge/ + /dists/testing -> sarge/ + /dists/unstable -> sarge/ +</pre> + +<p> +so that they work when your sources.list has an entry like +</p> + +<pre> + deb cdrom:[<name as on cd label>]/ unstable main [...] +</pre> + +<p> +. +</p> + +<p> +The fact these symlinks are present does <em>not</em> mean the image is +`unstable' or `testing' or anything. Read the CD label in +<code>/.disk/info</code> to find out which Debian version it contains. This +information is also present in <code>/README.txt</code> on the CD. +</p> + +<p> +Read <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">http://www.debian.org/releases/</a></code> +to find out what the current `stable' and `testing' releases are. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-cdimages"></a>2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. To make it easier for CD vendors to provide high quality disks, we +provide the <code><a href="http://cdimage.debian.org/">Official CD +images</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-floppy"></a>2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</h2> + +<p> +First of all, a warning: whole Debian GNU/Linux is way too large to be +installed from media as small as a standard 1.44MB floppy disk - you may not +find installing from floppies a very pleasant experience. +</p> + +<p> +Copy the Debian packages onto formatted floppy disks. Either a DOS, the native +Linux "ext2", or the "minix" format will do; one just has +to use a mount command appropriate to the floppy being used. +</p> + +<p> +Using floppy disks has these complications: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Short MS-DOS file names: If you are trying to place Debian package files onto +MS-DOS formatted disks, you will find that their names are generally too long, +and do not conform to the MS-DOS 8.3 filename limitation. To overcome this, +you would have to use VFAT formatted disks, since VFAT supports longer file +names. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Large file sizes: Some packages are larger than 1.44 MBytes, and will not fit +onto a single floppy disk. To solve this problem, use the dpkg-split tool (see +<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split">dpkg-split, Section 7.1.5.2</a>), +available in the <samp>tools</samp> directory on <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian mirrors</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +You must have support in the kernel for floppy disks in order to read and write +to floppy disk; most kernels come with floppy drive support included in them. +</p> + +<p> +To mount a floppy disk under the mount point <samp>/floppy</samp> (a directory +which should have been created during installation), use: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<pre> + mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /floppy/ +</pre> + +<p> +if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an MS-DOS file system, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<pre> + mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /floppy/ +</pre> + +<p> +if the floppy disk is in drive B: and has an MS-DOS file system, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<pre> + mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /floppy/ +</pre> + +<p> +if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an ext2 (i.e., a normal Linux) file +system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-remoteinstall"></a>2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. You can boot the Debian installation system from a set of files you can +download from our FTP site and its mirrors. +</p> + +<p> +You can download a small CD image file, create a bootable CD from it, install +the basic system from it and the rest over the network. For more information +please see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/">http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +You can also download even smaller floppy disk image files, create bootable +diskettes from them, start the installation procedure and get the rest of +Debian over the network. For more information, please see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst">http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ 2 ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f608d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html @@ -0,0 +1,374 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-getting"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ 2 ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 2 - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux +</h1> + +<hr> + +<p> +The official document giving installation instructions is the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux +Installation Guide</a></code>. We'll give some additional notes about getting +and installing Debian GNU/Linux here. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-version"></a>2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</h2> + +<p> +Currently there are three versions of Debian GNU/Linux: +</p> +<dl> +<dt><em>release 3.1, a.k.a. the `stable' distribution</em></dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is stable and well tested software, it changes if major security or +usability fixes are incorporated. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>the `testing' distribution</em></dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is where packages that will be released as the next `stable' are placed; +they've had some testing in unstable but they may not be completely fit for +release yet. This distribution is updated more often than `stable', but not +more often than `unstable'. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt><em>the `unstable' distribution</em></dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is the version currently under development; it is updated continuously. +You can retrieve packages from the `unstable' archive on any Debian FTP site +and use them to upgrade your system at any time, but you may not expect the +system to be as usable or as stable as before - that's why it's called +`<strong>unstable</strong>'! +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p> +Please see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">How many Debian +distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?, Section 5.2</a> +for more information. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-updatestable"></a>2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</h2> + +<p> +No new functionality is added to the stable release. Once a Debian version is +released and tagged `stable' it will only get security updates. That is, only +packages for which a security vulnerability has been found after the release +will be upgraded. All the security updates are served through <code><a +href="ftp://security.debian.org">security.debian.org</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +Security updates serve one purpose: to supply a fix for a security +vulnerability. They are not a method for sneaking additional changes into the +stable release without going through normal point release procedure. +Consequently, fixes for packages with security issues will not upgrade the +software. The Debian Security Team will backport the necessary fixes to the +version of the software distributed in `stable' instead. +</p> + +<p> +For more information related to security support please read the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/security/faq">Security FAQ</a></code> or the +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/">Debian +Security Manual</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-boot-floppies"></a>2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</h2> + +<p> +You can get the installation disks by downloading the appropriate files from +one of the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian +mirrors</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +The installation system files are separated in subdirectories of +<code>dists/stable/main</code> directory, and the names of these subdirectories +correspond to your architecture like this: <samp>disks-<var>arch</var></samp> +(<var>arch</var> is "i386", "sparc", etc, check the site +for an exact list). In each of these architecture subdirectories there can be +several directories, each for a version of the installation system, and the +currently used one is in the `current' directory (that's a symbolic link). +</p> + +<p> +See the <code>README.txt</code> file in that directory for further +instructions. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-cdrom"></a>2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</h2> + +<p> +Linux supports the ISO 9660 (CD-ROM) file system with Rock Ridge extensions +(formerly known as "High Sierra"). Several <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/">vendors</a></code> provide Debian +GNU/Linux in this format. +</p> + +<p> +Warning: When installing from CD-ROM, it is usually not a good idea to choose +dselect's <samp>cdrom</samp> access method. This method is usually very slow. +The <samp>mountable</samp> and <samp>apt</samp> methods, for example, are much +better for installing from CD-ROM (see <a +href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">dpkg-mountable, Section 8.2.5</a> +and <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom, Section +8.2.2</a>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-cdimage-symlinks"></a>2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</h2> + +<p> +Official Debian CD images indeed contain symlinks like: +</p> + +<pre> + /dists/frozen -> sarge/ + /dists/stable -> sarge/ + /dists/testing -> sarge/ + /dists/unstable -> sarge/ +</pre> + +<p> +so that they work when your sources.list has an entry like +</p> + +<pre> + deb cdrom:[<name as on cd label>]/ unstable main [...] +</pre> + +<p> +. +</p> + +<p> +The fact these symlinks are present does <em>not</em> mean the image is +`unstable' or `testing' or anything. Read the CD label in +<code>/.disk/info</code> to find out which Debian version it contains. This +information is also present in <code>/README.txt</code> on the CD. +</p> + +<p> +Read <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">http://www.debian.org/releases/</a></code> +to find out what the current `stable' and `testing' releases are. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-cdimages"></a>2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. To make it easier for CD vendors to provide high quality disks, we +provide the <code><a href="http://cdimage.debian.org/">Official CD +images</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-floppy"></a>2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</h2> + +<p> +First of all, a warning: whole Debian GNU/Linux is way too large to be +installed from media as small as a standard 1.44MB floppy disk - you may not +find installing from floppies a very pleasant experience. +</p> + +<p> +Copy the Debian packages onto formatted floppy disks. Either a DOS, the native +Linux "ext2", or the "minix" format will do; one just has +to use a mount command appropriate to the floppy being used. +</p> + +<p> +Using floppy disks has these complications: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Short MS-DOS file names: If you are trying to place Debian package files onto +MS-DOS formatted disks, you will find that their names are generally too long, +and do not conform to the MS-DOS 8.3 filename limitation. To overcome this, +you would have to use VFAT formatted disks, since VFAT supports longer file +names. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Large file sizes: Some packages are larger than 1.44 MBytes, and will not fit +onto a single floppy disk. To solve this problem, use the dpkg-split tool (see +<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split">dpkg-split, Section 7.1.5.2</a>), +available in the <samp>tools</samp> directory on <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian mirrors</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +You must have support in the kernel for floppy disks in order to read and write +to floppy disk; most kernels come with floppy drive support included in them. +</p> + +<p> +To mount a floppy disk under the mount point <samp>/floppy</samp> (a directory +which should have been created during installation), use: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<pre> + mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /floppy/ +</pre> + +<p> +if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an MS-DOS file system, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<pre> + mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /floppy/ +</pre> + +<p> +if the floppy disk is in drive B: and has an MS-DOS file system, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<pre> + mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /floppy/ +</pre> + +<p> +if the floppy disk is in drive A: and has an ext2 (i.e., a normal Linux) file +system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-remoteinstall"></a>2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. You can boot the Debian installation system from a set of files you can +download from our FTP site and its mirrors. +</p> + +<p> +You can download a small CD image file, create a bootable CD from it, install +the basic system from it and the rest over the network. For more information +please see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/">http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +You can also download even smaller floppy disk image files, create bootable +diskettes from them, start the installation procedure and get the rest of +Debian over the network. For more information, please see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst">http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ 2 ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e88fad --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,311 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Debian and the kernel</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-kernel"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ 9 ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 9 - Debian and the kernel +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-non-debian-kernel"></a>9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. +</p> + +<p> +There's only one common catch: the Debian C libraries are built with the most +recent <em>stable</em> releases of the <strong>kernel</strong> headers. If you +happen to need to compile a program with kernel headers newer than the ones +from the stable branch, then you should either upgrade the package containing +the headers (<code>libc6-dev</code>), or use the new headers from an unpacked +tree of the newer kernel. That is, if the kernel sources are in +<code>/usr/src/linux</code>, then you should add +<samp>-I/usr/src/linux/include/</samp> to your command line when compiling. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-customkernel"></a>9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</h2> + +<p> +Users who wish to (or must) build a custom kernel are encouraged to download +the package <code>kernel-package</code>. This package contains the script to +build the kernel package, and provides the capability to create a Debian +kernel-image package just by running the command +</p> + +<pre> + make-kpkg kernel_image +</pre> + +<p> +in the top-level kernel source directory. Help is available by executing the +command +</p> + +<pre> + make-kpkg --help +</pre> + +<p> +and through the manual page <code>make-kpkg(1)</code>. +</p> + +<p> +Users must separately download the source code for the most recent kernel (or +the kernel of their choice) from their favorite Linux archive site, unless a +kernel-source-version package is available (where "version" stands +for the kernel version). +</p> + +<p> +Detailed instructions for using the <code>kernel-package</code> package are +given in the file <code>/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz</code>. +Briefly, one should: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Unpack the kernel sources, and <samp>cd</samp> to the newly created directory. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Modify the kernel configuration using one of these commands: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>make config</samp> (for a tty one-line-at-a-time-interface). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>make menuconfig</samp> (for an ncurses-based menu driven interface). +Note that to use this option, the <code>libncurses5-dev</code> package must be +installed. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>make xconfig</samp> (for an X11 interface). Using this option requires +that relevant X and Tcl/Tk packages be installed. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Any of the above steps generates a new <samp>.config</samp> in the top-level +kernel source directory. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Execute the command: <samp>make-kpkg -rev Custom.N kernel_image</samp>, where N +is a revision number assigned by the user. The new Debian archive thus formed +would have revision Custom.1, e.g., +<samp>kernel-image-2.2.14_Custom.1_i386.deb</samp> for the Linux kernel 2.2.14 +on i386. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Install the package created. +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>Run dpkg --install /usr/src/kernel-image-VVV_Custom.N.deb</samp> to +install the kernel itself. The installation script will: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +run the boot loader (grub, LILO or some other) if needed, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +install the custom kernel in /boot/vmlinuz_VVV-Custom.N, and set up appropriate +symbolic links to the most recent kernel version. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +prompt the user to make a boot floppy. This boot floppy will contain the raw +kernel only. See <a href="#s-custombootdisk">How can I make a custom boot +floppy?, Section 9.3</a>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To employ secondary boot loaders such as <samp>loadlin</samp>, copy this image +to other locations (e.g. to an <samp>MS-DOS</samp> partition). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-custombootdisk"></a>9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</h2> + +<p> +This task is greatly aided by the Debian package <code>boot-floppies</code>, +normally found in the <samp>admin</samp> section of the Debian FTP archive. +Shell scripts in this package produce boot floppies in the +<samp>SYSLINUX</samp> format. These are <samp>MS-DOS</samp> formatted floppies +whose master boot records have been altered so that they boot Linux directly +(or whatever other operating system has been defined in the syslinux.cfg file +on the floppy). Other scripts in this package produce emergency root disks and +can even reproduce the base disks. +</p> + +<p> +You will find more information about this in the +<samp>/usr/share/doc/boot-floppies/README</samp> file after installing the +<code>boot-floppies</code> package. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-modules"></a>9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</h2> + +<p> +Debian's <code>modconf</code> package provides a shell script +(<samp>/usr/sbin/modconf</samp>) which can be used to customize the +configuration of modules. This script presents a menu-based interface, +prompting the user for particulars on the loadable device drivers in his +system. The responses are used to customize the file +<samp>/etc/modules.conf</samp> (which lists aliases, and other arguments that +must be used in conjunction with various modules) through files in +<samp>/etc/modutils/</samp>, and <samp>/etc/modules</samp> (which lists the +modules that must be loaded at boot time). +</p> + +<p> +Like the (new) Configure.help files that are now available to support the +construction of custom kernels, the modconf package comes with a series of help +files (in <samp>/usr/lib/modules_help/</samp>) which provide detailed +information on appropriate arguments for each of the modules. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-removeoldkernel"></a>9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. The <samp>kernel-image-NNN.prerm</samp> script checks to see whether the +kernel you are currently running is the same as the kernel you are trying to +de-install. Therefore you can remove unwanted kernel image packages using this +command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --purge --force-remove-essential kernel-image-NNN +</pre> + +<p> +(replace "NNN" with your kernel version and revision number, of +course) +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ 9 ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e88fad --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html @@ -0,0 +1,311 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Debian and the kernel</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-kernel"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ 9 ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 9 - Debian and the kernel +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-non-debian-kernel"></a>9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. +</p> + +<p> +There's only one common catch: the Debian C libraries are built with the most +recent <em>stable</em> releases of the <strong>kernel</strong> headers. If you +happen to need to compile a program with kernel headers newer than the ones +from the stable branch, then you should either upgrade the package containing +the headers (<code>libc6-dev</code>), or use the new headers from an unpacked +tree of the newer kernel. That is, if the kernel sources are in +<code>/usr/src/linux</code>, then you should add +<samp>-I/usr/src/linux/include/</samp> to your command line when compiling. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-customkernel"></a>9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</h2> + +<p> +Users who wish to (or must) build a custom kernel are encouraged to download +the package <code>kernel-package</code>. This package contains the script to +build the kernel package, and provides the capability to create a Debian +kernel-image package just by running the command +</p> + +<pre> + make-kpkg kernel_image +</pre> + +<p> +in the top-level kernel source directory. Help is available by executing the +command +</p> + +<pre> + make-kpkg --help +</pre> + +<p> +and through the manual page <code>make-kpkg(1)</code>. +</p> + +<p> +Users must separately download the source code for the most recent kernel (or +the kernel of their choice) from their favorite Linux archive site, unless a +kernel-source-version package is available (where "version" stands +for the kernel version). +</p> + +<p> +Detailed instructions for using the <code>kernel-package</code> package are +given in the file <code>/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz</code>. +Briefly, one should: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Unpack the kernel sources, and <samp>cd</samp> to the newly created directory. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Modify the kernel configuration using one of these commands: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>make config</samp> (for a tty one-line-at-a-time-interface). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>make menuconfig</samp> (for an ncurses-based menu driven interface). +Note that to use this option, the <code>libncurses5-dev</code> package must be +installed. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>make xconfig</samp> (for an X11 interface). Using this option requires +that relevant X and Tcl/Tk packages be installed. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Any of the above steps generates a new <samp>.config</samp> in the top-level +kernel source directory. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Execute the command: <samp>make-kpkg -rev Custom.N kernel_image</samp>, where N +is a revision number assigned by the user. The new Debian archive thus formed +would have revision Custom.1, e.g., +<samp>kernel-image-2.2.14_Custom.1_i386.deb</samp> for the Linux kernel 2.2.14 +on i386. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Install the package created. +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>Run dpkg --install /usr/src/kernel-image-VVV_Custom.N.deb</samp> to +install the kernel itself. The installation script will: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +run the boot loader (grub, LILO or some other) if needed, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +install the custom kernel in /boot/vmlinuz_VVV-Custom.N, and set up appropriate +symbolic links to the most recent kernel version. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +prompt the user to make a boot floppy. This boot floppy will contain the raw +kernel only. See <a href="#s-custombootdisk">How can I make a custom boot +floppy?, Section 9.3</a>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To employ secondary boot loaders such as <samp>loadlin</samp>, copy this image +to other locations (e.g. to an <samp>MS-DOS</samp> partition). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-custombootdisk"></a>9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</h2> + +<p> +This task is greatly aided by the Debian package <code>boot-floppies</code>, +normally found in the <samp>admin</samp> section of the Debian FTP archive. +Shell scripts in this package produce boot floppies in the +<samp>SYSLINUX</samp> format. These are <samp>MS-DOS</samp> formatted floppies +whose master boot records have been altered so that they boot Linux directly +(or whatever other operating system has been defined in the syslinux.cfg file +on the floppy). Other scripts in this package produce emergency root disks and +can even reproduce the base disks. +</p> + +<p> +You will find more information about this in the +<samp>/usr/share/doc/boot-floppies/README</samp> file after installing the +<code>boot-floppies</code> package. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-modules"></a>9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</h2> + +<p> +Debian's <code>modconf</code> package provides a shell script +(<samp>/usr/sbin/modconf</samp>) which can be used to customize the +configuration of modules. This script presents a menu-based interface, +prompting the user for particulars on the loadable device drivers in his +system. The responses are used to customize the file +<samp>/etc/modules.conf</samp> (which lists aliases, and other arguments that +must be used in conjunction with various modules) through files in +<samp>/etc/modutils/</samp>, and <samp>/etc/modules</samp> (which lists the +modules that must be loaded at boot time). +</p> + +<p> +Like the (new) Configure.help files that are now available to support the +construction of custom kernels, the modconf package comes with a series of help +files (in <samp>/usr/lib/modules_help/</samp>) which provide detailed +information on appropriate arguments for each of the modules. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-removeoldkernel"></a>9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. The <samp>kernel-image-NNN.prerm</samp> script checks to see whether the +kernel you are currently running is the same as the kernel you are trying to +de-install. Therefore you can remove unwanted kernel image packages using this +command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --purge --force-remove-essential kernel-image-NNN +</pre> + +<p> +(replace "NNN" with your kernel version and revision number, of +course) +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ 9 ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c1d3ec --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-nexttime"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ 14 ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 14 - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-security"></a>14.1 Increased security</h2> + +<p> +Debian contains support for shadow passwords since release 1.3. In addition, +the Linux library of Pluggable Authentication Modules (a.k.a. <code><a +href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">libpam</a></code>;) that +allows sysadmins to choose authorization modes on an application-specific basis +is available, and initially set to authenticate via shadow password. +</p> + +<p> +Including full support for advanced authentication methods such as Kerberos, as +well as additional security enhancements for mandatory access control +mechanisms such as SElinux, RSBAC and buffer overflow protection like +Exec-shield or PaX is still in progress. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-i18n"></a>14.2 Extended support for non-English users</h2> + +<p> +Debian already has very good support for non-English users, see <a +href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English +languages?, Section 4.8</a>. +</p> + +<p> +We hope to find people who will provide support for even more languages, and +translate. Some programs already support internationalization, so we need +message catalogs translators. Many programs still remain to be properly +internationalized. +</p> + +<p> +The GNU Translation Project <code><a +href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS</a></code> +works on internationalizing the GNU programs. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-morearches"></a>14.3 More architectures</h2> + +<p> +Complete Debian system on other architectures such as AMD64 or SuperH is +expected soon. Notice that, for AMD64 there is a development archive at +<code><a href="http://amd64.debian.net/">http://amd64.debian.net/</a></code> +that provides intallation images as well as binary packages for most of the +distribution. This architecture will probably be added for <samp>etch</samp>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-morekernels"></a>14.4 More kernels</h2> + +<p> +In addition to Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian is being ported also to BSD kernels, +namely to <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/ports/netbsd">NetBSD</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ 14 ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c1d3ec --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-nexttime"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ 14 ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 14 - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-security"></a>14.1 Increased security</h2> + +<p> +Debian contains support for shadow passwords since release 1.3. In addition, +the Linux library of Pluggable Authentication Modules (a.k.a. <code><a +href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">libpam</a></code>;) that +allows sysadmins to choose authorization modes on an application-specific basis +is available, and initially set to authenticate via shadow password. +</p> + +<p> +Including full support for advanced authentication methods such as Kerberos, as +well as additional security enhancements for mandatory access control +mechanisms such as SElinux, RSBAC and buffer overflow protection like +Exec-shield or PaX is still in progress. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-i18n"></a>14.2 Extended support for non-English users</h2> + +<p> +Debian already has very good support for non-English users, see <a +href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English +languages?, Section 4.8</a>. +</p> + +<p> +We hope to find people who will provide support for even more languages, and +translate. Some programs already support internationalization, so we need +message catalogs translators. Many programs still remain to be properly +internationalized. +</p> + +<p> +The GNU Translation Project <code><a +href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS</a></code> +works on internationalizing the GNU programs. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-morearches"></a>14.3 More architectures</h2> + +<p> +Complete Debian system on other architectures such as AMD64 or SuperH is +expected soon. Notice that, for AMD64 there is a development archive at +<code><a href="http://amd64.debian.net/">http://amd64.debian.net/</a></code> +that provides intallation images as well as binary packages for most of the +distribution. This architecture will probably be added for <samp>etch</samp>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-morekernels"></a>14.4 More kernels</h2> + +<p> +In addition to Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian is being ported also to BSD kernels, +namely to <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/ports/netbsd">NetBSD</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ 14 ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ebd3fe --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,860 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Basics of the Debian package management system</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-pkg_basics"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ 6 ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 6 - Basics of the Debian package management system +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-package"></a>6.1 What is a Debian package?</h2> + +<p> +Packages generally contain all of the files necessary to implement a set of +related commands or features. There are two types of Debian packages: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>Binary packages</em>, which contain executables, configuration files, +man/info pages, copyright information, and other documentation. These packages +are distributed in a Debian-specific archive format (see <a +href="#s-deb-format">What is the format of a Debian binary package?, Section +6.2</a>); they are usually distinguished by having a '.deb' file extension. +Binary packages can be unpacked using the Debian utility <samp>dpkg</samp>; +details are given in its manual page. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>Source packages</em>, which consist of a <samp>.dsc</samp> file describing +the source package (including the names of the following files), a +<samp>.orig.tar.gz</samp> file that contains the original unmodified source in +gzip-compressed tar format and usually a <samp>.diff.gz</samp> file that +contains the Debian-specific changes to the original source. The utility +<samp>dpkg-source</samp> packs and unpacks Debian source archives; details are +provided in its manual page. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Installation of software by the package system uses "dependencies" +which are carefully designed by the package maintainers. These dependencies +are documented in the <samp>control</samp> file associated with each package. +For example, the package containing the GNU C compiler (<code>gcc</code>) +"depends" on the package <code>binutils</code> which includes the +linker and assembler. If a user attempts to install <code>gcc</code> without +having first installed <code>binutils</code>, the package management system +(dpkg) will send an error message that it also needs <code>binutils</code>, and +stop installing <code>gcc</code>. (However, this facility can be overridden by +the insistent user, see <code>dpkg(8)</code>.) See more in <a +href="#s-depends">What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, +<em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> +or <em>Provides</em> another package?, Section 6.9</a> below. +</p> + +<p> +Debian's packaging tools can be used to: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +manipulate and manage packages or parts of packages, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +aid the user in the break-up of packages that must be transmitted through a +limited-size medium such as floppy disks, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +aid developers in the construction of package archives, and +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +aid users in the installation of packages which reside on a remote FTP site. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-deb-format"></a>6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</h2> + +<p> +A Debian "package", or a Debian archive file, contains the executable +files, libraries, and documentation associated with a particular suite of +program or set of related programs. Normally, a Debian archive file has a +filename that ends in <samp>.deb</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +The internals of this Debian binary packages format are described in the +<code>deb(5)</code> manual page. This internal format is subject to change +(between major releases of Debian GNU/Linux), therefore please always use +<code>dpkg-deb(1)</code> for manipulating <samp>.deb</samp> files. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pkgname"></a>6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</h2> + +<p> +The Debian binary package file names conform to the following convention: +<foo>_<VersionNumber>-<DebianRevisionNumber>.deb +</p> + +<p> +Note that <samp>foo</samp> is supposed to be the package name. As a check, one +can learn the package name associated with a particular Debian archive file +(.deb file) in one of these ways: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +inspect the "Packages" file in the directory where it was stored at a +Debian FTP archive site. This file contains a stanza describing each package; +the first field in each stanza is the formal package name. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +use the command <samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> (where VVV and RRR are +the version and revision of the package in question, respectively). This +displays, among other things, the package name corresponding to the archive +file being unpacked. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The <samp>VVV</samp> component is the version number specified by the upstream +developer. There are no standards in place here, so the version number may +have formats as different as "19990513" and "1.3.8pre1". +</p> + +<p> +The <samp>RRR</samp> component is the Debian revision number, and is specified +by the Debian developer (or an individual user if he chooses to build the +package himself). This number corresponds to the revision level of the Debian +package, thus, a new revision level usually signifies changes in the Debian +Makefile (<samp>debian/rules</samp>), the Debian control file +(<samp>debian/control</samp>), the installation or removal scripts +(<samp>debian/p*</samp>), or in the configuration files used with the package. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-controlfile"></a>6.4 What is a Debian control file?</h2> + +<p> +Specifics regarding the contents of a Debian control file are provided in the +Debian Policy Manual, section 5, see <a +href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and +for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>. +</p> + +<p> +Briefly, a sample control file is shown below for the Debian package hello: +</p> + +<pre> + Package: hello + Priority: optional + Section: devel + Installed-Size: 45 + Maintainer: Adam Heath <doogie@debian.org> + Architecture: i386 + Version: 1.3-16 + Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1) + Description: The classic greeting, and a good example + The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It + allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which + would otherwise be unavailable to them. + . + Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package. + It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program + (which is itself an example for the GNU Project). +</pre> + +<p> +The Package field gives the package name. This is the name by which the +package can be manipulated by the package tools, and usually similar to but not +necessarily the same as the first component string in the Debian archive file +name. +</p> + +<p> +The Version field gives both the upstream developer's version number and (in +the last component) the revision level of the Debian package of this program as +explained in <a href="#s-pkgname">Why are Debian package file names so long?, +Section 6.3</a>. +</p> + +<p> +The Architecture field specifies the chip for which this particular binary was +compiled. +</p> + +<p> +The Depends field gives a list of packages that have to be installed in order +to install this package successfully. +</p> + +<p> +The Installed-Size indicates how much disk space the installed package will +consume. This is intended to be used by installation front-ends in order to +show whether there is enough disk space available to install the program. +</p> + +<p> +The Section line gives the "section" where this Debian package is +stored at the Debian FTP sites. This is the name of a subdirectory (within one +of the main directories, see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">What +are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?, Section 5.1</a>) where +the package is stored. +</p> + +<p> +The Priority indicates how important is this package for installation, so that +semi-intelligent software like dselect or console-apt can sort the package into +a category of e.g. packages optionally installed. See <a +href="#s-priority">What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, +<em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> +package?, Section 6.7</a>. +</p> + +<p> +The Maintainer field gives the e-mail address of the person who is currently +responsible for maintaining this package. +</p> + +<p> +The Description field gives a brief summary of the package's features. +</p> + +<p> +For more information about all possible fields a package can have, please see +the Debian Policy Manual, section 5., "Control files and their +fields". +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-conffile"></a>6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</h2> + +<p> +Conffiles is a list of configuration files (usually placed in +<samp>/etc</samp>) that the package management system will not overwrite when +the package is upgraded. This ensures that local values for the contents of +these files will be preserved, and is a critical feature enabling the in-place +upgrade of packages on a running system. +</p> + +<p> +To determine exactly which files are preserved during an upgrade, run: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --status package +</pre> + +<p> +And look under "Conffiles:". +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-maintscripts"></a>6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</h2> + +<p> +These files are executable scripts which are automatically run before or after +a package is installed. Along with a file named <samp>control</samp>, all of +these files are part of the "control" section of a Debian archive +file. +</p> + +<p> +The individual files are: +</p> +<dl> +<dt>preinst</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This script executes before that package will be unpacked from its Debian +archive (".deb") file. Many 'preinst' scripts stop services for +packages which are being upgraded until their installation or upgrade is +completed (following the successful execution of the 'postinst' script). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>postinst</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This script typically completes any required configuration of the package +<samp>foo</samp> once <samp>foo</samp> has been unpacked from its Debian +archive (".deb") file. Often, 'postinst' scripts ask the user for +input, and/or warn the user that if he accepts default values, he should +remember to go back and re-configure that package as the situation warrants. +Many 'postinst' scripts then execute any commands necessary to start or restart +a service once a new package has been installed or upgraded. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>prerm</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This script typically stops any daemons which are associated with a package. +It is executed before the removal of files associated with the package. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>postrm</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This script typically modifies links or other files associated with +<samp>foo</samp>, and/or removes files created by the package. (Also see <a +href="#s-virtual">What is a Virtual Package?, Section 6.8</a>.) +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p> +Currently all of the control files can be found in directory +<samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info</samp>. The files relevant to package +<samp>foo</samp> begin with the name "foo" and have file extensions +of "preinst", "postinst", etc., as appropriate. The file +<samp>foo.list</samp> in that directory lists all of the files that were +installed with the package <samp>foo</samp>. (Note that the location of these +files is a dpkg internal; you should not rely on it.) +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-priority"></a>6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</h2> + +<p> +Each Debian package is assigned a <em>priority</em> by the distribution +maintainers, as an aid to the package management system. The priorities are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Required</strong>: packages that are necessary for the proper +functioning of the system. +</p> + +<p> +This includes all tools that are necessary to repair system defects. You must +not remove these packages or your system may become totally broken and you may +probably not even be able to use dpkg to put things back. Systems with only +the Required packages are probably unusable, but they do have enough +functionality to allow the sysadmin to boot and install more software. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Important</strong> packages should be found on any Unix-like system. +</p> + +<p> +Other packages which the system will not run well or be usable without will be +here. This does <em>NOT</em> include Emacs or X11 or TeX or any other large +applications. These packages only constitute the bare infrastructure. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Standard</strong> packages are standard on any Linux system, including +a reasonably small but not too limited character-mode system. +</p> + +<p> +This is what will install by default if users do not select anything else. It +does not include many large applications, but it does include some development +software like the GNU C and C++ compilers (<samp>gcc</samp>, <samp>g++</samp>), +GNU make, as well as the Python interpreter and some server software like +OpenSSH, the BSD printer daemon (<samp>lpr</samp>) and the RPC portmapper +(<samp>portmap</samp>). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Optional</strong> packages include all those that you might reasonably +want to install if you did not know what it was, or do not have specialized +requirements. +</p> + +<p> +This includes X11, a full TeX distribution, and lots of applications. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Extra</strong>: packages that either conflict with others with higher +priorities, are only likely to be useful if you already know what they are, or +have specialized requirements that make them unsuitable for +"Optional". +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +If you do a default Debian installation all the packages of priority +<strong>Standard</strong> or higher will be installed in your system. If you +select pre-defined tasks you will get lower priority packages too. +</p> + +<p> +Additionally, some packages are marked as <strong>Essential</strong> since they +are absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of the system. The package +management tools will refuse to remove these. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-virtual"></a>6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</h2> + +<p> +A virtual package is a generic name that applies to any one of a group of +packages, all of which provide similar basic functionality. For example, both +the <samp>tin</samp> and <samp>trn</samp> programs are news readers, and should +therefore satisfy any dependency of a program that required a news reader on a +system, in order to work or to be useful. They are therefore both said to +provide the "virtual package" called <samp>news-reader</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Similarly, <samp>smail</samp> and <samp>sendmail</samp> both provide the +functionality of a mail transport agent. They are therefore said to provide +the virtual package, "mail transport agent". If either one is +installed, then any program depending on the installation of a +<samp>mail-transport-agent</samp> will be satisfied by the existence of this +virtual package. +</p> + +<p> +Debian provides a mechanism so that, if more than one package which provide the +same virtual package is installed on a system, then system administrators can +set one as the preferred package. The relevant command is +<samp>update-alternatives</samp>, and is described further in <a +href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">Some users like mawk, others like gawk; +some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does +Debian support diversity?, Section 10.10</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-depends"></a>6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</h2> + +<p> +The Debian package system has a range of package "dependencies" which +are designed to indicate (in a single flag) the level at which Program A can +operate independently of the existence of Program B on a given system: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>depends</em> on Package B if B absolutely must be installed in +order to run A. In some cases, A depends not only on B, but on a version of B. +In this case, the version dependency is usually a lower limit, in the sense +that A depends on any version of B more recent than some specified version. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>recommends</em> Package B, if the package maintainer judges that +most users would not want A without also having the functionality provided by +B. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>suggests</em> Package B if B contains files that are related to +(and usually enhance) the functionality of A. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>conflicts</em> with Package B when A will not operate if B is +installed on the system. Most often, conflicts are cases where A contains +files which are an improvement over those in B. "Conflicts" are +often combined with "replaces". +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>replaces</em> Package B when files installed by B are removed and +(in some cases) over-written by files in A. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>provides</em> Package B when all of the files and functionality +of B are incorporated into A. This mechanism provides a way for users with +constrained disk space to get only that part of package A which they really +need. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +More detailed information on the use of each these terms can be found in the +Policy manual. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pre-depends"></a>6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</h2> + +<p> +"Pre-Depends" is a special dependency. In the case of most packages, +<samp>dpkg</samp> will unpack its archive file (i.e., its <samp>.deb</samp> +file) independently of whether or not the files on which it depends exist on +the system. Simplistically, unpacking means that <samp>dpkg</samp> will +extract the files from the archive file that were meant to be installed on your +file system, and put them in place. If those packages <em>depend</em> on the +existence of some other packages on your system, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse +to complete the installation (by executing its "configure" action) +until the other packages are installed. +</p> + +<p> +However, for some packages, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse even to unpack them +until certain dependencies are resolved. Such packages are said to +"Pre-depend" on the presence of some other packages. The Debian +project provided this mechanism to support the safe upgrading of systems from +<samp>a.out</samp> format to <samp>ELF</samp> format, where the <em>order</em> +in which packages were unpacked was critical. There are other large upgrade +situations where this method is useful, e.g. the packages with the required +priority and their LibC dependency. +</p> + +<p> +As before, more detailed information about this can be found in the Policy +manual. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pkgstatus"></a>6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</h2> + +<p> +These "want" flags tell what the user wanted to do with a package (as +indicated either by the user's actions in the "Select" section of +<samp>dselect</samp>, or by the user's direct invocations of +<samp>dpkg</samp>). +</p> + +<p> +Their meanings are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +unknown - the user has never indicated whether he wants the package +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +install - the user wants the package installed or upgraded +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +remove - the user wants the package removed, but does not want to remove any +existing configuration files. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +purge - the user wants the package to be removed completely, including its +configuration files. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +hold - the user wants this package not to be processed, i.e., he wants to keep +the current version with the current status whatever that is. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-puttingonhold"></a>6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</h2> + +<p> +There are three ways of holding back packages, with dpkg, aptitude or with +dselect. +</p> + +<p> +With dpkg, you just have to export the list of package selections, with: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --get-selections \* > selections.txt +</pre> + +<p> +Then edit the resulting file <code>selections.txt</code>, change the line +containing the package you wish to hold, e.g. <code>libc6</code>, from this: +</p> + +<pre> + libc6 install +</pre> + +<p> +to this: +</p> + +<pre> + libc6 hold +</pre> + +<p> +Save the file, and reload it into dpkg database with: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt +</pre> + +<p> +With aptitude, you can hold a package using +</p> + +<pre> + aptitude hold package_name +</pre> + +<p> +and remove the hold with +</p> + +<pre> + aptitude unhold package_name +</pre> + +<p> +With dselect, you just have to enter the [S]elect screen, find the package you +wish to hold in its present state, and press the `=' key (or `H'). The changes +will go live immediately after you exit the [S]elect screen. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-sourcepkgs"></a>6.13 How do I install a source package?</h2> + +<p> +Debian source packages can't actually be "installed", they are just +unpacked in whatever directory you want to build the binary packages they +produce. +</p> + +<p> +Source packages are distributed on most of the same mirrors where you can +obtain the binary packages. If you set up your APT's +<code>sources.list(5)</code> to include the appropriate "deb-src" +lines, you'll be able to easily download any source packages by running +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get source foo +</pre> + +<p> +To help you in actually building the source package, Debian source package +provide the so-called build-dependencies mechanism. This means that the source +package maintainer keeps a list of other packages that are required to build +their package. To see how this is useful, run +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get build-dep foo +</pre> + +<p> +before building the source. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-sourcebuild"></a>6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</h2> + +<p> +You will need all of foo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz and foo_*.diff.gz to compile the +source (note: there is no .diff.gz for some packages that are native to +Debian). +</p> + +<p> +Once you have them (<a href="#s-sourcepkgs">How do I install a source package?, +Section 6.13</a>), if you have the <code>dpkg-dev</code> package installed, the +following command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc +</pre> + +<p> +will extract the package into a directory called <samp>foo-version</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +If you want just to compile the package, you may cd into +<samp>foo-version</samp> directory and issue the command +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b +</pre> + +<p> +to build the package (note that this also requires the <code>fakeroot</code> +package), and then +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb +</pre> + +<p> +to install the newly-built package(s). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-creatingdebs"></a>6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</h2> + +<p> +For more detailed description on this, read the New Maintainers' Guide, +available in the <code>maint-guide</code> package, or at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ 6 ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ebd3fe --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html @@ -0,0 +1,860 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Basics of the Debian package management system</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-pkg_basics"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ 6 ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 6 - Basics of the Debian package management system +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-package"></a>6.1 What is a Debian package?</h2> + +<p> +Packages generally contain all of the files necessary to implement a set of +related commands or features. There are two types of Debian packages: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>Binary packages</em>, which contain executables, configuration files, +man/info pages, copyright information, and other documentation. These packages +are distributed in a Debian-specific archive format (see <a +href="#s-deb-format">What is the format of a Debian binary package?, Section +6.2</a>); they are usually distinguished by having a '.deb' file extension. +Binary packages can be unpacked using the Debian utility <samp>dpkg</samp>; +details are given in its manual page. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<em>Source packages</em>, which consist of a <samp>.dsc</samp> file describing +the source package (including the names of the following files), a +<samp>.orig.tar.gz</samp> file that contains the original unmodified source in +gzip-compressed tar format and usually a <samp>.diff.gz</samp> file that +contains the Debian-specific changes to the original source. The utility +<samp>dpkg-source</samp> packs and unpacks Debian source archives; details are +provided in its manual page. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Installation of software by the package system uses "dependencies" +which are carefully designed by the package maintainers. These dependencies +are documented in the <samp>control</samp> file associated with each package. +For example, the package containing the GNU C compiler (<code>gcc</code>) +"depends" on the package <code>binutils</code> which includes the +linker and assembler. If a user attempts to install <code>gcc</code> without +having first installed <code>binutils</code>, the package management system +(dpkg) will send an error message that it also needs <code>binutils</code>, and +stop installing <code>gcc</code>. (However, this facility can be overridden by +the insistent user, see <code>dpkg(8)</code>.) See more in <a +href="#s-depends">What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, +<em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> +or <em>Provides</em> another package?, Section 6.9</a> below. +</p> + +<p> +Debian's packaging tools can be used to: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +manipulate and manage packages or parts of packages, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +aid the user in the break-up of packages that must be transmitted through a +limited-size medium such as floppy disks, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +aid developers in the construction of package archives, and +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +aid users in the installation of packages which reside on a remote FTP site. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-deb-format"></a>6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</h2> + +<p> +A Debian "package", or a Debian archive file, contains the executable +files, libraries, and documentation associated with a particular suite of +program or set of related programs. Normally, a Debian archive file has a +filename that ends in <samp>.deb</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +The internals of this Debian binary packages format are described in the +<code>deb(5)</code> manual page. This internal format is subject to change +(between major releases of Debian GNU/Linux), therefore please always use +<code>dpkg-deb(1)</code> for manipulating <samp>.deb</samp> files. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pkgname"></a>6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</h2> + +<p> +The Debian binary package file names conform to the following convention: +<foo>_<VersionNumber>-<DebianRevisionNumber>.deb +</p> + +<p> +Note that <samp>foo</samp> is supposed to be the package name. As a check, one +can learn the package name associated with a particular Debian archive file +(.deb file) in one of these ways: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +inspect the "Packages" file in the directory where it was stored at a +Debian FTP archive site. This file contains a stanza describing each package; +the first field in each stanza is the formal package name. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +use the command <samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> (where VVV and RRR are +the version and revision of the package in question, respectively). This +displays, among other things, the package name corresponding to the archive +file being unpacked. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +The <samp>VVV</samp> component is the version number specified by the upstream +developer. There are no standards in place here, so the version number may +have formats as different as "19990513" and "1.3.8pre1". +</p> + +<p> +The <samp>RRR</samp> component is the Debian revision number, and is specified +by the Debian developer (or an individual user if he chooses to build the +package himself). This number corresponds to the revision level of the Debian +package, thus, a new revision level usually signifies changes in the Debian +Makefile (<samp>debian/rules</samp>), the Debian control file +(<samp>debian/control</samp>), the installation or removal scripts +(<samp>debian/p*</samp>), or in the configuration files used with the package. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-controlfile"></a>6.4 What is a Debian control file?</h2> + +<p> +Specifics regarding the contents of a Debian control file are provided in the +Debian Policy Manual, section 5, see <a +href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and +for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>. +</p> + +<p> +Briefly, a sample control file is shown below for the Debian package hello: +</p> + +<pre> + Package: hello + Priority: optional + Section: devel + Installed-Size: 45 + Maintainer: Adam Heath <doogie@debian.org> + Architecture: i386 + Version: 1.3-16 + Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1) + Description: The classic greeting, and a good example + The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It + allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which + would otherwise be unavailable to them. + . + Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package. + It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program + (which is itself an example for the GNU Project). +</pre> + +<p> +The Package field gives the package name. This is the name by which the +package can be manipulated by the package tools, and usually similar to but not +necessarily the same as the first component string in the Debian archive file +name. +</p> + +<p> +The Version field gives both the upstream developer's version number and (in +the last component) the revision level of the Debian package of this program as +explained in <a href="#s-pkgname">Why are Debian package file names so long?, +Section 6.3</a>. +</p> + +<p> +The Architecture field specifies the chip for which this particular binary was +compiled. +</p> + +<p> +The Depends field gives a list of packages that have to be installed in order +to install this package successfully. +</p> + +<p> +The Installed-Size indicates how much disk space the installed package will +consume. This is intended to be used by installation front-ends in order to +show whether there is enough disk space available to install the program. +</p> + +<p> +The Section line gives the "section" where this Debian package is +stored at the Debian FTP sites. This is the name of a subdirectory (within one +of the main directories, see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">What +are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?, Section 5.1</a>) where +the package is stored. +</p> + +<p> +The Priority indicates how important is this package for installation, so that +semi-intelligent software like dselect or console-apt can sort the package into +a category of e.g. packages optionally installed. See <a +href="#s-priority">What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, +<em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> +package?, Section 6.7</a>. +</p> + +<p> +The Maintainer field gives the e-mail address of the person who is currently +responsible for maintaining this package. +</p> + +<p> +The Description field gives a brief summary of the package's features. +</p> + +<p> +For more information about all possible fields a package can have, please see +the Debian Policy Manual, section 5., "Control files and their +fields". +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-conffile"></a>6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</h2> + +<p> +Conffiles is a list of configuration files (usually placed in +<samp>/etc</samp>) that the package management system will not overwrite when +the package is upgraded. This ensures that local values for the contents of +these files will be preserved, and is a critical feature enabling the in-place +upgrade of packages on a running system. +</p> + +<p> +To determine exactly which files are preserved during an upgrade, run: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --status package +</pre> + +<p> +And look under "Conffiles:". +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-maintscripts"></a>6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</h2> + +<p> +These files are executable scripts which are automatically run before or after +a package is installed. Along with a file named <samp>control</samp>, all of +these files are part of the "control" section of a Debian archive +file. +</p> + +<p> +The individual files are: +</p> +<dl> +<dt>preinst</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This script executes before that package will be unpacked from its Debian +archive (".deb") file. Many 'preinst' scripts stop services for +packages which are being upgraded until their installation or upgrade is +completed (following the successful execution of the 'postinst' script). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>postinst</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This script typically completes any required configuration of the package +<samp>foo</samp> once <samp>foo</samp> has been unpacked from its Debian +archive (".deb") file. Often, 'postinst' scripts ask the user for +input, and/or warn the user that if he accepts default values, he should +remember to go back and re-configure that package as the situation warrants. +Many 'postinst' scripts then execute any commands necessary to start or restart +a service once a new package has been installed or upgraded. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>prerm</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This script typically stops any daemons which are associated with a package. +It is executed before the removal of files associated with the package. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>postrm</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This script typically modifies links or other files associated with +<samp>foo</samp>, and/or removes files created by the package. (Also see <a +href="#s-virtual">What is a Virtual Package?, Section 6.8</a>.) +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p> +Currently all of the control files can be found in directory +<samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info</samp>. The files relevant to package +<samp>foo</samp> begin with the name "foo" and have file extensions +of "preinst", "postinst", etc., as appropriate. The file +<samp>foo.list</samp> in that directory lists all of the files that were +installed with the package <samp>foo</samp>. (Note that the location of these +files is a dpkg internal; you should not rely on it.) +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-priority"></a>6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</h2> + +<p> +Each Debian package is assigned a <em>priority</em> by the distribution +maintainers, as an aid to the package management system. The priorities are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Required</strong>: packages that are necessary for the proper +functioning of the system. +</p> + +<p> +This includes all tools that are necessary to repair system defects. You must +not remove these packages or your system may become totally broken and you may +probably not even be able to use dpkg to put things back. Systems with only +the Required packages are probably unusable, but they do have enough +functionality to allow the sysadmin to boot and install more software. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Important</strong> packages should be found on any Unix-like system. +</p> + +<p> +Other packages which the system will not run well or be usable without will be +here. This does <em>NOT</em> include Emacs or X11 or TeX or any other large +applications. These packages only constitute the bare infrastructure. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Standard</strong> packages are standard on any Linux system, including +a reasonably small but not too limited character-mode system. +</p> + +<p> +This is what will install by default if users do not select anything else. It +does not include many large applications, but it does include some development +software like the GNU C and C++ compilers (<samp>gcc</samp>, <samp>g++</samp>), +GNU make, as well as the Python interpreter and some server software like +OpenSSH, the BSD printer daemon (<samp>lpr</samp>) and the RPC portmapper +(<samp>portmap</samp>). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Optional</strong> packages include all those that you might reasonably +want to install if you did not know what it was, or do not have specialized +requirements. +</p> + +<p> +This includes X11, a full TeX distribution, and lots of applications. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Extra</strong>: packages that either conflict with others with higher +priorities, are only likely to be useful if you already know what they are, or +have specialized requirements that make them unsuitable for +"Optional". +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +If you do a default Debian installation all the packages of priority +<strong>Standard</strong> or higher will be installed in your system. If you +select pre-defined tasks you will get lower priority packages too. +</p> + +<p> +Additionally, some packages are marked as <strong>Essential</strong> since they +are absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of the system. The package +management tools will refuse to remove these. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-virtual"></a>6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</h2> + +<p> +A virtual package is a generic name that applies to any one of a group of +packages, all of which provide similar basic functionality. For example, both +the <samp>tin</samp> and <samp>trn</samp> programs are news readers, and should +therefore satisfy any dependency of a program that required a news reader on a +system, in order to work or to be useful. They are therefore both said to +provide the "virtual package" called <samp>news-reader</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Similarly, <samp>smail</samp> and <samp>sendmail</samp> both provide the +functionality of a mail transport agent. They are therefore said to provide +the virtual package, "mail transport agent". If either one is +installed, then any program depending on the installation of a +<samp>mail-transport-agent</samp> will be satisfied by the existence of this +virtual package. +</p> + +<p> +Debian provides a mechanism so that, if more than one package which provide the +same virtual package is installed on a system, then system administrators can +set one as the preferred package. The relevant command is +<samp>update-alternatives</samp>, and is described further in <a +href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">Some users like mawk, others like gawk; +some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does +Debian support diversity?, Section 10.10</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-depends"></a>6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</h2> + +<p> +The Debian package system has a range of package "dependencies" which +are designed to indicate (in a single flag) the level at which Program A can +operate independently of the existence of Program B on a given system: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>depends</em> on Package B if B absolutely must be installed in +order to run A. In some cases, A depends not only on B, but on a version of B. +In this case, the version dependency is usually a lower limit, in the sense +that A depends on any version of B more recent than some specified version. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>recommends</em> Package B, if the package maintainer judges that +most users would not want A without also having the functionality provided by +B. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>suggests</em> Package B if B contains files that are related to +(and usually enhance) the functionality of A. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>conflicts</em> with Package B when A will not operate if B is +installed on the system. Most often, conflicts are cases where A contains +files which are an improvement over those in B. "Conflicts" are +often combined with "replaces". +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>replaces</em> Package B when files installed by B are removed and +(in some cases) over-written by files in A. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Package A <em>provides</em> Package B when all of the files and functionality +of B are incorporated into A. This mechanism provides a way for users with +constrained disk space to get only that part of package A which they really +need. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +More detailed information on the use of each these terms can be found in the +Policy manual. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pre-depends"></a>6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</h2> + +<p> +"Pre-Depends" is a special dependency. In the case of most packages, +<samp>dpkg</samp> will unpack its archive file (i.e., its <samp>.deb</samp> +file) independently of whether or not the files on which it depends exist on +the system. Simplistically, unpacking means that <samp>dpkg</samp> will +extract the files from the archive file that were meant to be installed on your +file system, and put them in place. If those packages <em>depend</em> on the +existence of some other packages on your system, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse +to complete the installation (by executing its "configure" action) +until the other packages are installed. +</p> + +<p> +However, for some packages, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse even to unpack them +until certain dependencies are resolved. Such packages are said to +"Pre-depend" on the presence of some other packages. The Debian +project provided this mechanism to support the safe upgrading of systems from +<samp>a.out</samp> format to <samp>ELF</samp> format, where the <em>order</em> +in which packages were unpacked was critical. There are other large upgrade +situations where this method is useful, e.g. the packages with the required +priority and their LibC dependency. +</p> + +<p> +As before, more detailed information about this can be found in the Policy +manual. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pkgstatus"></a>6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</h2> + +<p> +These "want" flags tell what the user wanted to do with a package (as +indicated either by the user's actions in the "Select" section of +<samp>dselect</samp>, or by the user's direct invocations of +<samp>dpkg</samp>). +</p> + +<p> +Their meanings are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +unknown - the user has never indicated whether he wants the package +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +install - the user wants the package installed or upgraded +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +remove - the user wants the package removed, but does not want to remove any +existing configuration files. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +purge - the user wants the package to be removed completely, including its +configuration files. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +hold - the user wants this package not to be processed, i.e., he wants to keep +the current version with the current status whatever that is. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-puttingonhold"></a>6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</h2> + +<p> +There are three ways of holding back packages, with dpkg, aptitude or with +dselect. +</p> + +<p> +With dpkg, you just have to export the list of package selections, with: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --get-selections \* > selections.txt +</pre> + +<p> +Then edit the resulting file <code>selections.txt</code>, change the line +containing the package you wish to hold, e.g. <code>libc6</code>, from this: +</p> + +<pre> + libc6 install +</pre> + +<p> +to this: +</p> + +<pre> + libc6 hold +</pre> + +<p> +Save the file, and reload it into dpkg database with: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt +</pre> + +<p> +With aptitude, you can hold a package using +</p> + +<pre> + aptitude hold package_name +</pre> + +<p> +and remove the hold with +</p> + +<pre> + aptitude unhold package_name +</pre> + +<p> +With dselect, you just have to enter the [S]elect screen, find the package you +wish to hold in its present state, and press the `=' key (or `H'). The changes +will go live immediately after you exit the [S]elect screen. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-sourcepkgs"></a>6.13 How do I install a source package?</h2> + +<p> +Debian source packages can't actually be "installed", they are just +unpacked in whatever directory you want to build the binary packages they +produce. +</p> + +<p> +Source packages are distributed on most of the same mirrors where you can +obtain the binary packages. If you set up your APT's +<code>sources.list(5)</code> to include the appropriate "deb-src" +lines, you'll be able to easily download any source packages by running +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get source foo +</pre> + +<p> +To help you in actually building the source package, Debian source package +provide the so-called build-dependencies mechanism. This means that the source +package maintainer keeps a list of other packages that are required to build +their package. To see how this is useful, run +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get build-dep foo +</pre> + +<p> +before building the source. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-sourcebuild"></a>6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</h2> + +<p> +You will need all of foo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz and foo_*.diff.gz to compile the +source (note: there is no .diff.gz for some packages that are native to +Debian). +</p> + +<p> +Once you have them (<a href="#s-sourcepkgs">How do I install a source package?, +Section 6.13</a>), if you have the <code>dpkg-dev</code> package installed, the +following command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc +</pre> + +<p> +will extract the package into a directory called <samp>foo-version</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +If you want just to compile the package, you may cd into +<samp>foo-version</samp> directory and issue the command +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b +</pre> + +<p> +to build the package (note that this also requires the <code>fakeroot</code> +package), and then +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb +</pre> + +<p> +to install the newly-built package(s). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-creatingdebs"></a>6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</h2> + +<p> +For more detailed description on this, read the New Maintainers' Guide, +available in the <code>maint-guide</code> package, or at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ 6 ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..114bb9f --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,936 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian package management tools</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-pkgtools"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ 7 ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 7 - The Debian package management tools +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pkgprogs"></a>7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</h2> + +<p> +There are multiple tools that are used to manage Debian packages, from graphic +or text-based interfaces to the low level tools used to install packages. All +the available tools rely on the lower level tools to properly work and are +presented here in decreasing complexity level. +</p> + +<p> +It is important to understand that the higher level package management tools +such as <code>aptitude</code> or <code>dselect</code> rely on <code>apt</code> +which, itself, relies on <code>dpkg</code> to manage the packages in the +system. +</p> + +<p> +See the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/">APT +HOWTO</a></code> for more information about the Debian package management +utilities. This document is available in various languages and formats, see +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">the APT HOWTO +entry on the DDP Users' Manuals overview</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dpkg"></a>7.1.1 dpkg</h3> + +<p> +This is the main package management program. <code>dpkg</code> can be invoked +with many options. Some common uses are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg --help</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Print out the control file (and other information) for a specified package: +<samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Install a package (including unpacking and configuring) onto the file system of +the hard disk: <samp>dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Unpack (but do not configure) a Debian archive into the file system of the hard +disk: <samp>dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. Note that this operation +does <em>not</em> necessarily leave the package in a usable state; some files +may need further customization to run properly. This command removes any +already-installed version of the program and runs the preinst (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst, +prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Configure a package that already has been unpacked: <samp>dpkg --configure +foo</samp>. Among other things, this action runs the postinst (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst, +prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package. +It also updates the files listed in the <samp>conffiles</samp> for this +package. Notice that the 'configure' operation takes as its argument a package +name (e.g., foo), <em>not</em> the name of a Debian archive file (e.g., +foo_VVV-RRR.deb). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Extract a single file named "blurf" (or a group of files named +"blurf*" from a Debian archive: <samp>dpkg --fsys-tarfile +foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*</samp> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Remove a package (but not its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --remove +foo</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Remove a package (including its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --purge +foo</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +List the installation status of packages containing the string (or regular +expression) "foo*": <samp>dpkg --list 'foo*'</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-apt-get"></a>7.1.2 APT</h3> + +<p> +APT is the <em>Advanced Package Tool</em> and provides the <code>apt-get</code> +program. <code>apt-get</code> provides a simple way to retrieve and install +packages from multiple sources using the command line. Unlike +<code>dpkg</code>, <code>apt-get</code> does not understand .deb files, it +works with the packages proper name and can only install .deb archives from a +source specified in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. <code>apt-get</code> +will call <code>dpkg</code> directly after downloading the .deb archives[<a +href="footnotes.en.html#f4" name="fr4">4</a>] from the configured sources. +</p> + +<p> +Some common ways to use <code>apt-get</code> are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To update the list of package known by your system, you can run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get update +</pre> + +<p> +(you should execute this regularly to update your package lists) +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To upgrade all the packages on your system, run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get upgrade +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To install the <var>foo</var> package and all its dependencies, run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get install foo +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To remove the foo package from your system, run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get remove foo +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To remove the foo package and its configuration files from your system, run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get --purge remove foo +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To upgrade all the packages on your system to a new Debian GNU/Linux release, +run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get dist-upgrade +</pre> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Note that you must be logged in as root to perform any commands that modify the +system packages. +</p> + +<p> +The apt tool suite also includes the <code>apt-cache</code> tool to query the +package lists. You can use it to find packages providing specific +functionality through simple text or regular expression queries and through +queries of dependencies in the package management system. Some common ways to +use <code>apt-cache</code> are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To find packages whose description contain <var>word</var>: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-cache search <var>word</var> +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To print the detailed information of a package: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-cache show <var>package</var> +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To print the packages a given package depends on: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-cache depends <var>package</var> +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To print detailed information of the versions available for a package and the +packages that reverse-depends on it: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-cache showpkg <var>package</var> +</pre> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +For more information, install the <code>apt</code> package and read +<code>apt-get(8)</code>, <code>sources.list(5)</code> and install the +<code>apt-doc</code> package and read +<code>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-aptitude"></a>7.1.3 aptitude</h3> + +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> is a package manager for Debian GNU/Linux systems that +provides a frontend to the apt package management infrastructure. +<code>aptitude</code> is a text-based interface using the curses library, it +can be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way. +</p> + +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> provides the functionality of <code>dselect</code> and +<code>apt-get</code>, as well as many additional features not found in either +program: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> offers access to all versions of a package. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> logs all its actions in <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> makes it easy to keep track of obsolete software by +listing it under "Obsolete and Locally Created Packages". +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> includes a fairly powerful system for searching +particular packages and limiting the package display. Users familiar with +<code>mutt</code> will pick up quickly, as <code>mutt</code> was the +inspiration for the expression syntax. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> tracks which packages have been installed due to +dependencies and removes them automatically when the packages that needed them +are removed from the system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> can automatically install <em>Recommended:</em> +packages[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f5" name="fr5">5</a>]. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> in full screen mode has <code>su</code> functionality +embedded and can be run by a normal user. It will call <code>su</code> (and +ask for the root password, if any) when you really need administrative +privileges +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +You can use <code>aptitude</code> through a visual interface (simply run +<samp>aptitude</samp>) or directly from the command line. The command line +syntax used is very similar to the one used in <code>apt-get</code>. For +example, to install the <var>foo</var> package, you can run <samp>aptitude +install <var>foo</var></samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Note that <code>aptitude</code> is the recommended program by Debian to install +a package and/or to upgrade your system. +</p> + +<p> +For more informations, read the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code> and +install the <code>aptitude-doc-en</code> package. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dselect"></a>7.1.4 dselect</h3> + +<p> +This program is a menu-driven interface to the Debian package management +system. It is particularly useful for first-time installations. Some users +might feel more comfortable using <code>aptitude</code> which is also +recommended over <code>dselect</code> for large-scale upgrades. For more +information on <code>aptitude</code> please see <a href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, +Section 7.1.3</a>. +</p> + +<p> +<code>dselect</code> can: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +guide the user as he/she chooses among packages to install or remove, ensuring +that no packages are installed that conflict with one another, and that all +packages required to make each package work properly are installed; +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +warn the user about inconsistencies or incompatibilities in their selections; +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +determine the order in which the packages must be installed; +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +automatically perform the installation or removal; and +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +guide the user through whatever configuration process are required for each +package. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +<code>dselect</code> begins by presenting the user with a menu of 7 items, each +of which is a specific action. The user can select one of the actions by using +the arrow keys to move the highlighter bar, then pressing the +<em><enter></em> key to select the highlighted action. +</p> + +<p> +What the user sees next depends on the action he selected. If he selects any +option but <samp>Access</samp> or <samp>Select</samp>, then +<code>dselect</code> will simply proceed to execute the specified action: e.g., +if the user selected the action <samp>Remove</samp>, then dselect would proceed +to remove all of the files selected for removal when the user last chose the +<samp>Select</samp> action. +</p> + +<p> +Both the <samp>Access</samp> menu item and the <samp>Select</samp> menu item +lead to additional menus. In both cases, the menus are presented as split +screens; the top screen gives a scrollable list of choices, while the bottom +screen gives a brief explanation ("info") for each choice. +</p> + +<p> +Extensive on-line help is available, use the '?' key to get to a help screen +at any time. +</p> + +<p> +The order in which the actions are presented in the first <code>dselect</code> +menu represents the order in which a user would normally choose +<code>dselect</code> to install packages. However, a user can pick any of the +main menu choices as often as needed (including not at all, depending on what +one wants to do). +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Begin by choosing an <strong>Access Method</strong>. This is the method by +which the user plans on accessing Debian packages; e.g., some users have Debian +packages available on CD-ROM, while others plan to fetch them using anonymous +FTP. The selected "Access Method" is stored after +<code>dselect</code> exits, so if it does not change, then this option need not +be invoked again. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Then <strong>Update</strong> the list of available packages. To do this, +<code>dselect</code> reads the file "Packages.gz" which should be +included in the top level of the directory where the Debian packages to be +installed are stored. (But if it is not there, <code>dselect</code> will offer +to make it for you.) +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Select</strong> specific packages for installation on his system. +After choosing this menu item, the user is first presented with a full screen +of help (unless the `--expert' command line option was used). Once the user +exits the Help screen, he sees the split-screen menu for choosing packages to +install (or remove). +</p> + +<p> +The top part of the screen is a relatively narrow window into the list of +Debian's 15400 packages; the bottom part of the screen contains description of +the package or group of packages which are highlighted above. +</p> + +<p> +One can specify which packages should be operated on by highlighting a package +name or the label for a group of packages. After that, you can select +packages: +</p> +<dl> +<dt>to be installed:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is accomplished by pressing the `+' key. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>to be deleted:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +Packages can be deleted two ways: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +removed: this removes most of the files associated with the package, but +preserves the files listed as configuration files (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">What is a Debian conffile?, Section +6.5</a>) and package configuration information. This is done by pressing the +`-' key. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +purged: this removes <em>every</em> file that is part of the package. This is +done by pressing the `_' key. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Note that it's not possible to remove "All Packages". If you try +that, your system will instead be reduced to the initial installed base +packages. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>to be put "on hold"</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is done by pressing `=', and it effectively tells <code>dselect</code> not +to upgrade a package even if the version currently installed on your system is +not as recent as the version that is available in the Debian repository you are +using (this was specified when you set the <strong>Access Method</strong>, and +acquired when you used <strong>Update</strong>). +</p> + +<p> +Just like you can put a package on hold, you can reverse such setting by +pressing `:'. That tells <code>dselect</code> that the package(s) may be +upgraded if a newer version is available. This is the default setting. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p> +You can select a different order in which the packages are presented, by using +the `o' key to cycle between various options for sorting the packages. The +default order is to present packages by Priority; within each priority, +packages are presented in order of the directory (a.k.a. section) of the +archive in which they are stored. Given this sort order, some packages in +section A (say) may be presented first, followed by some packages in section B, +followed by more packages (of lower priority) in section A. +</p> + +<p> +You can also expand meanings of the labels at the top of the screen, by using +the `v' (verbose) key. This action pushes much of the text that formerly fit +onto the display off to the right. To see it, press the right arrow; to scroll +back to the left, press the left arrow. +</p> + +<p> +If you select a package for installation or removal, e.g., +<code>foo.deb</code>, and that package depends on (or recommends) another +package, e.g., <code>blurf.deb</code>, then <code>dselect</code> will place the +you in a sub-screen of the main selection screen. There you can choose among +the related packages, accepting the suggested actions (to install or not), or +rejecting them. To do the latter, press Shift-D; to return to the former, +press Shift-U. In any case, you can save your selections and return to the +main selection screen by pressing Shift-Q. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Users returning to the main menu can then select the "Install" menu +item to unpack and configure the selected packages. Alternatively, users +wishing to remove files can choose the "Remove" menu item. At any +point, users can choose "Quit" to exit dselect; users' selections are +preserved by <code>dselect</code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dpkg-extra"></a>7.1.5 Other package management tools</h3> + +<hr> + +<h4><a name="s-dpkg-deb"></a>7.1.5.1 dpkg-deb</h4> + +<p> +This program manipulates Debian archive(<samp>.deb</samp>) files. Some common +uses are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg-deb --help</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Determine what files are contained in a Debian archive file: <samp>dpkg-deb +--contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>) +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Extract the files contained in a named Debian archive into a user specified +directory: <samp>dpkg-deb --extract foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp</samp> extracts each of +the files in <samp>foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> into the directory <samp>tmp/</samp>. +This is convenient for examining the contents of a package in a localized +directory, without installing the package into the root file system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Note that any packages that were merely unpacked using <samp>dpkg-deb +--extract</samp> will be incorrectly installed, you should use <samp>dpkg +--install</samp> instead. +</p> + +<p> +More information is given in the manual page <code>dpkg-deb(1)</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h4><a name="s-dpkg-split"></a>7.1.5.2 dpkg-split</h4> + +<p> +This program splits large package into smaller files (e.g., for writing onto a +set of floppy disks), and can also be used to merge a set of split files back +into a single file. It can only be used on a Debian system (i.e. a system +containing the <code>dpkg</code> package), since it calls the program +<samp>dpkg-deb</samp> to parse the debian package file into its component +records. +</p> + +<p> +For example, to split a big .deb file into N parts, +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Execute the command <samp>dpkg-split --split foo.deb</samp>. This will produce +N files each of approximately 460 KBytes long in the current directory. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Copy those N files to floppy disks. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Copy the contents of the floppy disks onto the hard disk of your choice on the +other machine. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Join those part-files together using <samp>dpkg-split --join +"foo*"</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-updaterunning"></a>7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</h2> + +<p> +The kernel (file system) in Debian GNU/Linux systems supports replacing files +even while they're being used. +</p> + +<p> +We also provide a program called <code>start-stop-daemon</code> which is used +to start daemons at boot time or to stop daemons when the kernel runlevel is +changed (e.g., from multi-user to single-user or to halt). The same program is +used by installation scripts when a new package containing a daemon is +installed, to stop running daemons, and restart them as necessary. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-whatpackages"></a>7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</h2> + +<p> +To learn the status of all the packages installed on a Debian system, execute +the command +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --list +</pre> + +<p> +This prints out a one-line summary for each package, giving a 2-letter status +symbol (explained in the header), the package name, the version which is +<em>installed</em>, and a brief description. +</p> + +<p> +To learn the status of packages whose names match the string any pattern +beginning with "foo" by executing the command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --list 'foo*' +</pre> + +<p> +To get a more verbose report for a particular package, execute the command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --status packagename +</pre> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-filesearch"></a>7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</h2> + +<p> +To identify the package that produced the file named <samp>foo</samp> execute +either: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>dpkg --search filename</samp> +</p> + +<p> +This searches for <samp>filename</samp> in installed packages. (This is +(currently) equivalent to searching all of the files having the file extension +of <samp>.list</samp> in the directory <samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</samp>, and +adjusting the output to print the names of all the packages containing it, and +diversions.) +</p> + +<p> +A faster alternative to this is the <code>dlocate</code> tool. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> +</p> + +<p> +This searches for files which contain the substring <samp>foo</samp> in their +full path names. The files <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> (where ARCH +represents the wanted architecture) reside in the major package directories +(main, non-free, contrib) at a Debian FTP site (i.e. under +<samp>/debian/dists/sarge</samp>). A <samp>Contents</samp> file refers only to +the packages in the subdirectory tree where it resides. Therefore, a user +might have to search more than one <samp>Contents</samp> files to find the +package containing the file <samp>foo</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +This method has the advantage over <samp>dpkg --search</samp> in that it will +find files in packages that are not currently installed on your system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>apt-file search <var>foo</var></samp> +</p> + +<p> +Similar to the above, it searches files which contain the substring or regular +expression <samp>foo</samp> in their full path names. The advantage over the +sample above is that there is no need to retrieve the +<samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> files as it will do this automatically for all +the sources defined in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> when you run (as +root) <samp>apt-file update</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-datapackages"></a>7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</h2> + +<p> +Some packages that are split in program (`foo') and data (`foo-data'). This is +true for many games, multimedia applications and dictionaries in Debian and has +been introduced since some users might want to access the raw data without +installing the program or because the program can be run without the data +itself, making it optional. +</p> + +<p> +Similar situations occur when dealing with libraries: generally these get +installed since packages containing applications depend on them. When the +application-package is purged, the library-package might stay on the system. +Or: when the application-package no longer depends upon e.g. libdb4.2, but +upon libdb4.3, the libdb4.2 package might stay when the application-package is +upgraded. +</p> + +<p> +In these cases, `foo-data' doesn't depend on `foo', so when you remove the +`foo' package it will not get automatically removed by most package management +tools. The same holds true for the library packages. This is necessary to +avoid circular dependencies. If you use <code>aptitude</code> (see <a +href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>) as your package management tool +it will, however, track automatically installed packages and remove them when +no packages remain that need them in your system. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ 7 ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..114bb9f --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html @@ -0,0 +1,936 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian package management tools</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-pkgtools"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ 7 ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 7 - The Debian package management tools +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pkgprogs"></a>7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</h2> + +<p> +There are multiple tools that are used to manage Debian packages, from graphic +or text-based interfaces to the low level tools used to install packages. All +the available tools rely on the lower level tools to properly work and are +presented here in decreasing complexity level. +</p> + +<p> +It is important to understand that the higher level package management tools +such as <code>aptitude</code> or <code>dselect</code> rely on <code>apt</code> +which, itself, relies on <code>dpkg</code> to manage the packages in the +system. +</p> + +<p> +See the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/">APT +HOWTO</a></code> for more information about the Debian package management +utilities. This document is available in various languages and formats, see +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">the APT HOWTO +entry on the DDP Users' Manuals overview</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dpkg"></a>7.1.1 dpkg</h3> + +<p> +This is the main package management program. <code>dpkg</code> can be invoked +with many options. Some common uses are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg --help</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Print out the control file (and other information) for a specified package: +<samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Install a package (including unpacking and configuring) onto the file system of +the hard disk: <samp>dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Unpack (but do not configure) a Debian archive into the file system of the hard +disk: <samp>dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. Note that this operation +does <em>not</em> necessarily leave the package in a usable state; some files +may need further customization to run properly. This command removes any +already-installed version of the program and runs the preinst (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst, +prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Configure a package that already has been unpacked: <samp>dpkg --configure +foo</samp>. Among other things, this action runs the postinst (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst, +prerm, and postrm script?, Section 6.6</a>) script associated with the package. +It also updates the files listed in the <samp>conffiles</samp> for this +package. Notice that the 'configure' operation takes as its argument a package +name (e.g., foo), <em>not</em> the name of a Debian archive file (e.g., +foo_VVV-RRR.deb). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Extract a single file named "blurf" (or a group of files named +"blurf*" from a Debian archive: <samp>dpkg --fsys-tarfile +foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*</samp> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Remove a package (but not its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --remove +foo</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Remove a package (including its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --purge +foo</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +List the installation status of packages containing the string (or regular +expression) "foo*": <samp>dpkg --list 'foo*'</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-apt-get"></a>7.1.2 APT</h3> + +<p> +APT is the <em>Advanced Package Tool</em> and provides the <code>apt-get</code> +program. <code>apt-get</code> provides a simple way to retrieve and install +packages from multiple sources using the command line. Unlike +<code>dpkg</code>, <code>apt-get</code> does not understand .deb files, it +works with the packages proper name and can only install .deb archives from a +source specified in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. <code>apt-get</code> +will call <code>dpkg</code> directly after downloading the .deb archives[<a +href="footnotes.en.html#f4" name="fr4">4</a>] from the configured sources. +</p> + +<p> +Some common ways to use <code>apt-get</code> are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To update the list of package known by your system, you can run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get update +</pre> + +<p> +(you should execute this regularly to update your package lists) +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To upgrade all the packages on your system, run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get upgrade +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To install the <var>foo</var> package and all its dependencies, run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get install foo +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To remove the foo package from your system, run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get remove foo +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To remove the foo package and its configuration files from your system, run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get --purge remove foo +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To upgrade all the packages on your system to a new Debian GNU/Linux release, +run: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get dist-upgrade +</pre> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Note that you must be logged in as root to perform any commands that modify the +system packages. +</p> + +<p> +The apt tool suite also includes the <code>apt-cache</code> tool to query the +package lists. You can use it to find packages providing specific +functionality through simple text or regular expression queries and through +queries of dependencies in the package management system. Some common ways to +use <code>apt-cache</code> are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To find packages whose description contain <var>word</var>: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-cache search <var>word</var> +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To print the detailed information of a package: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-cache show <var>package</var> +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To print the packages a given package depends on: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-cache depends <var>package</var> +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +To print detailed information of the versions available for a package and the +packages that reverse-depends on it: +</p> + +<pre> + apt-cache showpkg <var>package</var> +</pre> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +For more information, install the <code>apt</code> package and read +<code>apt-get(8)</code>, <code>sources.list(5)</code> and install the +<code>apt-doc</code> package and read +<code>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-aptitude"></a>7.1.3 aptitude</h3> + +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> is a package manager for Debian GNU/Linux systems that +provides a frontend to the apt package management infrastructure. +<code>aptitude</code> is a text-based interface using the curses library, it +can be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way. +</p> + +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> provides the functionality of <code>dselect</code> and +<code>apt-get</code>, as well as many additional features not found in either +program: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> offers access to all versions of a package. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> logs all its actions in <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> makes it easy to keep track of obsolete software by +listing it under "Obsolete and Locally Created Packages". +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> includes a fairly powerful system for searching +particular packages and limiting the package display. Users familiar with +<code>mutt</code> will pick up quickly, as <code>mutt</code> was the +inspiration for the expression syntax. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> tracks which packages have been installed due to +dependencies and removes them automatically when the packages that needed them +are removed from the system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> can automatically install <em>Recommended:</em> +packages[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f5" name="fr5">5</a>]. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> in full screen mode has <code>su</code> functionality +embedded and can be run by a normal user. It will call <code>su</code> (and +ask for the root password, if any) when you really need administrative +privileges +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +You can use <code>aptitude</code> through a visual interface (simply run +<samp>aptitude</samp>) or directly from the command line. The command line +syntax used is very similar to the one used in <code>apt-get</code>. For +example, to install the <var>foo</var> package, you can run <samp>aptitude +install <var>foo</var></samp>. +</p> + +<p> +Note that <code>aptitude</code> is the recommended program by Debian to install +a package and/or to upgrade your system. +</p> + +<p> +For more informations, read the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code> and +install the <code>aptitude-doc-en</code> package. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dselect"></a>7.1.4 dselect</h3> + +<p> +This program is a menu-driven interface to the Debian package management +system. It is particularly useful for first-time installations. Some users +might feel more comfortable using <code>aptitude</code> which is also +recommended over <code>dselect</code> for large-scale upgrades. For more +information on <code>aptitude</code> please see <a href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, +Section 7.1.3</a>. +</p> + +<p> +<code>dselect</code> can: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +guide the user as he/she chooses among packages to install or remove, ensuring +that no packages are installed that conflict with one another, and that all +packages required to make each package work properly are installed; +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +warn the user about inconsistencies or incompatibilities in their selections; +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +determine the order in which the packages must be installed; +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +automatically perform the installation or removal; and +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +guide the user through whatever configuration process are required for each +package. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +<code>dselect</code> begins by presenting the user with a menu of 7 items, each +of which is a specific action. The user can select one of the actions by using +the arrow keys to move the highlighter bar, then pressing the +<em><enter></em> key to select the highlighted action. +</p> + +<p> +What the user sees next depends on the action he selected. If he selects any +option but <samp>Access</samp> or <samp>Select</samp>, then +<code>dselect</code> will simply proceed to execute the specified action: e.g., +if the user selected the action <samp>Remove</samp>, then dselect would proceed +to remove all of the files selected for removal when the user last chose the +<samp>Select</samp> action. +</p> + +<p> +Both the <samp>Access</samp> menu item and the <samp>Select</samp> menu item +lead to additional menus. In both cases, the menus are presented as split +screens; the top screen gives a scrollable list of choices, while the bottom +screen gives a brief explanation ("info") for each choice. +</p> + +<p> +Extensive on-line help is available, use the '?' key to get to a help screen +at any time. +</p> + +<p> +The order in which the actions are presented in the first <code>dselect</code> +menu represents the order in which a user would normally choose +<code>dselect</code> to install packages. However, a user can pick any of the +main menu choices as often as needed (including not at all, depending on what +one wants to do). +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Begin by choosing an <strong>Access Method</strong>. This is the method by +which the user plans on accessing Debian packages; e.g., some users have Debian +packages available on CD-ROM, while others plan to fetch them using anonymous +FTP. The selected "Access Method" is stored after +<code>dselect</code> exits, so if it does not change, then this option need not +be invoked again. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Then <strong>Update</strong> the list of available packages. To do this, +<code>dselect</code> reads the file "Packages.gz" which should be +included in the top level of the directory where the Debian packages to be +installed are stored. (But if it is not there, <code>dselect</code> will offer +to make it for you.) +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<strong>Select</strong> specific packages for installation on his system. +After choosing this menu item, the user is first presented with a full screen +of help (unless the `--expert' command line option was used). Once the user +exits the Help screen, he sees the split-screen menu for choosing packages to +install (or remove). +</p> + +<p> +The top part of the screen is a relatively narrow window into the list of +Debian's 15400 packages; the bottom part of the screen contains description of +the package or group of packages which are highlighted above. +</p> + +<p> +One can specify which packages should be operated on by highlighting a package +name or the label for a group of packages. After that, you can select +packages: +</p> +<dl> +<dt>to be installed:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is accomplished by pressing the `+' key. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>to be deleted:</dt> +<dd> +<p> +Packages can be deleted two ways: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +removed: this removes most of the files associated with the package, but +preserves the files listed as configuration files (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">What is a Debian conffile?, Section +6.5</a>) and package configuration information. This is done by pressing the +`-' key. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +purged: this removes <em>every</em> file that is part of the package. This is +done by pressing the `_' key. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Note that it's not possible to remove "All Packages". If you try +that, your system will instead be reduced to the initial installed base +packages. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +<dl> +<dt>to be put "on hold"</dt> +<dd> +<p> +This is done by pressing `=', and it effectively tells <code>dselect</code> not +to upgrade a package even if the version currently installed on your system is +not as recent as the version that is available in the Debian repository you are +using (this was specified when you set the <strong>Access Method</strong>, and +acquired when you used <strong>Update</strong>). +</p> + +<p> +Just like you can put a package on hold, you can reverse such setting by +pressing `:'. That tells <code>dselect</code> that the package(s) may be +upgraded if a newer version is available. This is the default setting. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<p> +You can select a different order in which the packages are presented, by using +the `o' key to cycle between various options for sorting the packages. The +default order is to present packages by Priority; within each priority, +packages are presented in order of the directory (a.k.a. section) of the +archive in which they are stored. Given this sort order, some packages in +section A (say) may be presented first, followed by some packages in section B, +followed by more packages (of lower priority) in section A. +</p> + +<p> +You can also expand meanings of the labels at the top of the screen, by using +the `v' (verbose) key. This action pushes much of the text that formerly fit +onto the display off to the right. To see it, press the right arrow; to scroll +back to the left, press the left arrow. +</p> + +<p> +If you select a package for installation or removal, e.g., +<code>foo.deb</code>, and that package depends on (or recommends) another +package, e.g., <code>blurf.deb</code>, then <code>dselect</code> will place the +you in a sub-screen of the main selection screen. There you can choose among +the related packages, accepting the suggested actions (to install or not), or +rejecting them. To do the latter, press Shift-D; to return to the former, +press Shift-U. In any case, you can save your selections and return to the +main selection screen by pressing Shift-Q. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Users returning to the main menu can then select the "Install" menu +item to unpack and configure the selected packages. Alternatively, users +wishing to remove files can choose the "Remove" menu item. At any +point, users can choose "Quit" to exit dselect; users' selections are +preserved by <code>dselect</code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dpkg-extra"></a>7.1.5 Other package management tools</h3> + +<hr> + +<h4><a name="s-dpkg-deb"></a>7.1.5.1 dpkg-deb</h4> + +<p> +This program manipulates Debian archive(<samp>.deb</samp>) files. Some common +uses are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg-deb --help</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Determine what files are contained in a Debian archive file: <samp>dpkg-deb +--contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>) +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Extract the files contained in a named Debian archive into a user specified +directory: <samp>dpkg-deb --extract foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp</samp> extracts each of +the files in <samp>foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> into the directory <samp>tmp/</samp>. +This is convenient for examining the contents of a package in a localized +directory, without installing the package into the root file system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Note that any packages that were merely unpacked using <samp>dpkg-deb +--extract</samp> will be incorrectly installed, you should use <samp>dpkg +--install</samp> instead. +</p> + +<p> +More information is given in the manual page <code>dpkg-deb(1)</code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h4><a name="s-dpkg-split"></a>7.1.5.2 dpkg-split</h4> + +<p> +This program splits large package into smaller files (e.g., for writing onto a +set of floppy disks), and can also be used to merge a set of split files back +into a single file. It can only be used on a Debian system (i.e. a system +containing the <code>dpkg</code> package), since it calls the program +<samp>dpkg-deb</samp> to parse the debian package file into its component +records. +</p> + +<p> +For example, to split a big .deb file into N parts, +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Execute the command <samp>dpkg-split --split foo.deb</samp>. This will produce +N files each of approximately 460 KBytes long in the current directory. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Copy those N files to floppy disks. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Copy the contents of the floppy disks onto the hard disk of your choice on the +other machine. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Join those part-files together using <samp>dpkg-split --join +"foo*"</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-updaterunning"></a>7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</h2> + +<p> +The kernel (file system) in Debian GNU/Linux systems supports replacing files +even while they're being used. +</p> + +<p> +We also provide a program called <code>start-stop-daemon</code> which is used +to start daemons at boot time or to stop daemons when the kernel runlevel is +changed (e.g., from multi-user to single-user or to halt). The same program is +used by installation scripts when a new package containing a daemon is +installed, to stop running daemons, and restart them as necessary. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-whatpackages"></a>7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</h2> + +<p> +To learn the status of all the packages installed on a Debian system, execute +the command +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --list +</pre> + +<p> +This prints out a one-line summary for each package, giving a 2-letter status +symbol (explained in the header), the package name, the version which is +<em>installed</em>, and a brief description. +</p> + +<p> +To learn the status of packages whose names match the string any pattern +beginning with "foo" by executing the command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --list 'foo*' +</pre> + +<p> +To get a more verbose report for a particular package, execute the command: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --status packagename +</pre> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-filesearch"></a>7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</h2> + +<p> +To identify the package that produced the file named <samp>foo</samp> execute +either: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>dpkg --search filename</samp> +</p> + +<p> +This searches for <samp>filename</samp> in installed packages. (This is +(currently) equivalent to searching all of the files having the file extension +of <samp>.list</samp> in the directory <samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</samp>, and +adjusting the output to print the names of all the packages containing it, and +diversions.) +</p> + +<p> +A faster alternative to this is the <code>dlocate</code> tool. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> +</p> + +<p> +This searches for files which contain the substring <samp>foo</samp> in their +full path names. The files <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> (where ARCH +represents the wanted architecture) reside in the major package directories +(main, non-free, contrib) at a Debian FTP site (i.e. under +<samp>/debian/dists/sarge</samp>). A <samp>Contents</samp> file refers only to +the packages in the subdirectory tree where it resides. Therefore, a user +might have to search more than one <samp>Contents</samp> files to find the +package containing the file <samp>foo</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +This method has the advantage over <samp>dpkg --search</samp> in that it will +find files in packages that are not currently installed on your system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>apt-file search <var>foo</var></samp> +</p> + +<p> +Similar to the above, it searches files which contain the substring or regular +expression <samp>foo</samp> in their full path names. The advantage over the +sample above is that there is no need to retrieve the +<samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> files as it will do this automatically for all +the sources defined in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> when you run (as +root) <samp>apt-file update</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-datapackages"></a>7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</h2> + +<p> +Some packages that are split in program (`foo') and data (`foo-data'). This is +true for many games, multimedia applications and dictionaries in Debian and has +been introduced since some users might want to access the raw data without +installing the program or because the program can be run without the data +itself, making it optional. +</p> + +<p> +Similar situations occur when dealing with libraries: generally these get +installed since packages containing applications depend on them. When the +application-package is purged, the library-package might stay on the system. +Or: when the application-package no longer depends upon e.g. libdb4.2, but +upon libdb4.3, the libdb4.2 package might stay when the application-package is +upgraded. +</p> + +<p> +In these cases, `foo-data' doesn't depend on `foo', so when you remove the +`foo' package it will not get automatically removed by most package management +tools. The same holds true for the library packages. This is necessary to +avoid circular dependencies. If you use <code>aptitude</code> (see <a +href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>) as your package management tool +it will, however, track automatically installed packages and remove them when +no packages remain that need them in your system. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ 7 ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0ac5d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-redistrib"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ 13 ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 13 - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-sellcds"></a>13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</h2> + +<p> +Go ahead. You do not need permission to distribute anything we have +<em>released</em>, so that you can master your CD as soon as the beta-test +ends. You do not have to pay us anything. Of course, all CD manufacturers +must honor the licenses of the programs in Debian. For example, many of the +programs are licensed under the GPL, which requires you to distribute their +source code. +</p> + +<p> +Also, we will publish a list of CD manufacturers who donate money, software, +and time to the Debian project, and we will encourage users to buy from +manufacturers who donate, so it is good advertising to make donations. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-packagednonfree"></a>13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. While all the main components of Debian are free software, we provide a +non-free directory for programs that are not freely redistributable. +</p> + +<p> +CD manufacturers <em>may</em> be able to distribute the programs we have placed +in that directory, depending on the license terms or their private arrangements +with the authors of those software packages. CD manufacturers can also +distribute the non-free software they get from other sources on the same CD. +This is nothing new: free and commercial software are distributed on the same +CD by many manufacturers now. Of course we still encourage software authors to +release the programs they write as free software. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-childistro"></a>13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. Debian-derived distributions are being created both in close cooperation +with the Debian project itself and by external parties. One can use the +<code><a href="http://cdd.alioth.debian.org/">Custom Debian +Distributions</a></code> framework to work together with Debian; <code><a +href="http://www.skolelinux.org/">Skolelinux</a></code> is one such project. +</p> + +<p> +One person is building a "Linux for Hams" distribution, with +specialized programs for Radio Amateurs. He is starting with Debian as the +"base system", and adding programs to control the transmitter, track +satellites, etc. All of the programs he adds are packaged with the Debian +packaging system so that his users will be able to upgrade easily when he +releases subsequent CDs. +</p> + +<p> +There are several other Debian-derived distributions already on the market, +such as Progeny Debian, Linspire, Knoppix and Ubuntu, that are targeted at a +different kind of audience than the original Debian GNU/Linux is, but use most +of our components in their product. +</p> + +<p> +Debian also provides a mechanism to allow developers and system administrators +to install local versions of selected files in such a way that they will not be +overwritten when other packages are upgraded. This is discussed further in the +question on <a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">How do I override a file +installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?, +Section 10.8</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-commercialdebs"></a>13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</h2> + +<p> +Go right ahead. The package tool is free software; the packages may or may not +be free software, it can install them all. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ 13 ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0ac5d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-redistrib"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ 13 ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 13 - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-sellcds"></a>13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</h2> + +<p> +Go ahead. You do not need permission to distribute anything we have +<em>released</em>, so that you can master your CD as soon as the beta-test +ends. You do not have to pay us anything. Of course, all CD manufacturers +must honor the licenses of the programs in Debian. For example, many of the +programs are licensed under the GPL, which requires you to distribute their +source code. +</p> + +<p> +Also, we will publish a list of CD manufacturers who donate money, software, +and time to the Debian project, and we will encourage users to buy from +manufacturers who donate, so it is good advertising to make donations. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-packagednonfree"></a>13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. While all the main components of Debian are free software, we provide a +non-free directory for programs that are not freely redistributable. +</p> + +<p> +CD manufacturers <em>may</em> be able to distribute the programs we have placed +in that directory, depending on the license terms or their private arrangements +with the authors of those software packages. CD manufacturers can also +distribute the non-free software they get from other sources on the same CD. +This is nothing new: free and commercial software are distributed on the same +CD by many manufacturers now. Of course we still encourage software authors to +release the programs they write as free software. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-childistro"></a>13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. Debian-derived distributions are being created both in close cooperation +with the Debian project itself and by external parties. One can use the +<code><a href="http://cdd.alioth.debian.org/">Custom Debian +Distributions</a></code> framework to work together with Debian; <code><a +href="http://www.skolelinux.org/">Skolelinux</a></code> is one such project. +</p> + +<p> +One person is building a "Linux for Hams" distribution, with +specialized programs for Radio Amateurs. He is starting with Debian as the +"base system", and adding programs to control the transmitter, track +satellites, etc. All of the programs he adds are packaged with the Debian +packaging system so that his users will be able to upgrade easily when he +releases subsequent CDs. +</p> + +<p> +There are several other Debian-derived distributions already on the market, +such as Progeny Debian, Linspire, Knoppix and Ubuntu, that are targeted at a +different kind of audience than the original Debian GNU/Linux is, but use most +of our components in their product. +</p> + +<p> +Debian also provides a mechanism to allow developers and system administrators +to install local versions of selected files in such a way that they will not be +overwritten when other packages are upgraded. This is discussed further in the +question on <a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">How do I override a file +installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?, +Section 10.8</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-commercialdebs"></a>13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</h2> + +<p> +Go right ahead. The package tool is free software; the packages may or may not +be free software, it can install them all. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ 13 ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bedb65f --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,410 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Software available in the Debian system</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-software"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ 4 ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 4 - Software available in the Debian system +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-apps"></a>4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +Like most Linux distributions, Debian GNU/Linux provides: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +the major GNU applications for software development, file manipulation, and +text processing, including gcc, g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, the Bash shell and +numerous upgraded Unix utilities, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk and various related programs, modules and libraries for +each of them, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +TeX (LaTeX) and Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +the X Window System, which provides a networked graphical user interface for +Linux, and countless X applications including GNOME and KDE as well as the GIMP +GNU Image Manipulation Program, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +a full suite of networking applications, including servers for Internet +protocols such as HTTP (WWW), FTP, NNTP (news), SMTP and POP (mail) and name +server; relational databases like PostgreSQL, MySQL; also provided are web +browsers including the various Mozilla producs, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +a complete set of office applications, including the OpenOffice.org +productivity suite, Gnumeric and other spreadsheets, WYSIWYG editors, +calendars. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +More than 15180 packages, ranging from news servers and readers to sound +support, FAX programs, database and spreadsheet programs, image processing +programs, communications, net, and mail utilities, Web servers, and even +ham-radio programs are included in the distribution. Another 450 software +suites are available as Debian packages, but are not formally part of Debian +due to license restrictions. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-softwareauthors"></a>4.2 Who wrote all that software?</h2> + +<p> +For each package the <em>authors</em> of the program(s) are credited in the +file <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/copyright</samp>, where PACKAGE is to be +substituted with the package's name. +</p> + +<p> +<em>Maintainers</em> who package this software for the Debian GNU/Linux system +are listed in the Debian control file (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">What is a Debian control file?, +Section 6.4</a>) that comes with each package. The Debian changelog, in +<samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/changelog.Debian.gz</samp>, mentions the people +who've worked on the Debian packaging too. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pkglist"></a>4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</h2> + +<p> +A complete list is available from any of the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">Debian mirrors</a></code>, in the +file <samp>indices/Maintainers</samp>. That file includes the package names +and the names and e-mails of their respective maintainers. +</p> + +<p> +The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/">WWW interface to the Debian +packages</a></code> conveniently summarizes the packages in each of about +twenty "sections" of the Debian archive. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-missing"></a>4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +A list of packages which are still needed to be packaged for Debian exists, the +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/">Work-Needing and Prospective +Packages list</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +For more details about adding the missing things, see <a +href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software +developer?, Section 12.1</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-no-devs"></a>4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</h2> + +<p> +Debian Policy requires that such symbolic links (to libfoo.so.x.y.z or similar) +are placed in separate, development packages. Those packages are usually named +libfoo-dev or libfooX-dev (presuming the library package is named libfooX, and +X is a whole number). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-java"></a>4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</h2> + +<p> +Since the official Java Development kit and Runtime Environment from Sun +Microsystems is non-free software, even undistributeable by Debian, it cannot +properly be included in Debian. If you want those installed anyway, please +refer to the <code>java-package</code> package in contrib. +</p> + +<p> +However, both the JDK and several <em>free</em> implementations of Java +technology are available as Debian packages. You can write, debug and run Java +programs using Debian. +</p> + +<p> +Running a Java applet requires a web browser with the capability to recognize +and execute them. Several web browsers available in Debian, such as Mozilla or +Konqueror, support Java plug-ins that enable running Java applets within them. +Netscape Navigator, while non-free, is also available as a Debian package and +it can run Java applets. +</p> + +<p> +Please refer to the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/">Debian Java +FAQ</a></code> for more information. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-isitdebian"></a>4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</h2> + +<p> +In order to make sure that your system has been installed from the real Debian +base disks check for the existence of <samp>/etc/debian_version</samp> file, +which contains a single one-line entry giving the version number of the +release, as defined by the package <samp>base-files</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +The existence of the program <samp>dpkg</samp> shows that you should be able to +install Debian packages on your system, but as the program has been ported to +many other operating systems and architectures, this is no longer a reliable +method of determining is a system Debian GNU/Linux. +</p> + +<p> +Users should be aware, however, that the Debian system consists of many parts, +each of which can be updated (almost) independently. Each Debian +"release" contains well defined and unchanging contents. Updates are +separately available. For a one-line description of the installation status of +package <samp>foo</samp>, use the command <samp>dpkg --list foo</samp>. To +view versions of all installed packages, run: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg -l +</pre> + +<p> +For a more verbose description, use: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --status foo +</pre> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-nonenglish"></a>4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</h2> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux is distributed with keymaps for nearly two dozen keyboards, +and with utilities (in the <samp>kbd</samp> package) to install, view, and +modify the tables. +</p> + +<p> +The installation prompts the user to specify the keyboard he will use. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Vast majority of the software we packaged supports entering non-US-ASCII +characters used in other Latin languages (e.g. ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-2), and +a number of programs support multi-byte languages such as Japanese or Chinese. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Currently, support for German-, Spanish-, Finnish-, French-, Hungarian-, +Italian-, Japanese-, Korean- and Polish-language manual pages is provided +through the <samp>manpages-LANG</samp> packages (where LANG is the two-letter +ISO country code). To access an NLS manual page, the user must set the shell +LC_MESSAGES variable to the appropriate string. +</p> + +<p> +For example, in the case of the Italian-language manual pages, LC_MESSAGES +needs to be set to 'italian'. The <code>man</code> program will then search +for Italian manual pages under <samp>/usr/share/man/it/</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-usexports"></a>4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</h2> + +<p> +US laws placed restrictions on the export of defense articles, which includes +some types of cryptographic software. PGP and ssh, among others, fall into +this category. For the <em>sarge</em> release packages in this archive were +moved to the main archive (or to <em>non-free</em>, if applicable) due to the +US relaxing its regulations on the export of cryptography. +</p> + +<p> +To prevent anyone from taking unnecessary legal risks, certain Debian GNU/Linux +packages were only available from a non-US site <code><a +href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/</a></code>, +with numerous mirror sites all of which are also outside of the US, see +<code><a +href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US</a></code> +for a full list. These sites still exist (for the benefit of users of +<em>woody</em>) but its contents are no longer supported and are considered +obsolete. Please remove any mentions to non-US from your sources in your +<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> configuration file. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pine"></a>4.10 Where is pine?</h2> + +<p> +Due to its restrictive license, it's in the non-free area. Moreover, since +license does not even allow modified binaries to be distributed, you have to +compile it yourself from the source and the Debian patches. +</p> + +<p> +The source package name is <code>pine</code>. You can use the +<code>pine-tracker</code> package to be notified about when you need to +upgrade. +</p> + +<p> +Note that there are many replacements for both pine and pico, such as +<code>mutt</code> and <code>nano</code>, that are located in the main section. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-qmail"></a>4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</h2> + +<p> +Dan J. Bernstein distributes <code><a href="http://cr.yp.to/software.html">all +software he has written</a></code> with a restrictive license, consequently, +it's in the non-free area. Since the license he uses does not allow modified +binaries to be distributed, you have to compile it yourself from the source and +the Debian patches to obtain a binary package you can install in your Debian +GNU/Linux system. +</p> + +<p> +The source package names are <code>qmail-src</code>, <code>ezmlm-src</code> and +<code>djbdns-installer</code>, respectively. +</p> + +<p> +For <code>qmail</code> you need to install <code>qmail-src</code> first and +then run <code>build-qmail</code> to build the Debian package. You also need +to do install the <code>ucspi-tcp-src</code> package to get ucspi-tcp, which +<code>qmail</code> depends on. +</p> + +<p> +Dan J. Bernstein maintains a <code><a +href="http://cr.yp.to/distributors.html">FAQ from distributors</a></code> page +if you are interested in reading his reasons (one of which is <code><a +href="http://cr.yp.to/compatibility.html">Cross-platform +compatibility</a></code>) +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ 4 ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bedb65f --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html @@ -0,0 +1,410 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Software available in the Debian system</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-software"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ 4 ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 4 - Software available in the Debian system +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-apps"></a>4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +Like most Linux distributions, Debian GNU/Linux provides: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +the major GNU applications for software development, file manipulation, and +text processing, including gcc, g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, the Bash shell and +numerous upgraded Unix utilities, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk and various related programs, modules and libraries for +each of them, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +TeX (LaTeX) and Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +the X Window System, which provides a networked graphical user interface for +Linux, and countless X applications including GNOME and KDE as well as the GIMP +GNU Image Manipulation Program, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +a full suite of networking applications, including servers for Internet +protocols such as HTTP (WWW), FTP, NNTP (news), SMTP and POP (mail) and name +server; relational databases like PostgreSQL, MySQL; also provided are web +browsers including the various Mozilla producs, +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +a complete set of office applications, including the OpenOffice.org +productivity suite, Gnumeric and other spreadsheets, WYSIWYG editors, +calendars. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +More than 15180 packages, ranging from news servers and readers to sound +support, FAX programs, database and spreadsheet programs, image processing +programs, communications, net, and mail utilities, Web servers, and even +ham-radio programs are included in the distribution. Another 450 software +suites are available as Debian packages, but are not formally part of Debian +due to license restrictions. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-softwareauthors"></a>4.2 Who wrote all that software?</h2> + +<p> +For each package the <em>authors</em> of the program(s) are credited in the +file <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/copyright</samp>, where PACKAGE is to be +substituted with the package's name. +</p> + +<p> +<em>Maintainers</em> who package this software for the Debian GNU/Linux system +are listed in the Debian control file (see <a +href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">What is a Debian control file?, +Section 6.4</a>) that comes with each package. The Debian changelog, in +<samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/changelog.Debian.gz</samp>, mentions the people +who've worked on the Debian packaging too. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pkglist"></a>4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</h2> + +<p> +A complete list is available from any of the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">Debian mirrors</a></code>, in the +file <samp>indices/Maintainers</samp>. That file includes the package names +and the names and e-mails of their respective maintainers. +</p> + +<p> +The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/">WWW interface to the Debian +packages</a></code> conveniently summarizes the packages in each of about +twenty "sections" of the Debian archive. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-missing"></a>4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +A list of packages which are still needed to be packaged for Debian exists, the +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/">Work-Needing and Prospective +Packages list</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +For more details about adding the missing things, see <a +href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software +developer?, Section 12.1</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-no-devs"></a>4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</h2> + +<p> +Debian Policy requires that such symbolic links (to libfoo.so.x.y.z or similar) +are placed in separate, development packages. Those packages are usually named +libfoo-dev or libfooX-dev (presuming the library package is named libfooX, and +X is a whole number). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-java"></a>4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</h2> + +<p> +Since the official Java Development kit and Runtime Environment from Sun +Microsystems is non-free software, even undistributeable by Debian, it cannot +properly be included in Debian. If you want those installed anyway, please +refer to the <code>java-package</code> package in contrib. +</p> + +<p> +However, both the JDK and several <em>free</em> implementations of Java +technology are available as Debian packages. You can write, debug and run Java +programs using Debian. +</p> + +<p> +Running a Java applet requires a web browser with the capability to recognize +and execute them. Several web browsers available in Debian, such as Mozilla or +Konqueror, support Java plug-ins that enable running Java applets within them. +Netscape Navigator, while non-free, is also available as a Debian package and +it can run Java applets. +</p> + +<p> +Please refer to the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/">Debian Java +FAQ</a></code> for more information. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-isitdebian"></a>4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</h2> + +<p> +In order to make sure that your system has been installed from the real Debian +base disks check for the existence of <samp>/etc/debian_version</samp> file, +which contains a single one-line entry giving the version number of the +release, as defined by the package <samp>base-files</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +The existence of the program <samp>dpkg</samp> shows that you should be able to +install Debian packages on your system, but as the program has been ported to +many other operating systems and architectures, this is no longer a reliable +method of determining is a system Debian GNU/Linux. +</p> + +<p> +Users should be aware, however, that the Debian system consists of many parts, +each of which can be updated (almost) independently. Each Debian +"release" contains well defined and unchanging contents. Updates are +separately available. For a one-line description of the installation status of +package <samp>foo</samp>, use the command <samp>dpkg --list foo</samp>. To +view versions of all installed packages, run: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg -l +</pre> + +<p> +For a more verbose description, use: +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg --status foo +</pre> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-nonenglish"></a>4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</h2> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Debian GNU/Linux is distributed with keymaps for nearly two dozen keyboards, +and with utilities (in the <samp>kbd</samp> package) to install, view, and +modify the tables. +</p> + +<p> +The installation prompts the user to specify the keyboard he will use. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Vast majority of the software we packaged supports entering non-US-ASCII +characters used in other Latin languages (e.g. ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-2), and +a number of programs support multi-byte languages such as Japanese or Chinese. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Currently, support for German-, Spanish-, Finnish-, French-, Hungarian-, +Italian-, Japanese-, Korean- and Polish-language manual pages is provided +through the <samp>manpages-LANG</samp> packages (where LANG is the two-letter +ISO country code). To access an NLS manual page, the user must set the shell +LC_MESSAGES variable to the appropriate string. +</p> + +<p> +For example, in the case of the Italian-language manual pages, LC_MESSAGES +needs to be set to 'italian'. The <code>man</code> program will then search +for Italian manual pages under <samp>/usr/share/man/it/</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-usexports"></a>4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</h2> + +<p> +US laws placed restrictions on the export of defense articles, which includes +some types of cryptographic software. PGP and ssh, among others, fall into +this category. For the <em>sarge</em> release packages in this archive were +moved to the main archive (or to <em>non-free</em>, if applicable) due to the +US relaxing its regulations on the export of cryptography. +</p> + +<p> +To prevent anyone from taking unnecessary legal risks, certain Debian GNU/Linux +packages were only available from a non-US site <code><a +href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/</a></code>, +with numerous mirror sites all of which are also outside of the US, see +<code><a +href="ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US">ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US</a></code> +for a full list. These sites still exist (for the benefit of users of +<em>woody</em>) but its contents are no longer supported and are considered +obsolete. Please remove any mentions to non-US from your sources in your +<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> configuration file. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-pine"></a>4.10 Where is pine?</h2> + +<p> +Due to its restrictive license, it's in the non-free area. Moreover, since +license does not even allow modified binaries to be distributed, you have to +compile it yourself from the source and the Debian patches. +</p> + +<p> +The source package name is <code>pine</code>. You can use the +<code>pine-tracker</code> package to be notified about when you need to +upgrade. +</p> + +<p> +Note that there are many replacements for both pine and pico, such as +<code>mutt</code> and <code>nano</code>, that are located in the main section. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-qmail"></a>4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</h2> + +<p> +Dan J. Bernstein distributes <code><a href="http://cr.yp.to/software.html">all +software he has written</a></code> with a restrictive license, consequently, +it's in the non-free area. Since the license he uses does not allow modified +binaries to be distributed, you have to compile it yourself from the source and +the Debian patches to obtain a binary package you can install in your Debian +GNU/Linux system. +</p> + +<p> +The source package names are <code>qmail-src</code>, <code>ezmlm-src</code> and +<code>djbdns-installer</code>, respectively. +</p> + +<p> +For <code>qmail</code> you need to install <code>qmail-src</code> first and +then run <code>build-qmail</code> to build the Debian package. You also need +to do install the <code>ucspi-tcp-src</code> package to get ucspi-tcp, which +<code>qmail</code> depends on. +</p> + +<p> +Dan J. Bernstein maintains a <code><a +href="http://cr.yp.to/distributors.html">FAQ from distributors</a></code> page +if you are interested in reading his reasons (one of which is <code><a +href="http://cr.yp.to/compatibility.html">Cross-platform +compatibility</a></code>) +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ 4 ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57e21da --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,525 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-support"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ 11 ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 11 - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-debiandocs"></a>11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</h2> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Installation instructions for the current release: see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux reference covers many aspects of system administration +through shell-command examples. Basic tutorials, tips, and other information +are provided for many different topics ranging from system administration to +programming. +</p> + +<p> +Get it from the <code>debian-reference</code> package, or at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Policy manual documents the policy requirements for the distribution, i.e. the +structure and contents of the Debian archive, several design issues of the +operating system etc. It also includes the technical requirements that each +package must satisfy to be included in the distribution, and documents the +basic technical aspects of Debian binary and source packages. +</p> + +<p> +Get it from the <code>debian-policy</code> package, or at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Documentation developed by the Debian Documentation Project. It is available +at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/">http://www.debian.org/doc/</a></code> and +includes user guides, administration guides and security guides for the Debian +GNU/Linux operating system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Documentation on installed Debian packages: Most packages have files that are +unpacked into <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Documentation on the Linux project: The Debian package <code>doc-linux</code> +installs all of the most recent versions of the HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs from the +<code><a href="http://www.tldp.org/">Linux Documentation Project</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Unix-style `man' pages: Most commands have manual pages written in the style of +the original Unix 'man' files. They are referenced by the section of the 'man' +directory where they reside: e.g., foo(3) refers to a manual page which resides +in /usr/share/man/man3/, and it can be called by executing the command: +<samp>man 3 foo</samp>, or just <samp>man foo</samp> if section 3 is the first +one containing a page on <samp>foo</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +One can learn which directory of <samp>/usr/share/man/</samp> contains a +certain manual page by executing <samp>man -w foo</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +New Debian users should note that the 'man' pages of many general system +commands are not available until they install these packages: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>man-db</samp>, which contains the <samp>man</samp> program itself, and +other programs for manipulating the manual pages. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>manpages</samp>, which contains the system manual pages. (see <a +href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English +languages?, Section 4.8</a>). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +GNU-style `info' pages: User documentation for many commands, particularly GNU +tools, is available not in `man' pages, but in `info' files which can be read +by the GNU tool <samp>info</samp>, by running <samp>M-x info</samp> within GNU +Emacs, or with some other Info page viewer. +</p> + +<p> +Its main advantage over the original `man' pages are that it is a hypertext +system. It does <em>not</em> require the WWW, however; <samp>info</samp> can +be run from a plain text console. It was designed by Richard Stallman and +preceded the WWW. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Note that you may access a lot of documentation on your system by using a WWW +browser, through `dwww', `dhelp' or `doccentral' commands, found in respective +packages. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-onlineresources"></a>11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. In fact, the main method of support Debian provides to our users is by +the way of e-mail. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s11.2.1"></a>11.2.1 Mailing lists</h3> + +<p> +There are a lot of <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/">Debian-related mailing +lists</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +On a system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed there is a +complete list of mailing lists in +<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt</code>. +</p> + +<p> +Debian mailing lists are named following the pattern +debian-<var>list-subject</var>. Examples are debian-announce, debian-user, +debian-news. To subscribe to any list debian-<var>list-subject</var>, send +mail to debian-<var>list-subject</var>-request@lists.debian.org with the word +"subscribe" in the Subject: header. Be sure to remember to add +<em>-request</em> to the e-mail address when using this method to subscribe or +unsubscribe. Otherwise your e-mail will go to the list itself, which could be +embarrassing or annoying, depending on your point of view. +</p> + +<p> +If you have a forms-capable World Wide Web browser, you can subscribe to +mailing lists using the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe">WWW form</a></code>. You +can also un-subscribe using a <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe">WWW form</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +The list manager's e-mail address is <code><a +href="mailto:listmaster@lists.debian.org">listmaster@lists.debian.org</a></code>, +in case you have any trouble. +</p> + +<p> +The mailing lists are public forums. All e-mails sent to the lists are also +copied to the public archive, for anybody (even non-subscribers) to browse or +search. Please make sure you never send any confidential or unlicensed +material to the lists. This includes things like e-mail addresses. Of +particular note is the fact that spammers have been known to abuse e-mail +addresses posted to our mailing lists. See the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/index.en.html#disclaimer">Mailing +Lists Privacy policy</a></code> for more information. +</p> + +<p> +Archives of the Debian mailing lists are available via WWW at <code><a +href="http://lists.debian.org/">http://lists.debian.org/</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h4><a name="s-mailinglistconduct"></a>11.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?</h4> + +<p> +When using the Debian mailing lists, please follow these rules: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Do not send spam. See the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#ads">Debian mailing list advertising +policy</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Do not flame; it is not polite. The people developing Debian are all +volunteers, donating their time, energy and money in an attempt to bring the +Debian project together. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Do not use foul language; besides, some people receive the lists via packet +radio, where swearing is illegal. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Make sure that you are using the proper list. <em>Never</em> post your +(un)subscription requests to the mailing list itself[<a +href="footnotes.en.html#f6" name="fr6">6</a>] +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +See section <a href="#s-bugreport">How do I report a bug in Debian?, Section +11.5</a> for notes on reporting bugs. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s11.2.2"></a>11.2.2 Maintainers</h3> + +<p> +Users can address questions to individual package maintainers using e-mail. To +reach a maintainer of a package called xyz, send e-mail to +<em>xyz@packages.debian.org</em>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s11.2.3"></a>11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</h3> + +<p> +Users should post non-Debian-specific questions to one of the Linux USENET +groups, which are named comp.os.linux.* or linux.*. There are several lists of +Linux Usenet newsgroups and other related resources on the WWW, e.g. on the +<code><a href="http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html">Linux Online</a></code> +and <code><a +href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php">LinuxJournal</a></code> sites. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-searchtools"></a>11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +There is a variety of search engines that serve documentation related to +Debian: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a href="http://search.debian.org/">Debian WWW search site</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a href="http://groups.google.com/">Google Groups</a></code>: a search +engine for newsgroups. +</p> + +<p> +For example, to find out what experiences people have had with finding drivers +for Promise controllers under Debian, try searching on the phrase <samp>Promise +Linux driver</samp>. This will show you all the postings that contain these +strings, i.e. those where people discussed these topics. If you add +<samp>Debian</samp> to those search strings, you'll also get the postings +specifically related to Debian. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Any of the common web spidering engines, such as <code><a +href="http://www.altavista.com/">AltaVista</a></code> or <code><a +href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a></code>, as long as you use the right +search terms. +</p> + +<p> +For example, searching on the string "cgi-perl" gives a more detailed +explanation of this package than the brief description field in its control +file. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-buglogs"></a>11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</h2> + +<p> +Reports on unsolved (and closed) issues are publicly available: Debian +promissed to do so by stating "We will not hide problems" in the +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian Social +Contract</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux distribution has a bug tracking system (BTS) which files +details of bugs reported by users and developers. Each bug is given a number, +and is kept on file until it is marked as having been dealt with. +</p> + +<p> +Copies of this information are available at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +A mail server provides access to the bug tracking system database via e-mail. +In order to get the instructions, send an e-mail to request@bugs.debian.org +with "help" in the body. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-bugreport"></a>11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</h2> + +<p> +If you have found a bug in Debian, please read the instructions for reporting a +bug in Debian. These instructions can be obtained in one of several ways: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +By anonymous FTP. Debian mirror sites contain the instructions in the file +<samp>doc/bug-reporting.txt</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +From the WWW. A copy of the instructions is shown at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +On any Debian system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed. The +instructions are in the file +<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt</code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +You can use the package <code>reportbug</code> that will guide you through the +reporting process and mail the message to the proper address, with some extra +details about your system added automatically. It will also show you a list of +bugs already reported to the package you are reporting against in case your bug +has been reported previously, so that you can additional information to the +existing bug report. +</p> + +<p> +If you want to mail the report with an e-mail program, send a message to +<code><a +href="mailto:submit@bugs.debian.org">submit@bugs.debian.org</a></code>. The +message's first line must be similar to +</p> + +<pre> + Package: package-name +</pre> + +<p> +(replace <var>package-name</var> with the name of the package). The next line +should relate the package version number in a similar way: +</p> + +<pre> + Version: version-number +</pre> + +<p> +The version number for any package installed on your system can be obtained +using the command line +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg -s <var>package-name</var> +</pre> + +<p> +This section is referred to as the pseudo-header. The rest of the message +should contain the description of the bug (please make it moderately detailed), +the Debian release you are using, and versions of other relevant packages. The +Debian release number will be displayed by the command +</p> + +<pre> + cat /etc/debian_version +</pre> + +<p> +Expect to get an automatic acknowledgement of your bug report. It will also be +automatically given a bug tracking number, entered into the bug log and +forwarded to the debian-bugs-dist mailing list. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ 11 ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57e21da --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html @@ -0,0 +1,525 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-support"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ 11 ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 11 - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux +</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-debiandocs"></a>11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</h2> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Installation instructions for the current release: see <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux reference covers many aspects of system administration +through shell-command examples. Basic tutorials, tips, and other information +are provided for many different topics ranging from system administration to +programming. +</p> + +<p> +Get it from the <code>debian-reference</code> package, or at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Policy manual documents the policy requirements for the distribution, i.e. the +structure and contents of the Debian archive, several design issues of the +operating system etc. It also includes the technical requirements that each +package must satisfy to be included in the distribution, and documents the +basic technical aspects of Debian binary and source packages. +</p> + +<p> +Get it from the <code>debian-policy</code> package, or at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Documentation developed by the Debian Documentation Project. It is available +at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/doc/">http://www.debian.org/doc/</a></code> and +includes user guides, administration guides and security guides for the Debian +GNU/Linux operating system. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Documentation on installed Debian packages: Most packages have files that are +unpacked into <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Documentation on the Linux project: The Debian package <code>doc-linux</code> +installs all of the most recent versions of the HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs from the +<code><a href="http://www.tldp.org/">Linux Documentation Project</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Unix-style `man' pages: Most commands have manual pages written in the style of +the original Unix 'man' files. They are referenced by the section of the 'man' +directory where they reside: e.g., foo(3) refers to a manual page which resides +in /usr/share/man/man3/, and it can be called by executing the command: +<samp>man 3 foo</samp>, or just <samp>man foo</samp> if section 3 is the first +one containing a page on <samp>foo</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +One can learn which directory of <samp>/usr/share/man/</samp> contains a +certain manual page by executing <samp>man -w foo</samp>. +</p> + +<p> +New Debian users should note that the 'man' pages of many general system +commands are not available until they install these packages: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>man-db</samp>, which contains the <samp>man</samp> program itself, and +other programs for manipulating the manual pages. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<samp>manpages</samp>, which contains the system manual pages. (see <a +href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English +languages?, Section 4.8</a>). +</p> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +GNU-style `info' pages: User documentation for many commands, particularly GNU +tools, is available not in `man' pages, but in `info' files which can be read +by the GNU tool <samp>info</samp>, by running <samp>M-x info</samp> within GNU +Emacs, or with some other Info page viewer. +</p> + +<p> +Its main advantage over the original `man' pages are that it is a hypertext +system. It does <em>not</em> require the WWW, however; <samp>info</samp> can +be run from a plain text console. It was designed by Richard Stallman and +preceded the WWW. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +Note that you may access a lot of documentation on your system by using a WWW +browser, through `dwww', `dhelp' or `doccentral' commands, found in respective +packages. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-onlineresources"></a>11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</h2> + +<p> +Yes. In fact, the main method of support Debian provides to our users is by +the way of e-mail. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s11.2.1"></a>11.2.1 Mailing lists</h3> + +<p> +There are a lot of <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/">Debian-related mailing +lists</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +On a system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed there is a +complete list of mailing lists in +<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt</code>. +</p> + +<p> +Debian mailing lists are named following the pattern +debian-<var>list-subject</var>. Examples are debian-announce, debian-user, +debian-news. To subscribe to any list debian-<var>list-subject</var>, send +mail to debian-<var>list-subject</var>-request@lists.debian.org with the word +"subscribe" in the Subject: header. Be sure to remember to add +<em>-request</em> to the e-mail address when using this method to subscribe or +unsubscribe. Otherwise your e-mail will go to the list itself, which could be +embarrassing or annoying, depending on your point of view. +</p> + +<p> +If you have a forms-capable World Wide Web browser, you can subscribe to +mailing lists using the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe">WWW form</a></code>. You +can also un-subscribe using a <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe">WWW form</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +The list manager's e-mail address is <code><a +href="mailto:listmaster@lists.debian.org">listmaster@lists.debian.org</a></code>, +in case you have any trouble. +</p> + +<p> +The mailing lists are public forums. All e-mails sent to the lists are also +copied to the public archive, for anybody (even non-subscribers) to browse or +search. Please make sure you never send any confidential or unlicensed +material to the lists. This includes things like e-mail addresses. Of +particular note is the fact that spammers have been known to abuse e-mail +addresses posted to our mailing lists. See the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/index.en.html#disclaimer">Mailing +Lists Privacy policy</a></code> for more information. +</p> + +<p> +Archives of the Debian mailing lists are available via WWW at <code><a +href="http://lists.debian.org/">http://lists.debian.org/</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h4><a name="s-mailinglistconduct"></a>11.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?</h4> + +<p> +When using the Debian mailing lists, please follow these rules: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Do not send spam. See the <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#ads">Debian mailing list advertising +policy</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Do not flame; it is not polite. The people developing Debian are all +volunteers, donating their time, energy and money in an attempt to bring the +Debian project together. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Do not use foul language; besides, some people receive the lists via packet +radio, where swearing is illegal. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Make sure that you are using the proper list. <em>Never</em> post your +(un)subscription requests to the mailing list itself[<a +href="footnotes.en.html#f6" name="fr6">6</a>] +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +See section <a href="#s-bugreport">How do I report a bug in Debian?, Section +11.5</a> for notes on reporting bugs. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s11.2.2"></a>11.2.2 Maintainers</h3> + +<p> +Users can address questions to individual package maintainers using e-mail. To +reach a maintainer of a package called xyz, send e-mail to +<em>xyz@packages.debian.org</em>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s11.2.3"></a>11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</h3> + +<p> +Users should post non-Debian-specific questions to one of the Linux USENET +groups, which are named comp.os.linux.* or linux.*. There are several lists of +Linux Usenet newsgroups and other related resources on the WWW, e.g. on the +<code><a href="http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html">Linux Online</a></code> +and <code><a +href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php">LinuxJournal</a></code> sites. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-searchtools"></a>11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> + +<p> +There is a variety of search engines that serve documentation related to +Debian: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a href="http://search.debian.org/">Debian WWW search site</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a href="http://groups.google.com/">Google Groups</a></code>: a search +engine for newsgroups. +</p> + +<p> +For example, to find out what experiences people have had with finding drivers +for Promise controllers under Debian, try searching on the phrase <samp>Promise +Linux driver</samp>. This will show you all the postings that contain these +strings, i.e. those where people discussed these topics. If you add +<samp>Debian</samp> to those search strings, you'll also get the postings +specifically related to Debian. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Any of the common web spidering engines, such as <code><a +href="http://www.altavista.com/">AltaVista</a></code> or <code><a +href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a></code>, as long as you use the right +search terms. +</p> + +<p> +For example, searching on the string "cgi-perl" gives a more detailed +explanation of this package than the brief description field in its control +file. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-buglogs"></a>11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</h2> + +<p> +Reports on unsolved (and closed) issues are publicly available: Debian +promissed to do so by stating "We will not hide problems" in the +<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian Social +Contract</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux distribution has a bug tracking system (BTS) which files +details of bugs reported by users and developers. Each bug is given a number, +and is kept on file until it is marked as having been dealt with. +</p> + +<p> +Copies of this information are available at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/</a></code>. +</p> + +<p> +A mail server provides access to the bug tracking system database via e-mail. +In order to get the instructions, send an e-mail to request@bugs.debian.org +with "help" in the body. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-bugreport"></a>11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</h2> + +<p> +If you have found a bug in Debian, please read the instructions for reporting a +bug in Debian. These instructions can be obtained in one of several ways: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +By anonymous FTP. Debian mirror sites contain the instructions in the file +<samp>doc/bug-reporting.txt</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +From the WWW. A copy of the instructions is shown at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting</a></code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +On any Debian system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed. The +instructions are in the file +<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt</code>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<p> +You can use the package <code>reportbug</code> that will guide you through the +reporting process and mail the message to the proper address, with some extra +details about your system added automatically. It will also show you a list of +bugs already reported to the package you are reporting against in case your bug +has been reported previously, so that you can additional information to the +existing bug report. +</p> + +<p> +If you want to mail the report with an e-mail program, send a message to +<code><a +href="mailto:submit@bugs.debian.org">submit@bugs.debian.org</a></code>. The +message's first line must be similar to +</p> + +<pre> + Package: package-name +</pre> + +<p> +(replace <var>package-name</var> with the name of the package). The next line +should relate the package version number in a similar way: +</p> + +<pre> + Version: version-number +</pre> + +<p> +The version number for any package installed on your system can be obtained +using the command line +</p> + +<pre> + dpkg -s <var>package-name</var> +</pre> + +<p> +This section is referred to as the pseudo-header. The rest of the message +should contain the description of the bug (please make it moderately detailed), +the Debian release you are using, and versions of other relevant packages. The +Debian release number will be displayed by the command +</p> + +<pre> + cat /etc/debian_version +</pre> + +<p> +Expect to get an automatic acknowledgement of your bug report. It will also be +automatically given a bug tracking number, entered into the bug log and +forwarded to the debian-bugs-dist mailing list. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ 11 ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b271f29 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-uptodate"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ 8 ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 8 - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date +</h1> + +<hr> + +<p> +A Debian goal is to provide a consistent upgrade path and a secure upgrade +process. We always do our best to make upgrading to new releases a smooth +procedure. In case there's some important note to add to the upgrade process, +the packages will alert the user, and often provide a solution to a possible +problem. +</p> + +<p> +You should also read the Release Notes document that describes the details of +specific upgrades. It is shipped on all Debian CDs and available on the WWW at +<code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-libc5to6upgrade"></a>8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</h2> + +<p> +There are several ways to upgrade: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Using a simple shell script called <samp>autoup.sh</samp> which upgrades the +most important packages. After <samp>autoup.sh</samp> has done his job, you +may use dselect to install the remaining packages <em>en masse</em>. This is +probably the recommended method, but not the only one. +</p> + +<p> +Currently, the latest release of <samp>autoup.sh</samp> may be found on the +following locations: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/">http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/</a></code> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a +href="http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/">http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/</a></code> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a +href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/">http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/</a></code> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Following closely the <code><a +href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/HOWTO/libc5-libc6-Mini-HOWTO.html">Debian +libc5 to libc6 Mini-HOWTO</a></code> and upgrade the most important packages by +hand. <samp>autoup.sh</samp> is based on this Mini-HOWTO, so this method +should work more or less like using <samp>autoup.sh</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Using a libc5-based <samp>apt</samp>. APT stands for Advanced Package Tool, +and it might replace dselect some day. Currently, it works just as a +command-line interface, or as a dselect access method. You will find a libc5 +version in the <samp>dists/slink/main/upgrade-older-i386</samp> directory at +the Debian archives. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Using just dselect, without upgrading any package by hand first. It is highly +recommended that you do NOT use this method if you can avoid it, because +dselect alone currently does not install packages in the optimal order. APT +works much better and it is safer. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-howtocurrent"></a>8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</h2> + +<p> +One could simply execute an anonymous ftp call to a Debian archive, then peruse +the directories until one finds the desired file, and then fetch it, and +finally install it using <samp>dpkg</samp>. Note that <samp>dpkg</samp> will +install upgrade files in place, even on a running system. Sometimes, a revised +package will require the installation of a newly revised version of another +package, in which case the installation will fail until/unless the other +package is installed. +</p> + +<p> +Many people find this approach much too time-consuming, since Debian evolves so +quickly -- typically, a dozen or more new packages are uploaded every week. +This number is larger just before a new major release. To deal with this +avalanche, many people prefer to use a more automated method. Several +different packages are available for this purpose: +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-aptitude-upgrade"></a>8.2.1 aptitude</h3> + +<p> +APT is an advanced interface to the Debian packaging system. It features +complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and several other +unique features, see the User's Guide in +<samp>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</samp> (you will have to +install the <samp>apt-doc</samp> package). +</p> + +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> is the recommended package manager for Debian GNU/Linux +systems. It is a text-based interface to APT using the curses library, and can +be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way. +</p> + +<p> +Before you can use <code>aptitude</code>, you'll have to edit the +<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up. If you wish to upgrade +to the latest stable version of Debian, you'll probably want to use a source +like this one: +</p> + +<pre> + http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free +</pre> + +<p> +You can replace http.us.debian.org with the name of a faster Debian mirror near +you. See the mirror list at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors">http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors</a></code> +for more information. +</p> + +<p> +More details on this can be found in the <code>sources.list(8)</code> manual +page. +</p> + +<p> +To update your system, run +</p> + +<pre> + aptitude update +</pre> + +<p> +followed by +</p> + +<pre> + aptitude dist-upgrade +</pre> + +<p> +Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See +also <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-apt"></a>8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</h3> + +<p> +<code>apt-get</code> is an APT-based command-line tool for handling packages, +and the APT dselect method is an interface to APT through <code>dselect</code>. +Both of these provide a simple, safe way to install and upgrade packages. +</p> + +<p> +To use <code>apt-get</code>, install the <code>apt</code> package, and edit the +<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up, just as for <a +href="#s-aptitude-upgrade">aptitude, Section 8.2.1</a>. +</p> + +<p> +Then run +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get update +</pre> + +<p> +followed by +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get dist-upgrade +</pre> + +<p> +Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See +also the <code>apt-get(8)</code> manual page, as well as <a +href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">APT, Section 7.1.2</a>. +</p> + +<p> +To use APT with <code>dselect</code>, choose the APT access method in dselect's +method selection screen (option 0) and then specify the sources that should be +used. The configuration file is <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. See also +<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">dselect, Section 7.1.4</a>. +</p> + +<p> +If you want to use CDs to install packages, you can use <code>apt-cdrom</code>. +For details, please see the Release Notes, section "Setting up for an +upgrade from a local mirror". +</p> + +<p> +Please note that when you get and install the packages, you'll still have them +kept in your /var directory hierarchy. To keep your partition from +overflowing, remember to delete extra files using <samp>apt-get clean</samp> +and <samp>apt-get autoclean</samp>, or to move them someplace else (hint: use +<code>apt-move</code>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dpkg-ftp"></a>8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</h3> + +<p> +This is an older access method for <code>dselect</code>. It can be invoked +from within <code>dselect</code>, thereby allowing a user the ability to +download files and install them directly in one step. To do this, select the +<samp>ftp</samp> access method in <code>dselect</code> (option 0) and specify +the remote host name and directory. <code>dpkg-ftp</code> will then +automatically download the files that are selected (either in this session of +<code>dselect</code> or earlier ones). +</p> + +<p> +Note that, unlike the <code>mirror</code> program, <code>dpkg-ftp</code> does +not grab everything at a mirror site. Rather, it downloads only those files +which you have selected (when first starting up <code>dpkg-ftp</code>), and +which need to be updated. +</p> + +<p> +<code>dpkg-ftp</code> is somewhat obsolete. You should use the APT access +method with ftp:// URLs in <code>sources.list</code> instead. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-mirror"></a>8.2.4 mirror</h3> + +<p> +This Perl script, and its (optional) manager program called +<code>mirror-master</code>, can be used to fetch user-specified parts of a +directory tree from a specified host <em>via</em> anonymous FTP. +</p> + +<p> +<code>mirror</code> is particularly useful for downloading large volumes of +software. After the first time files have been downloaded from a site, a file +called <samp>.mirrorinfo</samp> is stored on the local host. Changes to the +remote file system are tracked automatically by <code>mirror</code>, which +compares this file to a similar file on the remote system and downloads only +changed files. +</p> + +<p> +The <code>mirror</code> program is generally useful for updating local copies +of remote directory trees. The files fetched need not be Debian files. (Since +<code>mirror</code> is a Perl script, it can also run on non-Unix systems.) +Though the <code>mirror</code> program provides mechanisms for excluding files +names of which match user-specified strings, this program is most useful when +the objective is to download whole directory trees, rather than selected +packages. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dpkg-mountable"></a>8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</h3> + +<p> +dpkg-mountable adds an access method called `mountable' to dselect's list, +which allows you to install from any file system specified in /etc/fstab. For +example, the archive could be a normal hard disk partition or an NFS server, +which it will automatically mount and umount for you if necessary. +</p> + +<p> +It also has some extra features not found in the standard dselect methods, such +as provision for a local file tree (either parallel to the main distribution or +totally separate), and only getting packages which are required, rather than +the time-consuming recursive directory scan, as well as logging of all dpkg +actions in the install method. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-upgradesingle"></a>8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</h2> + +<p> +No. Packages can be upgraded in place, even in running systems. Debian has a +<samp>start-stop-daemon</samp> program that is invoked to stop, then restart +running process if necessary during a package upgrade. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-savedebs"></a>8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</h2> + +<p> +No. If you have downloaded the files to your disk (which is not absolutely +necessary, see above for the description of dpkg-ftp), then after you have +installed the packages, you can remove them from your system. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-keepingalog"></a>8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</h2> + +<p> +Passing the <samp>--log</samp>-option to <code>dpkg</code> makes +<code>dpkg</code> log status change updates and actions. It logs both the +<code>dpkg</code>-invokation (e.g. +</p> + +<pre> + 2005-12-30 18:10:33 install hello 1.3.18 2.1.1-4 +</pre> + +<p> +) and the results (e.g. +</p> + +<pre> + 2005-12-30 18:10:35 status installed hello 2.1.1-4 +</pre> + +<p> +) If you'd like to log all your <code>dpkg</code> invokations (even those done +using frontends like <code>aptitude</code>), you could add +</p> + +<pre> + log /var/log/dpkg.log +</pre> + +<p> +to your <code>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg</code>. Be sure the created logfile gets +rotated periodically. If you're using <code>logrotate</code>, this can be +achieved by creating a file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/dpkg</code> with contents +</p> + +<pre> + /var/log/dpkg { + missingok + notifempty + } +</pre> + +<p> +More details on <code>dpkg</code> logging can be found in the +<code>dpkg(1)</code> manual page. +</p> + +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> logs the package installations, removals, and upgrades +that it intends to perform to <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. Note that the +<em>results</em> of those actions are not recorded in this file! +</p> + +<p> +Another way to record your actions is to run your package management session +within the <code>script(1)</code> program. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ 8 ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b271f29 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="ch-uptodate"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ 8 ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Chapter 8 - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date +</h1> + +<hr> + +<p> +A Debian goal is to provide a consistent upgrade path and a secure upgrade +process. We always do our best to make upgrading to new releases a smooth +procedure. In case there's some important note to add to the upgrade process, +the packages will alert the user, and often provide a solution to a possible +problem. +</p> + +<p> +You should also read the Release Notes document that describes the details of +specific upgrades. It is shipped on all Debian CDs and available on the WWW at +<code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-libc5to6upgrade"></a>8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</h2> + +<p> +There are several ways to upgrade: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Using a simple shell script called <samp>autoup.sh</samp> which upgrades the +most important packages. After <samp>autoup.sh</samp> has done his job, you +may use dselect to install the remaining packages <em>en masse</em>. This is +probably the recommended method, but not the only one. +</p> + +<p> +Currently, the latest release of <samp>autoup.sh</samp> may be found on the +following locations: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/">http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/</a></code> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a +href="http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/">http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/</a></code> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +<code><a +href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/">http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/</a></code> +</p> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Following closely the <code><a +href="http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/HOWTO/libc5-libc6-Mini-HOWTO.html">Debian +libc5 to libc6 Mini-HOWTO</a></code> and upgrade the most important packages by +hand. <samp>autoup.sh</samp> is based on this Mini-HOWTO, so this method +should work more or less like using <samp>autoup.sh</samp>. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Using a libc5-based <samp>apt</samp>. APT stands for Advanced Package Tool, +and it might replace dselect some day. Currently, it works just as a +command-line interface, or as a dselect access method. You will find a libc5 +version in the <samp>dists/slink/main/upgrade-older-i386</samp> directory at +the Debian archives. +</p> +</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> +<p> +Using just dselect, without upgrading any package by hand first. It is highly +recommended that you do NOT use this method if you can avoid it, because +dselect alone currently does not install packages in the optimal order. APT +works much better and it is safer. +</p> +</li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-howtocurrent"></a>8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</h2> + +<p> +One could simply execute an anonymous ftp call to a Debian archive, then peruse +the directories until one finds the desired file, and then fetch it, and +finally install it using <samp>dpkg</samp>. Note that <samp>dpkg</samp> will +install upgrade files in place, even on a running system. Sometimes, a revised +package will require the installation of a newly revised version of another +package, in which case the installation will fail until/unless the other +package is installed. +</p> + +<p> +Many people find this approach much too time-consuming, since Debian evolves so +quickly -- typically, a dozen or more new packages are uploaded every week. +This number is larger just before a new major release. To deal with this +avalanche, many people prefer to use a more automated method. Several +different packages are available for this purpose: +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-aptitude-upgrade"></a>8.2.1 aptitude</h3> + +<p> +APT is an advanced interface to the Debian packaging system. It features +complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and several other +unique features, see the User's Guide in +<samp>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</samp> (you will have to +install the <samp>apt-doc</samp> package). +</p> + +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> is the recommended package manager for Debian GNU/Linux +systems. It is a text-based interface to APT using the curses library, and can +be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way. +</p> + +<p> +Before you can use <code>aptitude</code>, you'll have to edit the +<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up. If you wish to upgrade +to the latest stable version of Debian, you'll probably want to use a source +like this one: +</p> + +<pre> + http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free +</pre> + +<p> +You can replace http.us.debian.org with the name of a faster Debian mirror near +you. See the mirror list at <code><a +href="http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors">http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors</a></code> +for more information. +</p> + +<p> +More details on this can be found in the <code>sources.list(8)</code> manual +page. +</p> + +<p> +To update your system, run +</p> + +<pre> + aptitude update +</pre> + +<p> +followed by +</p> + +<pre> + aptitude dist-upgrade +</pre> + +<p> +Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See +also <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 7.1.3</a>. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-apt"></a>8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</h3> + +<p> +<code>apt-get</code> is an APT-based command-line tool for handling packages, +and the APT dselect method is an interface to APT through <code>dselect</code>. +Both of these provide a simple, safe way to install and upgrade packages. +</p> + +<p> +To use <code>apt-get</code>, install the <code>apt</code> package, and edit the +<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up, just as for <a +href="#s-aptitude-upgrade">aptitude, Section 8.2.1</a>. +</p> + +<p> +Then run +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get update +</pre> + +<p> +followed by +</p> + +<pre> + apt-get dist-upgrade +</pre> + +<p> +Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See +also the <code>apt-get(8)</code> manual page, as well as <a +href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">APT, Section 7.1.2</a>. +</p> + +<p> +To use APT with <code>dselect</code>, choose the APT access method in dselect's +method selection screen (option 0) and then specify the sources that should be +used. The configuration file is <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. See also +<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">dselect, Section 7.1.4</a>. +</p> + +<p> +If you want to use CDs to install packages, you can use <code>apt-cdrom</code>. +For details, please see the Release Notes, section "Setting up for an +upgrade from a local mirror". +</p> + +<p> +Please note that when you get and install the packages, you'll still have them +kept in your /var directory hierarchy. To keep your partition from +overflowing, remember to delete extra files using <samp>apt-get clean</samp> +and <samp>apt-get autoclean</samp>, or to move them someplace else (hint: use +<code>apt-move</code>). +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dpkg-ftp"></a>8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</h3> + +<p> +This is an older access method for <code>dselect</code>. It can be invoked +from within <code>dselect</code>, thereby allowing a user the ability to +download files and install them directly in one step. To do this, select the +<samp>ftp</samp> access method in <code>dselect</code> (option 0) and specify +the remote host name and directory. <code>dpkg-ftp</code> will then +automatically download the files that are selected (either in this session of +<code>dselect</code> or earlier ones). +</p> + +<p> +Note that, unlike the <code>mirror</code> program, <code>dpkg-ftp</code> does +not grab everything at a mirror site. Rather, it downloads only those files +which you have selected (when first starting up <code>dpkg-ftp</code>), and +which need to be updated. +</p> + +<p> +<code>dpkg-ftp</code> is somewhat obsolete. You should use the APT access +method with ftp:// URLs in <code>sources.list</code> instead. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-mirror"></a>8.2.4 mirror</h3> + +<p> +This Perl script, and its (optional) manager program called +<code>mirror-master</code>, can be used to fetch user-specified parts of a +directory tree from a specified host <em>via</em> anonymous FTP. +</p> + +<p> +<code>mirror</code> is particularly useful for downloading large volumes of +software. After the first time files have been downloaded from a site, a file +called <samp>.mirrorinfo</samp> is stored on the local host. Changes to the +remote file system are tracked automatically by <code>mirror</code>, which +compares this file to a similar file on the remote system and downloads only +changed files. +</p> + +<p> +The <code>mirror</code> program is generally useful for updating local copies +of remote directory trees. The files fetched need not be Debian files. (Since +<code>mirror</code> is a Perl script, it can also run on non-Unix systems.) +Though the <code>mirror</code> program provides mechanisms for excluding files +names of which match user-specified strings, this program is most useful when +the objective is to download whole directory trees, rather than selected +packages. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h3><a name="s-dpkg-mountable"></a>8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</h3> + +<p> +dpkg-mountable adds an access method called `mountable' to dselect's list, +which allows you to install from any file system specified in /etc/fstab. For +example, the archive could be a normal hard disk partition or an NFS server, +which it will automatically mount and umount for you if necessary. +</p> + +<p> +It also has some extra features not found in the standard dselect methods, such +as provision for a local file tree (either parallel to the main distribution or +totally separate), and only getting packages which are required, rather than +the time-consuming recursive directory scan, as well as logging of all dpkg +actions in the install method. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-upgradesingle"></a>8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</h2> + +<p> +No. Packages can be upgraded in place, even in running systems. Debian has a +<samp>start-stop-daemon</samp> program that is invoked to stop, then restart +running process if necessary during a package upgrade. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-savedebs"></a>8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</h2> + +<p> +No. If you have downloaded the files to your disk (which is not absolutely +necessary, see above for the description of dpkg-ftp), then after you have +installed the packages, you can remove them from your system. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="s-keepingalog"></a>8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</h2> + +<p> +Passing the <samp>--log</samp>-option to <code>dpkg</code> makes +<code>dpkg</code> log status change updates and actions. It logs both the +<code>dpkg</code>-invokation (e.g. +</p> + +<pre> + 2005-12-30 18:10:33 install hello 1.3.18 2.1.1-4 +</pre> + +<p> +) and the results (e.g. +</p> + +<pre> + 2005-12-30 18:10:35 status installed hello 2.1.1-4 +</pre> + +<p> +) If you'd like to log all your <code>dpkg</code> invokations (even those done +using frontends like <code>aptitude</code>), you could add +</p> + +<pre> + log /var/log/dpkg.log +</pre> + +<p> +to your <code>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg</code>. Be sure the created logfile gets +rotated periodically. If you're using <code>logrotate</code>, this can be +achieved by creating a file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/dpkg</code> with contents +</p> + +<pre> + /var/log/dpkg { + missingok + notifempty + } +</pre> + +<p> +More details on <code>dpkg</code> logging can be found in the +<code>dpkg(1)</code> manual page. +</p> + +<p> +<code>aptitude</code> logs the package installations, removals, and upgrades +that it intends to perform to <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. Note that the +<em>results</em> of those actions are not recorded in this file! +</p> + +<p> +Another way to record your actions is to run your package management session +within the <code>script(1)</code> program. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ 8 ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d5b7d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Footnotes</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Footnotes</h1> + +<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr1" name="f1">1</a></h2> + +<p> +When the present-day sid did not exist, the FTP site organization had one major +flaw: there was an assumption that when an architecture is created in the +current unstable, it will be released when that distribution becomes the new +stable. For many architectures that isn't the case, with the result that those +directories had to be moved at release time. This was impractical because the +move would chew up lots of bandwidth. +</p> + +<p> +The archive administrators worked around this problem for several years by +placing binaries for unreleased architectures in a special directory called +"sid". For those architectures not yet released, the first time they +were released there was a link from the current stable to sid, and from then on +they were created inside the unstable tree as normal. This layout was somewhat +confusing to users. +</p> + +<p> +With the advent of package pools (see <a href="#s-pools">What's in the +<samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>), binary packages began to be +stored in a canonical location in the pool, regardless of the distribution, so +releasing a distribution no longer causes large bandwidth consumption on the +mirrors (there is, however, a lot of gradual bandwidth consumption throughout +the development process). +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr2" name="f2">2</a></h2> + +<p> +<samp>dists/stable/main</samp>, <samp>dists/stable/contrib</samp>, +<samp>dists/stable/non-free</samp>, and <samp>dists/unstable/main/</samp>, etc. +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr3" name="f3">3</a></h2> + +<p> +Historically, packages were kept in the subdirectory of <samp>dists</samp> +corresponding to which distribution contained them. This turned out to cause +various problems, such as large bandwidth consumption on mirrors when major +changes were made. This was fixed with the introduction of the package pool. +</p> + +<p> +The <samp>dists</samp> directories are still used for the index files used by +programs like <samp>apt</samp>. You may also still see paths containing +<samp>dists/potato</samp> or <samp>dists/woody</samp> in the Filename header +field of some older packages. +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr4" name="f4">4</a></h2> + +<p> +Notice that there are ports that make this tool available with other package +management systems, like Red Hat package manager, also known as +<code>rpm</code> +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr5" name="f5">5</a></h2> + +<p> +Although this can also lead to systems with more packages installed than they +actually need to work. +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-support.en.html#fr6" name="f6">6</a></h2> + +<p> +Use the debian-<var>list-subject</var>-REQUEST@lists.debian.org address for +that. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d5b7d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Footnotes</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br>Footnotes</h1> + +<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr1" name="f1">1</a></h2> + +<p> +When the present-day sid did not exist, the FTP site organization had one major +flaw: there was an assumption that when an architecture is created in the +current unstable, it will be released when that distribution becomes the new +stable. For many architectures that isn't the case, with the result that those +directories had to be moved at release time. This was impractical because the +move would chew up lots of bandwidth. +</p> + +<p> +The archive administrators worked around this problem for several years by +placing binaries for unreleased architectures in a special directory called +"sid". For those architectures not yet released, the first time they +were released there was a link from the current stable to sid, and from then on +they were created inside the unstable tree as normal. This layout was somewhat +confusing to users. +</p> + +<p> +With the advent of package pools (see <a href="#s-pools">What's in the +<samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>), binary packages began to be +stored in a canonical location in the pool, regardless of the distribution, so +releasing a distribution no longer causes large bandwidth consumption on the +mirrors (there is, however, a lot of gradual bandwidth consumption throughout +the development process). +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr2" name="f2">2</a></h2> + +<p> +<samp>dists/stable/main</samp>, <samp>dists/stable/contrib</samp>, +<samp>dists/stable/non-free</samp>, and <samp>dists/unstable/main/</samp>, etc. +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr3" name="f3">3</a></h2> + +<p> +Historically, packages were kept in the subdirectory of <samp>dists</samp> +corresponding to which distribution contained them. This turned out to cause +various problems, such as large bandwidth consumption on mirrors when major +changes were made. This was fixed with the introduction of the package pool. +</p> + +<p> +The <samp>dists</samp> directories are still used for the index files used by +programs like <samp>apt</samp>. You may also still see paths containing +<samp>dists/potato</samp> or <samp>dists/woody</samp> in the Filename header +field of some older packages. +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr4" name="f4">4</a></h2> + +<p> +Notice that there are ports that make this tool available with other package +management systems, like Red Hat package manager, also known as +<code>rpm</code> +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr5" name="f5">5</a></h2> + +<p> +Although this can also lead to systems with more packages installed than they +actually need to work. +</p> + +<h2><a href="ch-support.en.html#fr6" name="f6">6</a></h2> + +<p> +Use the debian-<var>list-subject</var>-REQUEST@lists.debian.org address for +that. +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.en.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.en.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..952a225 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.en.html @@ -0,0 +1,311 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="index"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br></h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="abstract"></a>Abstract</h2> + +<p> +This document answers questions frequently asked about Debian GNU/Linux. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="copyright"></a>Copyright Notice</h2> + +<p> +Copyright © 1996-2005 by Software in the Public Interest +</p> + +<p> +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document +provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all +copies. +</p> + +<p> +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document +under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting +derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to +this one. +</p> + +<p> +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into +another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that +this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free +Software Foundation instead of in the original English. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="contents"></a>Contents</h2> + +<ul> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1 Definitions and overview</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq">1.1 What is this FAQ?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian">1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux">1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux">1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference">1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu">1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation">1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html">2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version">2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable">2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies">2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom">2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks">2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimages">2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-floppy">2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall">2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html">3 Compatibility issues</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs">3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages">3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5">3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5-compile">3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs">3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap">3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx">3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls">3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html">4 Software available in the Debian system</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors">4.2 Who wrote all that software?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist">4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing">4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs">4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-java">4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian">4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-usexports">4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">4.10 Where is pine?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail">4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5 The Debian FTP archives</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames">5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames">5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames">5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid">5.4 What about "sid"?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable">5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing">5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen">5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable">5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections">5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source">5.9 Where is the source code?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools">5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming">5.11 What is "incoming"?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository">5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6 Basics of the Debian package management system</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package">6.1 What is a Debian package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format">6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname">6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">6.4 What is a Debian control file?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority">6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual">6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends">6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends">6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus">6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold">6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs">6.13 How do I install a source package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild">6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs">6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7 The Debian package management tools</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs">7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg">7.1.1 dpkg</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">7.1.2 APT</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">7.1.3 aptitude</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">7.1.4 dselect</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra">7.1.5 Other package management tools</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning">7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages">7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch">7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages">7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-libc5to6upgrade">8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent">8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade">8.2.1 aptitude</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-ftp">8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror">8.2.4 mirror</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle">8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs">8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog">8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9 Debian and the kernel</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel">9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel">9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk">9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules">9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel">9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize">10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess">10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont">10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults">10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting">10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts">10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles">10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages">10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html">11 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources">11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.1">11.2.1 Mailing lists</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.2">11.2.2 Maintainers</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.3">11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools">11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport">11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12 Contributing to the Debian Project</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources">12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations">12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI">12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF">12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</a></li> +</ul></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds">13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree">13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs">13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-security">14.1 Increased security</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n">14.2 Extended support for non-English users</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches">14.3 More architectures</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels">14.4 More kernels</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15 General information about the FAQ</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">15.1 Authors</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">15.2 Feedback</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest">15.3 Availability</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat">15.4 Document format</a></li> +</ul></li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.html b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..952a225 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,311 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ</title> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><a name="index"></a></p> +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<h1> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +<br></h1> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="abstract"></a>Abstract</h2> + +<p> +This document answers questions frequently asked about Debian GNU/Linux. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="copyright"></a>Copyright Notice</h2> + +<p> +Copyright © 1996-2005 by Software in the Public Interest +</p> + +<p> +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document +provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all +copies. +</p> + +<p> +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document +under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting +derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to +this one. +</p> + +<p> +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into +another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that +this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free +Software Foundation instead of in the original English. +</p> + +<hr> + +<h2><a name="contents"></a>Contents</h2> + +<ul> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1 Definitions and overview</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq">1.1 What is this FAQ?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian">1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux">1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux">1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference">1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu">1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation">1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html">2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version">2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable">2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies">2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom">2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks">2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimages">2.6 I have my own CD-writer, are there CD images available somewhere?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-floppy">2.7 Can I install it from a pile of floppy disks?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall">2.8 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html">3 Compatibility issues</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">3.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs">3.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">3.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages">3.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5">3.5 Is Debian able to run my old libc5 programs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-libc5-compile">3.6 Can Debian be used to compile libc5 programs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs">3.7 How should I install a non-Debian program?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap">3.8 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx">3.9 Why can't I install AccelX?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls">3.10 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html">4 Software available in the Debian system</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">4.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors">4.2 Who wrote all that software?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist">4.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing">4.4 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs">4.5 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-java">4.6 (How) Does Debian support Java?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian">4.7 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">4.8 How does Debian support non-English languages?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-usexports">4.9 What about the US export regulation limitations?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">4.10 Where is pine?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail">4.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5 The Debian FTP archives</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames">5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames">5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames">5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid">5.4 What about "sid"?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable">5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing">5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen">5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable">5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections">5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source">5.9 Where is the source code?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools">5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming">5.11 What is "incoming"?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository">5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6 Basics of the Debian package management system</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package">6.1 What is a Debian package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format">6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname">6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">6.4 What is a Debian control file?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority">6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual">6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends">6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends">6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus">6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold">6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs">6.13 How do I install a source package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild">6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs">6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7 The Debian package management tools</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs">7.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg">7.1.1 dpkg</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">7.1.2 APT</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">7.1.3 aptitude</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">7.1.4 dselect</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra">7.1.5 Other package management tools</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning">7.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages">7.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch">7.4 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages">7.5 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-libc5to6upgrade">8.1 How can I upgrade my Debian 1.3.1 (or earlier) distribution, based on libc5, to 2.0 (or later), based on libc6?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent">8.2 How can I keep my Debian system current?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade">8.2.1 aptitude</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">8.2.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-ftp">8.2.3 dpkg-ftp</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror">8.2.4 mirror</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">8.2.5 dpkg-mountable</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle">8.3 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs">8.4 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog">8.5 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9 Debian and the kernel</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel">9.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel">9.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk">9.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules">9.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel">9.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize">10.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess">10.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont">10.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults">10.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting">10.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts">10.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles">10.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">10.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages">10.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">10.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html">11 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">11.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources">11.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.1">11.2.1 Mailing lists</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.2">11.2.2 Maintainers</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s11.2.3">11.2.3 Usenet newsgroups</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools">11.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">11.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport">11.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12 Contributing to the Debian Project</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">12.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources">12.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations">12.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI">12.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF">12.3.2 Free Software Foundation</a></li> +</ul></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds">13.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree">13.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">13.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs">13.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-security">14.1 Increased security</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n">14.2 Extended support for non-English users</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches">14.3 More architectures</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels">14.4 More kernels</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15 General information about the FAQ</a></li> +<li><ul> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">15.1 Authors</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">15.2 Feedback</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest">15.3 Availability</a></li> +<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat">15.4 Document format</a></li> +</ul></li> +</ul> + +<hr> + +<p> +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ] +[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] +[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ] +</p> + +<hr> + +<p> +The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ +</p> + +<address> +version 3.1.3, 25 April 2006<br> +<br> +Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> +<br> +</address> +<hr> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/bug-log-access.txt b/includes/common/doc/bug-log-access.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8fa75f --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/bug-log-access.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Methods of accessing the bug tracking system logs + +Accessing active bug reports + + Each message received at or sent by the bug processing system is + logged and made available in a number of ways. + + The primary access method is to use the web pages. See the forms on + the main BTS page at http://bugs.debian.org/ + + There is a mailserver which can send bug reports as plain text on + request. To use it send the word help as the sole contents of an email + to request@bugs.debian.org (the Subject of the message is ignored), or + read the instructions on the World Wide Web or in the file + bug-log-mailserver.txt. + +Accessing archived bug reports + + Each closed bug report is archived 28 days after the last message + relating to it is received and filed. This means that it is no longer + possible to access it or change anything about it using the control + and service bots. However, the reports are still accessible for + viewing. + + You can search the bug report archive using the WWW forms at + http://bugs.debian.org/, simply select the "archived bugs" option. + + Note that it doesn't contain the oldest closed bug reports, only those + after #40000, approximately. + +Accessing the raw bug data + + If you need to get hold of the raw data used by the bug tracking + system, you can mirror it using rsync from bugs-mirror.debian.org. The + relevant modules are bts-spool-db (for the active bug spool), + bts-spool-archive (for bugs that have been closed for a while and thus + archived), and bts-spool-index (for the bug index files). + + At the time of writing, the active spool is about 2.5GB and the + archived spool is about 10GB. If you only need a sample for testing + purposes, please consider downloading only part of the active spool + rather than the whole thing. + + Please do not rely on *.status files in the bug spools, as they are + obsolete, for compatibility purposes only, and will be removed at some + point in the future. Use the *.summary files instead. + _________________________________________________________________ + + Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> + + Debian bug tracking system + Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, + 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. + _________________________________________________________________ + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/bug-log-mailserver.txt b/includes/common/doc/bug-log-mailserver.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa28efc --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/bug-log-mailserver.txt @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +Introduction to the bug system request server + + There is a mailserver which can send the bug reports and indices as + plain text on request. + + To use it you send a mail message to request@bugs.debian.org. The + Subject of the message is ignored, except for generating the Subject + of the reply. + + The body you send should be a series of commands, one per line. You'll + receive a reply which looks like a transcript of your message being + interpreted, with a response to each command. No notifications are + sent to anyone for the commands listed here and the mail isn't logged + anywhere publicly available. + + Any text on a line starting with a hash sign # is ignored; the server + will stop processing when it finds a line starting with quit, stop, + thank or two hyphens (to avoid parsing a signature). It will also stop + if it encounters too many unrecognised or badly-formatted commands. If + no commands are successfully handled it will send the help text for + the server. + +Commands available + + send bugnumber + send-detail bugnumber + Requests the transcript for the bug report in question. + send-detail sends all of the `boring' messages in the + transcript as well, such as the various auto-acks. + + index [full] + index-summary by-package + index-summary by-number + Request the full index (with full details, and including done + and forwarded reports), or the summary sorted by package or by + number, respectively. + + index-maint + Requests the index page giving the list of maintainers with + bugs (open and recently-closed) in the tracking system. + + index maint maintainer + Requests the index pages of bugs in the system for the + maintainer maintainer. The search term is an exact match. The + bug index will be sent in a separate message. + + index-packages + Requests the index page giving the list of packages with bugs + (open and recently-closed) in the tracking system. + + index packages package + Requests the index pages of bugs in the system for the package + package. The search term is an exact match. The bug index will + be sent in a separate message. + + send-unmatched [this|0] + send-unmatched last|-1 + send-unmatched old|-2 + Requests logs of messages not matched to a particular bug + report, for this week, last week and the week before. (Each + week ends on a Wednesday.) + + getinfo filename + Request a file containing information about package(s) and or + maintainer(s) - the files available are: + + maintainers + The unified list of packages' maintainers, as used by the + tracking system. This is derived from information in the + Packages files, override files and pseudo-packages files. + + override.distribution + override.distribution.non-free + override.distribution.contrib + override.experimental + Information about the priorities and sections of packages + and overriding values for the maintainers. This + information is used by the process which generates the + Packages files in the FTP archive. Information is + available for each of the main distribution trees + available, by their codewords. + + pseudo-packages.description + pseudo-packages.maintainers + List of descriptions and maintainers respectively for + pseudo-packages. + + refcard + Requests that the mailservers' reference card be sent in plain + ASCII. + + help + Requests that this help document be sent by email in plain + ASCII. + + quit + stop + thank... + --... + Stops processing at this point of the message. After this you + may include any text you like, and it will be ignored. You can + use this to include longer comments than are suitable for #, + for example for the benefit of human readers of your message + (reading it via the tracking system logs or due to a CC or + BCC). + + #... + One-line comment. The # must be at the start of the line. + + debug level + Sets the debugging level to level, which should be a + nonnegative integer. 0 is no debugging; 1 is usually + sufficient. The debugging output appears in the transcript. It + is not likely to be useful to general users of the bug system. + + There is a reference card for the mailservers, available via the WWW, + in bug-mailserver-refcard.txt or by email using the refcard command + (see above). + + If you wish to manipulate bug reports you should use the + control@bugs.debian.org address, which understands a superset of the + commands listed above. This is described in another document, + available on the WWW, in the file bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt, or by + sending help to control@bugs. + + In case you are reading this as a plain text file or via email: an + HTML version is available via the bug system main contents page + http://www.debian.org/Bugs/. + _________________________________________________________________ + + Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> + + Debian bug tracking system + Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, + 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. + _________________________________________________________________ + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/bug-mailserver-refcard.txt b/includes/common/doc/bug-mailserver-refcard.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3ce545 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/bug-mailserver-refcard.txt @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +Mail servers' reference card + + Full documentation of the mail servers is available on the WWW, in the + files bug-log-mailserver.txt and bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt or by + sending the word help to each mailserver. + +Synopsis of commands available at request@bugs.debian.org + + * send bugnumber + * send-detail bugnumber + * index [full] + * index-summary by-package + * index-summary by-number + * index-maint + * index maint maintainer + * index-packages + * index packages package + * send-unmatched [this|0] + * send-unmatched last|-1 + * send-unmatched old|-2 + * getinfo filename (ftp.debian.org/debian/doc/*) + * help + * refcard + * quit|stop|thank...|--... + * #... (comment) + * debug level + +Synopsis of extra commands available at control@bugs.debian.org + + * reassign bugnumber package [ version ] + * severity bugnumber severity + * reopen bugnumber [ originator-address | = | ! ] + * found bugnumber [ version ] + * notfound bugnumber version + * submitter bugnumber originator-address | ! + * forwarded bugnumber address + * notforwarded bugnumber + * owner bugnumber address | ! + * noowner bugnumber + * retitle bugnumber new-title + * clone bugnumber NewID [ new IDs ... ] + * merge bugnumber bugnumber ... + * unmerge bugnumber + * forcemerge bugnumber bugnumber ... + * tag bugnumber [ + | - | = ] tag [ tag ... ] + * block bugnumber by bug ... + * unblock bugnumber by bug ... + * close bugnumber [ fixed-version ] (deprecated - you must + separately tell originator why, see "Closing bug reports" instead) + + reopen with = or no originator address leaves the originator as the + original submitter; ! sets it to you, the person doing the reopen. + + Severities are critical, grave, serious, important, normal, minor, and + wishlist. + + Tags currently include patch, wontfix, moreinfo, unreproducible, help, + pending, fixed, security, upstream, confirmed, fixed-upstream, + fixed-in-experimental, d-i, ipv6, lfs, l10n, potato, woody, sarge, + sarge-ignore, etch, etch-ignore, sid, and experimental. + +Synopsis of bug submission and followup addresses + + * nnn[ -submit | ] + * nnn-maintonly + * nnn-quiet + * nnn-forwarded + * nnn-request + * nnn-submitter + * nnn-done + * nnn-close + * nnn-subscribe + _________________________________________________________________ + + Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> + + Debian bug tracking system + Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, + 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. + _________________________________________________________________ + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/bug-maint-info.txt b/includes/common/doc/bug-maint-info.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a450eb --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/bug-maint-info.txt @@ -0,0 +1,396 @@ +Developers' information regarding the bug processing system + + Initially, a bug report is submitted by a user as an ordinary mail + message to submit@bugs.debian.org. This will then be given a number, + acknowledged to the user, and forwarded to debian-bugs-dist. If the + submitter included a Package line listing a package with a known + maintainer the maintainer will get a copy too. + + The Subject line will have Bug#nnn: added, and the Reply-To will be + set to include both the submitter of the report and + nnn@bugs.debian.org. + _________________________________________________________________ + + * Closing bug reports + * Followup messages + * Severity levels + * Tags for bug reports + * Recording that you have passed on a bug report + * Changing bug ownership + * Incorrectly listed package maintainers + * Reopening, reassigning and manipulating bugs + * Subscribing to bugs + * More-or-less obsolete subject-scanning feature + * Obsolete X-Debian-PR: quiet feature + _________________________________________________________________ + +Closing bug reports + + Debian bug reports should be closed when the problem is fixed. + Problems in packages can only be considered fixed once a package that + includes the bug fix enters the Debian archive. + + Normally, the only people that are allowed to close a bug report are + the submitter of the bug and the maintainer(s) of the package against + which the bug is filed. There are exceptions to this rule, for + example, the bugs filed against unknown packages or certain generic + pseudo-packages. When in doubt, don't close bugs, first ask for advice + on the debian-devel mailing list. + + Bug reports should be closed by sending email to + nnn-done@bugs.debian.org. The message body needs to contain an + explanation of how the bug was fixed. + + With the emails received from the bug tracking system, all you need to + do to close the bug is to make a Reply in your mail reader program and + edit the To field to say nnn-done@bugs.debian.org instead of + nnn@bugs.debian.org (nnn-close is provided as an alias for nnn-done). + + Where applicable, please supply a Version line in the pseudo-header of + your message when closing a bug, so that the bug tracking system knows + which releases of the package contain the fix. + + The person closing the bug, the person who submitted it and the + debian-bugs-closed mailing list will each get a notification about the + change in status of the report. The submitter and the mailing list + will also receive the contents of the message sent to nnn-done. + +Followup messages + + The bug tracking system will include the submitter's address and the + bug address (nnn@bugs.debian.org) in the Reply-To header after + forwarding the bug report. Please note that these are two distinct + addresses. + + If a developer wishes to reply to a bug report they should simply + reply to the message, respecting the Reply-To header. This will not + close the bug. + + The bug tracking system will receive the message at + nnn@bugs.debian.org, pass it on to the package maintainer, file the + reply with the rest of the logs for that bug report and forward it to + debian-bugs-dist. + + Sending a message to nnn-submitter@bugs.debian.org will explicitly + email the submitter of the bug and place a copy in the Bug tracking + system. The message will not be sent to package maintainer. + + If you wish to send a followup message which is not appropriate for + debian-bugs-dist you can do so by sending it to + nnn-quiet@bugs.debian.org or nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org. Mail to + nnn-quiet@bugs.debian.org is filed in the Bug Tracking System but is + not delivered to any individuals or mailing lists. Mail to + nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org is filed in the Bug Tracking System and + is delivered only to the maintainer of the package in question. + + Do not use the `reply to all recipients' or `followup' feature of your + mailer unless you intend to edit down the recipients substantially. In + particular, see that you don't send followup messages to + submit@bugs.debian.org. + + For more information about headers to suppress ACK messages and how to + send carbon copies using the Bug Tracking System, see the instructions + for reporting bugs. + +Severity levels + + The bug system records a severity level with each bug report. This is + set to normal by default, but can be overridden either by supplying a + Severity line in the pseudo-header when the bug is submitted (see the + instructions for reporting bugs), or by using the severity command + with the control request server. + + The severity levels are: + + critical + makes unrelated software on the system (or the whole system) + break, or causes serious data loss, or introduces a security + hole on systems where you install the package. + + grave + makes the package in question unusable or mostly so, or causes + data loss, or introduces a security hole allowing access to the + accounts of users who use the package. + + serious + is a severe violation of Debian policy (roughly, it violates a + "must" or "required" directive), or, in the package + maintainer's opinion, makes the package unsuitable for release. + + important + a bug which has a major effect on the usability of a package, + without rendering it completely unusable to everyone. + + normal + the default value, applicable to most bugs. + + minor + a problem which doesn't affect the package's usefulness, and is + presumably trivial to fix. + + wishlist + for any feature request, and also for any bugs that are very + difficult to fix due to major design considerations. + + Certain severities are considered release-critical, meaning the bug + will have an impact on releasing the package with the stable release + of Debian. Currently, these are critical, grave and serious. For + complete and canonical rules on what issues merit these severities, + see the list of Release-Critical Issues for Etch. + +Tags for bug reports + + Each bug can have zero or more of a set of given tags. These tags are + displayed in the list of bugs when you look at a package's page, and + when you look at the full bug log. + + Tags can be set by supplying a Tags line in the pseudo-header when the + bug is submitted (see the instructions for reporting bugs), or by + using the tags command with the control request server. Separate + multiple tags with commas, spaces, or both. + + The current bug tags are: + + patch + A patch or some other easy procedure for fixing the bug is + included in the bug logs. If there's a patch, but it doesn't + resolve the bug adequately or causes some other problems, this + tag should not be used. + + wontfix + This bug won't be fixed. Possibly because this is a choice + between two arbitrary ways of doing things and the maintainer + and submitter prefer different ways of doing things, possibly + because changing the behaviour will cause other, worse, + problems for others, or possibly for other reasons. + + moreinfo + This bug can't be addressed until more information is provided + by the submitter. The bug will be closed if the submitter + doesn't provide more information in a reasonable (few months) + timeframe. This is for bugs like "It doesn't work". What + doesn't work? + + unreproducible + This bug can't be reproduced on the maintainer's system. + Assistance from third parties is needed in diagnosing the cause + of the problem. + + help + The maintainer is requesting help with dealing with this bug. + + pending + A solution to this bug has been found and an upload will be + made soon. + + fixed + This bug is fixed or worked around (by a non-maintainer upload, + for example), but there's still an issue that needs to be + resolved. This tag replaces the old "fixed" severity. + + security + This bug describes a security problem in a package (e.g., bad + permissions allowing access to data that shouldn't be + accessible; buffer overruns allowing people to control a system + in ways they shouldn't be able to; denial of service attacks + that should be fixed, etc). Most security bugs should also be + set at critical or grave severity. + + upstream + This bug applies to the upstream part of the package. + + confirmed + The maintainer has looked at, understands, and basically agrees + with the bug, but has yet to fix it. (Use of this tag is + optional; it is intended mostly for maintainers who need to + manage large numbers of open bugs.) + + fixed-upstream + The bug has been fixed by the upstream maintainer, but not yet + in the package (for whatever reason: perhaps it is too + complicated to backport the change or too minor to be worth + bothering). + + fixed-in-experimental + The bug has been fixed in the package of the experimental + distribution, but not yet in the unstable distribution. + + d-i + This bug is relevant to the development of debian-installer. It + is expected that this will be used when the bug affects + installer development but is not filed against a package that + forms a direct part of the installer itself. + + ipv6 + This bug affects support for Internet Protocol version 6. + + lfs + This bug affects support for large files (over 2 gigabytes). + + l10n + This bug is relevant to the localisation of the package. + + potato + This bug particularly applies to the potato release of Debian. + + woody + This bug particularly applies to the woody distribution. + + sarge + This bug should not be archived until it is fixed in sarge. + + sarge-ignore + This release-critical bug is to be ignored for the purposes of + releasing sarge. This tag should only be used by the release + manager; do not set it yourself without explicit authorization + from them. + + etch + This bug should not be archived until it is fixed in etch. + + etch-ignore + This release-critical bug is to be ignored for the purposes of + releasing etch. This tag should only be used by the release + manager; do not set it yourself without explicit authorization + from them. + + sid + This bug should not be archived until it is fixed in sid. + + experimental + This bug should not be archived until it is fixed in + experimental. + + The meanings of the latter 6 tags have changed recently; the ignore + tags ignore the bug for the purpose of a testing propagation. The + release tags, which used to indicate which bugs affected a specific + release now indicate when a bug can be archived. + +Recording that you have passed on a bug report + + When a developer forwards a bug report to the developer of the + upstream source package from which the Debian package is derived, they + should note this in the bug tracking system as follows: + + Make sure that the To field of your message to the author has only the + author(s) address(es) in it; put the person who reported the bug, + nnn-forwarded@bugs.debian.org and nnn@bugs.debian.org in the CC field. + + Ask the author to preserve the CC to nnn-forwarded@bugs.debian.org + when they reply, so that the bug tracking system will file their reply + with the original report. These messages are only filed and are not + sent on; to send a message as normal, send them to nnn@bugs.debian.org + as well. + + When the bug tracking system gets a message at nnn-forwarded it will + mark the relevant bug as having been forwarded to the address(es) in + the To field of the message it gets, if the bug is not already marked + as forwarded. + + You can also manipulate the `forwarded to' information by sending + messages to control@bugs.debian.org. + +Changing bug ownership + + In cases where the person responsible for fixing a bug is not the + assigned maintainer for the associated package (for example, when the + package is maintained by a team), it may be useful to record this fact + in the bug tracking system. To help with this, each bug may optionally + have an owner. + + The owner can be set by supplying an Owner line in the pseudo-header + when the bug is submitted (see the instructions for reporting bugs), + or by using the owner and noowner commands with the control request + server. + +Incorrectly listed package maintainers + + If the maintainer of a package is listed incorrectly, this is usually + because the maintainer has changed recently, and the new maintainer + hasn't yet uploaded a new version of the package with a changed + Maintainer control file field. This will be fixed when the package is + uploaded; alternatively, the archive maintainers can override the + maintainer record of a package manually, for example if a rebuild and + reupload of the package is not expected to be needed soon. Contact + override-change@debian.org for changes to the override file. + +Reopening, reassigning and manipulating bugs + + It is possible to reassign bug reports to other packages, to reopen + erroneously-closed ones, to modify the information saying to where, if + anywhere, a bug report has been forwarded, to change the severities + and titles of reports, to set the ownership of bugs, to merge and + unmerge bug reports, and to record the versions of packages in which + bugs were found and in which they were fixed. This is done by sending + mail to control@bugs.debian.org. + + The format of these messages is described in another document + available on the World Wide Web or in the file + bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt. A plain text version can also be obtained + by mailing the word help to the server at the address above. + +Subscribing to bugs + + The bug tracking system also allows bug submitters, developers and + other interested third parties to subscribe to individual bugs. This + feature can be used by those wishing to keep an eye on a bug, without + having to subscribe to a package through the PTS. All messages that + are received at nnn@debian.org, are sent to subscribers. + + Subscribing to a bug can be done by sending an email to + nnn-subscribe@bugs.debian.org. The subject and body of the email are + ignored by the BTS. Once this message is processed, users are sent a + confirmation message that they will need to reply to before they are + sent the messages relating to that bug. + + It is also possible to unsubscribe from a bug. Unsubscribing can be + done by sending an email to nnn-unsubscribe@bugs.debian.org. The + subject and body of the email are again ignored by the BTS. Users will + be sent a confirmation message which they must reply to if they wish + to be unsubscribed from the bug. + + By default, the address subscribed is the one found in the From + header. If you wish to subscribe another address to a bug, you will + need to encode the address to be subscribed into the subscription + message. This takes the form of: + nnn-subscribe-localpart=example.com@bugs.debian.org. That example + would send localpart@example.com a subscription message for bug nnn. + The @ sign must be encoded by changing it to an = sign. Similarly, an + unsubscription takes the form + nnn-unsubscribe-localpart=example.com@bugs.debian.org. In both cases, + the subject and body of the email will be forwarded to the email + address within the request for confirmation. + +More-or-less obsolete subject-scanning feature + + Messages that arrive at submit or bugs whose Subject starts Bug#nnn + will be treated as having been sent to nnn@bugs.debian.org. This is + both for backwards compatibility with mail forwarded from the old + addresses, and to catch followup mail sent to submit by mistake (for + example, by using reply to all recipients). + + A similar scheme operates for maintonly, done, quiet and forwarded, + which treat mail arriving with a Subject tag as having been sent to + the corresponding nnn-whatever@bugs.debian.org address. + + Messages arriving at plain forwarded and done - ie, with no bug report + number in the address - and without a bug number in the Subject will + be filed under `junk' and kept for a few weeks, but otherwise ignored. + +Obsolete X-Debian-PR: quiet feature + + It used to be possible to prevent the bug tracking system from + forwarding anywhere messages it received at debian-bugs, by putting an + X-Debian-PR: quiet line in the actual mail header. + + This header line is now ignored. Instead, send your message to quiet + or nnn-quiet (or maintonly or nnn-maintonly). + _________________________________________________________________ + + Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> + + Debian bug tracking system + Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, + 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. + _________________________________________________________________ + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt b/includes/common/doc/bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1167b10 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ +Introduction to the bug control and manipulation mailserver + + In addition to the mailserver on request@bugs.debian.org which allows + the retrieval of bug data and documentation by email, there is another + server on control@bugs.debian.org which also allows bug reports to be + manipulated in various ways. + + The control server works just like the request server, except that it + has some additional commands; in fact, it's the same program. The two + addresses are only separated to avoid users making mistakes and + causing problems while merely trying to request information. + + Since the commands specific to the control server actually change the + status of a bug, a notification about processing the commands is sent + to the maintainer of the package(s) the changed bugs are assigned to. + Additionally the mail to the server and the resulting changes are + logged in the bug report and thereby available in the WWW pages. + + Please see the introduction to the request server available on the + World Wide Web, in the file bug-log-mailserver.txt, or by sending help + to either mailserver, for details of the basics of operating the + mailservers and the common commands available when mailing either + address. + + The reference card for the mailservers is available via the WWW, in + bug-mailserver-refcard.txt or by email using the refcard command. + +Commands available at the control mailserver + + reassign bugnumber package [ version ] + Records that bug #bugnumber is a bug in package. This can be + used to set the package if the user forgot the pseudo-header, + or to change an earlier assignment. No notifications are sent + to anyone (other than the usual information in the processing + transcript). + + If you supply a version, the bug tracking system will note that + the bug affects that version of the newly-assigned package. + + reopen bugnumber [ originator-address | = | ! ] + Reopens #bugnumber if it is closed. + + By default, or if you specify =, the original submitter is + still as the originator of the report, so that they will get + the ack when it is closed again. + + If you supply an originator-address the originator will be set + to the address you supply. If you wish to become the new + originator of the reopened report you can use the ! shorthand + or specify your own email address. + + It is usually a good idea to tell the person who is about to be + recorded as the originator that you're reopening the report, so + that they will know to expect the ack which they'll get when it + is closed again. + + If the bug is not closed then reopen won't do anything, not + even change the originator. To change the originator of an open + bug report, use the submitter command; note that this will + inform the original submitter of the change. + + If the bug was recorded as being closed in a particular version + of a package but recurred in a later version, it is better to + use the found command instead. + + found bugnumber [ version ] + Record that #bugnumber has been encountered in the given + version of the package to which it is assigned. + + The bug tracking system uses this information, in conjunction + with fixed versions recorded when closing bugs, to display + lists of bugs open in various versions of each package. It + considers a bug to be open when it has no fixed version, or + when it has been found more recently than it has been fixed. + + If no version is given, then the list of fixed versions for the + bug is cleared. This is identical to the behaviour of reopen. + + This command was introduced in preference to reopen because it + was difficult to add a version to that command's syntax without + suffering ambiguity. + + notfound bugnumber version + Remove the record that #bugnumber was encountered in the given + version of the package to which it is assigned. + + This differs from closing the bug at that version in that the + bug is not listed as fixed in that version either; no + information about that version will be known. It is intended + for fixing mistakes in the record of when a bug was found. + + submitter bugnumber originator-address | ! + Changes the originator of #bugnumber to originator-address. + + If you wish to become the new originator of the report you can + use the ! shorthand or specify your own email address. + + While the reopen command changes the originator of other bugs + merged with the one being reopened, submitter does not affect + merged bugs. + + forwarded bugnumber address + Notes that bugnumber has been forwarded to the upstream + maintainer at address. This does not actually forward the + report. This can be used to change an existing incorrect + forwarded-to address, or to record a new one for a bug that + wasn't previously noted as having been forwarded. + + notforwarded bugnumber + Forgets any idea that bugnumber has been forwarded to any + upstream maintainer. If the bug was not recorded as having been + forwarded then this will do nothing. + + retitle bugnumber new-title + Changes the title of a bug report to that specified (the + default is the Subject mail header from the original report). + + Unlike most of the other bug-manipulation commands when used on + one of a set of merged reports this will change the title of + only the individual bug requested, and not all those with which + it is merged. + + severity bugnumber severity + Set the severity level for bug report #bugnumber to severity. + No notification is sent to the user who reported the bug. + + Severities are critical, grave, serious, important, normal, + minor, and wishlist. + + For their meanings please consult the general developers' + documentation for the bug system. + + clone bugnumber NewID [ new IDs ... ] + The clone control command allows you to duplicate a bug report. + It is useful in the case where a single report actually + indicates that multiple distinct bugs have occurred. "New IDs" + are negative numbers, separated by spaces, which may be used in + subsequent control commands to refer to the newly duplicated + bugs. A new report is generated for each new ID. + + Example usage: + + clone 12345 -1 -2 + reassign -1 foo + retitle -1 foo: foo sucks + reassign -2 bar + retitle -2 bar: bar sucks when used with foo + severity -2 wishlist + clone 123456 -3 + reassign -3 foo + retitle -3 foo: foo sucks + merge -1 -3 + + merge bugnumber bugnumber ... + Merges two or more bug reports. When reports are merged + opening, closing, marking or unmarking as forwarded and + reassigning any of the bugs to a new package will have an + identical effect on all of the merged reports. + + Before bugs can be merged they must be in exactly the same + state: either all open or all closed, with the same + forwarded-to upstream author address or all not marked as + forwarded, all assigned to the same package or package(s) (an + exact string comparison is done on the package to which the bug + is assigned), and all of the same severity. If they don't start + out in the same state you should use reassign, reopen and so + forth to make sure that they are before using merge. Titles are + not required to match, and will not be affected by the merge. + Tags are not required to match, either, they will be joined. + + If any of the bugs listed in a merge command is already merged + with another bug then all the reports merged with any of the + ones listed will all be merged together. Merger is like + equality: it is reflexive, transitive and symmetric. + + Merging reports causes a note to appear on each report's logs; + on the WWW pages this is includes links to the other bugs. + + Merged reports are all expired simultaneously, and only when + all of the reports each separately meet the criteria for + expiry. + + forcemerge bugnumber bugnumber ... + Forcibly merges two or more bug reports. The first bug listed + is the master bug, and its settings (the settings which must be + equal in a normal merge) are assigned to the bugs listed next. + To avoid typos erroneously merging bugs, bugs must be in the + same package. See the text above for a description of what + merging means. + + Note that this makes it possible to close bugs by merging; you + are responsible for notifying submitters with an appropriate + close message if you do this. + + unmerge bugnumber + Disconnects a bug report from any other reports with which it + may have been merged. If the report listed is merged with + several others then they are all left merged with each other; + only their associations with the bug explicitly named are + removed. + + If many bug reports are merged and you wish to split them into + two separate groups of merged reports you must unmerge each + report in one of the new groups separately and then merge them + into the required new group. + + You can only unmerge one report with each unmerge command; if + you want to disconnect more than one bug simply include several + unmerge commands in your message. + + tags bugnumber [ + | - | = ] tag [ tag ... ] + Sets tags for the bug report #bugnumber. No notification is + sent to the user who reported the bug. Setting the action to + + means to add each given tag, - means to remove each given tag, + and = means to ignore the current tags and set them afresh to + the list provided. The default action is adding. + + Example usage: + + # same as 'tags 123456 + patch' + tags 123456 patch + + # same as 'tags 123456 + help security' + tags 123456 help security + + # add 'fixed' and 'pending' tags + tags 123456 + fixed pending + + # remove 'unreproducible' tag + tags 123456 - unreproducible + + # set tags to exactly 'moreinfo' and 'unreproducible' + tags 123456 = moreinfo unreproducible + + Available tags currently include patch, wontfix, moreinfo, + unreproducible, help, pending, fixed, fixed-in-experimental, + fixed-upstream, security, upstream, confirmed, d-i, ipv6, lfs, + l10n, potato, woody, sarge, sarge-ignore, etch, etch-ignore, + sid, and experimental. + + For their meanings please consult the general developers' + documentation for the bug system. + + block bugnumber by bug ... + Note that the fix for the first bug is blocked the the other + listed bugs. + + unblock bugnumber by bug ... + Note that the fix for the first bug is no longer blocked the + the other listed bugs. + + close bugnumber [ fixed-version ] (deprecated) + Close bug report #bugnumber. + + A notification is sent to the user who reported the bug, but + (in contrast to mailing bugnumber-done@bugs.debian.org) the + text of the mail which caused the bug to be closed is not + included in that notification. The maintainer who closes a + report needs to ensure, probably by sending a separate message, + that the user who reported the bug knows why it is being + closed. The use of this command is therefore deprecated. See + the developer's information about how to close a bug properly. + + If you supply a fixed-version, the bug tracking system will + note that the bug was fixed in that version of the package. + + package [ packagename ... ] + Limits the following commands so that they will only apply to + bugs filed against the listed packages. You can list one or + more packages. If you don't list any packages, the following + commands will apply to all bugs. You're encouraged to use this + as a safety feature in case you accidentally use the wrong bug + numbers. + + Example usage: + + package foo + reassign 123456 bar 1.0-1 + + package bar + retitle 123456 bar: bar sucks + severity 123456 normal + + package + severity 234567 wishlist + + owner bugnumber address | ! + Sets address to be the "owner" of #bugnumber. The owner of a + bug claims responsibility for fixing it and will receive all + mail regarding it. This is useful to share out work in cases + where a package has a team of maintainers. + + If you wish to become the owner of the bug yourself, you can + use the ! shorthand or specify your own email address. + + noowner bugnumber + Forgets any idea that the bug has an owner other than the usual + maintainer. If the bug had no owner recorded then this will do + nothing. + + #... + One-line comment. The # must be at the start of the line. The + text of comments will be included in the acknowledgement sent + to the sender and to affected maintainers, so you can use this + to document the reasons for your commands. + + quit + stop + thank... + --... + Tells the control server to stop processing the message; the + remainder of the message can include explanations, signatures + or anything else, none of it will be detected by the control + server. + _________________________________________________________________ + + Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> + + Debian bug tracking system + Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, + 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. + _________________________________________________________________ + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/bug-reporting.txt b/includes/common/doc/bug-reporting.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca14c2a --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/bug-reporting.txt @@ -0,0 +1,304 @@ +How to report a bug in Debian + +Important things to note before sending + + Please don't report multiple unrelated bugs - especially ones in + different packages - in a single bug report. It makes our lives much + easier if you send separate reports. + + You should check if your bug report has already been filed by someone + else before submitting it. Lists of currently outstanding bugs are + available on the World Wide Web and elsewhere - see other documents + for details. You can submit your comments to an existing bug report + #<number> by sending e-mail to <number>@bugs.debian.org + + If you can't seem to determine which package contains the problem, + please send e-mail to the Debian user mailing list asking for advice. + If your problem doesn't relate just to one package but some general + Debian service, there are several pseudo-packages or even mailing + lists that you can use to relay your message to us instead. + + If you'd like to send a copy of your bug report to additional + recipients (such as mailing lists), you shouldn't use the usual e-mail + headers, but a different method, described below. + +Sending the bug report using an automatic bug report tool + + The reportbug program can ease filing bugs by guiding you through the + bug reporting process step by step. The querybts tool, available from + the same package as reportbug, provides a convenient text-based + interface to the bug tracking system. + + Emacs users can also use the debian-bug command provided by the + debian-el package. When called with M-x debian-bug, it will ask for + all necessary information in a similar way to reportbug. + +Sending the bug report via e-mail + + Send email to submit@bugs.debian.org, as described below. + + Of course, like any email, you should include a clear, descriptive + Subject line in your main mail header. The subject you give will be + used as the initial bug title in the tracking system, so please try to + make it informative! + + You need to put a pseudo-header at the start of the body of the + message. That means that the first line of the message body should + say: +Package: <something> + + Replace <something> with the name of the package which has the bug. + + The second line of the message should say: +Version: <something> + + Replace <something> with the version of the package. Please don't + include any text here other than the version itself, as the bug + tracking system relies on this field to work out which releases are + affected by the bug. + + You need to supply a correct Package line in the pseudo-header in + order for the bug tracking system to deliver the message to the + package's maintainer. See this example for information on how to find + this information. + + The pseudo-header fields should start at the very start of their + lines. + + Please include in your report: + * The exact and complete text of any error messages printed or + logged. This is very important! + * Exactly what you typed or did to demonstrate the problem. + * A description of the incorrect behaviour: exactly what behaviour + you were expecting, and what you observed. A transcript of an + example session is a good way of showing this. + * A suggested fix, or even a patch, if you have one. + * Details of the configuration of the program with the problem. + Include the complete text of its configuration files. + * The versions of any packages on which the buggy package depends. + * What kernel version you're using (type uname -a), your shared C + library (type ls -l /lib/libc.so.6 or dpkg -s libc6 | grep + ^Version), and any other details about your Debian system, if it + seems appropriate. For example, if you had a problem with a Perl + script, you would want to provide the version of the `perl' binary + (type perl -v or dpkg -s perl | grep ^Version:). + * Appropriate details of the hardware in your system. If you're + reporting a problem with a device driver please list all the + hardware in your system, as problems are often caused by IRQ and + I/O address conflicts. + + Include any detail that seems relevant - you are in very little danger + of making your report too long by including too much information. If + they are small please include in your report any files you were using + to reproduce the problem (uuencoding them if they may contain odd + characters etc.). + + For more advice on how to help the developers solve your problem, + please read How to Report Bugs Effectively. + +Example + + A bug report, with mail header, looks something like this: + To: submit@bugs.debian.org + From: diligent@testing.linux.org + Subject: Hello says `goodbye' + + Package: hello + Version: 1.3-16 + + When I invoke `hello' without arguments from an ordinary shell + prompt it prints `goodbye', rather than the expected `hello, world'. + Here is a transcript: + + $ hello + goodbye + $ /usr/bin/hello + goodbye + $ + + I suggest that the output string, in hello.c, be corrected. + + I am using Debian GNU/Linux 2.2, kernel 2.2.17-pre-patch-13 + and libc6 2.1.3-10. + +Sending copies of bug reports to other addresses + + Sometimes it is necessary to send a copy of a bug report to somewhere + else besides debian-bugs-dist and the package maintainer, which is + where they are normally sent. + + You could do this by CC'ing your bug report to the other address(es), + but then the other copies would not have the bug report number put in + the Reply-To field and the Subject line. When the recipients reply + they will probably preserve the submit@bugs.debian.org entry in the + header and have their message filed as a new bug report. This leads to + many duplicated reports. + + The right way to do this is to use the X-Debbugs-CC header. Add a line + like this to your message's mail header: + X-Debbugs-CC: other-list@cosmic.edu + + This will cause the bug tracking system to send a copy of your report + to the address(es) in the X-Debbugs-CC line as well as to + debian-bugs-dist. + + Avoid sending such copies to the addresses of other bug reports, as + they will be caught by the checks that prevent mail loops. There is + relatively little point in using X-Debbugs-CC for this anyway, as the + bug number added by that mechanism will just be replaced by a new one; + use an ordinary CC header instead. + + This feature can often be combined usefully with mailing quiet - see + below. + +Severity levels + + If a report is of a particularly serious bug, or is merely a feature + request that, you can set the severity level of the bug as you report + it. This is not required, however, and the developers will assign an + appropriate severity level to your report if you do not. + + To assign a severity level, put a line like this one in the + pseudo-header: +Severity: <severity> + + Replace <severity> with one of the available severity levels, as + described in the developers' documentation. + +Assigning tags + + You can set tags on a bug as you are reporting it. For example, if you + are including a patch with your bug report, you may wish to set the + patch tag. This is not required, however, and the developers will set + tags on your report as and when it is appropriate. + + To set tags, put a line like this one in the pseudo-header: +Tags: <tags> + + Replace <tags> with one or more of the available tags, as described in + the developers' documentation. Separate multiple tags with commas, + spaces, or both. + +Other pseudo headers (primarily of interest to package maintainers) + +Forwarded: foo@example.com + + will mark the newly submitted bug as forwarded to foo@example.com. See + Recording that you have passed on a bug report in the developers' + documentation for details. +Owner: foo@example.com + + will indicate that foo@example.com is now responsible for fixing this + bug. See Changing bug ownership in the developers' documentation for + details. +Source: foopackage + + the equivalent of Package: for bugs present in the source package of + foopackage; for most bugs in most packages you don't want to use this + option. + + Finally, if your MUA doesn't allow you to edit the headers, you can + set the various X-Debbugs- headers in the pseudo-headers. + +Different submission addresses (minor or mass bug reports) + + If a bug report is minor, for example, a documentation typo or a + trivial build problem, please adjust the severity appropriately and + send it to maintonly@bugs instead of submit@bugs. maintonly will + forward the report to the package maintainer only, it won't forward it + to the BTS mailing lists. + + If you're submitting many reports at once, you should definitely use + maintonly@bugs so that you don't cause too much redundant traffic on + the BTS mailing lists. Before submitting many similar bugs you may + also want to post a summary on debian-bugs-dist. + + If wish to report a bug to the bug tracking system that's already been + sent to the maintainer, you can use quiet@bugs. Bugs sent to + quiet@bugs will not be forwarded anywhere, only filed. + + When you use different submission addresses, the bug tracking system + will set the Reply-To of any forwarded message so that the replies + will by default be processed in the same way as the original report. + That means that, for example, replies to maintonly will go to + nnn-maintonly@bugs instead of nnn@bugs, unless of course one overrides + this manually. + +Acknowledgements + + Normally, the bug tracking system will return an acknowledgement to + you by e-mail when you report a new bug or submit additional + information to an existing bug. If you want to suppress this + acknowledgement, include an X-Debbugs-No-Ack header in your e-mail + (the contents of this header do not matter; however, it must be in the + mail header and not in the pseudo-header with the Package field). If + you report a new bug with this header, you will need to check the web + interface yourself to find the bug number. + + Note that this header will not suppress acknowledgements from the + control@bugs mailserver, since those acknowledgements may contain + error messages which should be read and acted upon. + +Bug reports against unknown packages + + If the bug tracking system doesn't know who the maintainer of the + relevant package is it'll forward the report to debian-bugs-dist even + if maintonly was used. + + When sending to maintonly@bugs or nnn-maintonly@bugs you should make + sure that the bug report is assigned to the right package, by putting + a correct Package at the top of an original submission of a report, or + by using the control@bugs service to (re)assign the report + appropriately first if it isn't correct already. + +Using dpkg to find the package and version for the report + + If you are reporting a bug in a command, you can find out which + package installed it by using dpkg --search. You can find out which + version of a package you have installed by using dpkg --list or dpkg + --status. + + For example: +$ which apt-get +/usr/bin/apt-get +$ type apt-get +apt-get is /usr/bin/apt-get +$ dpkg --search /usr/bin/apt-get +apt: /usr/bin/apt-get +$ dpkg --list apt +Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold +| Status=Not/Installed/Config-files/Unpacked/Failed-config/Half-installed +|/ Err?=(none)/Hold/Reinst-required/X=both-problems (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) +||/ Name Version Description ++++-==============-==============-============================================ +ii apt 0.3.19 Advanced front-end for dpkg +$ dpkg --status apt +Package: apt +Status: install ok installed +Priority: standard +Section: base +Installed-Size: 1391 +Maintainer: APT Development Team <deity@lists.debian.org> +Version: 0.3.19 +Replaces: deity, libapt-pkg-doc (<< 0.3.7), libapt-pkg-dev (<< 0.3.7) +Provides: libapt-pkg2.7 +Depends: libapt-pkg2.7, libc6 (>= 2.1.2), libstdc++2.10 +Suggests: dpkg-dev +Conflicts: deity +Description: Advanced front-end for dpkg + This is Debian's next generation front-end for the dpkg package manager. + It provides the apt-get utility and APT dselect method that provides a + simpler, safer way to install and upgrade packages. + . + APT features complete installation ordering, multiple source capability + and several other unique features, see the Users Guide in + /usr/doc/apt/guide.text.gz + _________________________________________________________________ + + Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> + + Debian bug tracking system + Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, + 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. + _________________________________________________________________ + diff --git a/includes/common/doc/constitution.txt b/includes/common/doc/constitution.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..191f73b --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/constitution.txt @@ -0,0 +1,603 @@ + Debian Constitution + + Constitution for the Debian Project (v1.0) + +1. Introduction + + The Debian Project is an association of individuals who have made + common cause to create a free operating system. + + This document describes the organisational structure for formal + decisionmaking in the Project. It does not describe the goals of the + Project or how it achieves them, or contain any policies except those + directly related to the decisionmaking process. + +2. Decisionmaking bodies and individuals + + Each decision in the Project is made by one or more of the following: + 1. The Developers, by way of General Resolution or an election; + 2. The Project Leader; + 3. The Technical Committee and/or its Chairman; + 4. The individual Developer working on a particular task; + 5. Delegates appointed by the Project Leader for specific tasks. + 6. The Project Secretary; + + Most of the remainder of this document will outline the powers of + these bodies, their composition and appointment, and the procedure for + their decisionmaking. The powers of a person or body may be subject to + review and/or limitation by others; in this case the reviewing body or + person's entry will state this. In the list above, a person or body is + usually listed before any people or bodies whose decisions they can + overrule or who they (help) appoint - but not everyone listed earlier + can overrule everyone listed later. + + 2.1. General rules + + 1. Nothing in this constitution imposes an obligation on anyone to do + work for the Project. A person who does not want to do a task + which has been delegated or assigned to them does not need to do + it. However, they must not actively work against these rules and + decisions properly made under them. + 2. A person may hold several posts, except that the Project Leader, + Project Secretary and the Chairman of the Technical Committee must + be distinct, and that the Leader cannot appoint themselves as + their own Delegate. + 3. A person may leave the Project or resign from a particular post + they hold, at any time, by stating so publicly. + +3. Individual Developers + + 3.1. Powers + + An individual Developer may + 1. make any technical or nontechnical decision with regard to their + own work; + 2. propose or sponsor draft General Resolutions; + 3. propose themselves as a Project Leader candidate in elections; + 4. vote on General Resolutions and in Leadership elections. + + 3.2. Composition and appointment + + 1. Developers are volunteers who agree to further the aims of the + Project insofar as they participate in it, and who maintain + package(s) for the Project or do other work which the Project + Leader's Delegate(s) consider worthwhile. + 2. The Project Leader's Delegate(s) may choose not to admit new + Developers, or expel existing Developers. If the Developers feel + that the Delegates are abusing their authority they can of course + override the decision by way of General Resolution - see s.4.1(3), + s.4.2. + + 3.3. Procedure + + Developers may make these decisions as they see fit. + +4. The Developers by way of General Resolution or election + + 4.1. Powers + + Together, the Developers may: + 1. Appoint or recall the Project Leader. + 2. Amend this constitution, provided they agree with a 3:1 majority. + 3. Override any decision by the Project Leader or a Delegate. + 4. Override any decision by the Technical Committee, provided they + agree with a 2:1 majority. + 5. Issue nontechnical policy documents and statements. + These include documents describing the goals of the project, its + relationship with other free software entities, and nontechnical + policies such as the free software licence terms that Debian + software must meet. + They may also include position statements about issues of the day. + 6. Together with the Project Leader and SPI, make decisions about + property held in trust for purposes related to Debian. (See + s.9.1.) + + 4.2. Procedure + + 1. The Developers follow the Standard Resolution Procedure, below. A + resolution or amendment is introduced if proposed by any Developer + and sponsored by at least K other Developers, or if proposed by + the Project Leader or the Technical Committee. + 2. Delaying a decision by the Project Leader or their Delegate: + 1. If the Project Leader or their Delegate, or the Technical + Committee, has made a decision, then Developers can override + them by passing a resolution to do so; see s4.1(3). + 2. If such a resolution is sponsored by at least 2K Developers, + or if it is proposed by the Technical Committee, the + resolution puts the decision immediately on hold (provided + that resolution itself says so). + 3. If the original decision was to change a discussion period or + a voting period, or the resolution is to override the + Technical Committee, then only K Developers need to sponsor + the resolution to be able to put the decision immediately on + hold. + 4. If the decision is put on hold, an immediate vote is held to + determine whether the decision will stand until the full vote + on the decision is made or whether the implementation of the + original decision will be be delayed until then. There is no + quorum for this immediate procedural vote. + 5. If the Project Leader (or the Delegate) withdraws the + original decision, the vote becomes moot, and is no longer + conducted. + 3. Votes are taken by the Project Secretary. Votes and tallies + results are not be revealed during the voting period; after the + vote the Project Secretary lists all the votes cast. The voting + period is 2 weeks, but may be varied by up to 1 week by the + Project Leader, and may be ended by the Project Secretary when the + outcome of a vote is no longer in doubt. + 4. The minimum discussion period is 2 weeks, but may be varied by up + to 1 week by the Project Leader. The Project Leader has a casting + vote. There is a quorum of 3Q. + 5. Proposals, sponsors, amendments, calls for votes and other formal + actions are made by announcement on a publicly-readable electronic + mailing list designated by the Project Leader's Delegate(s); any + Developer may post there. + 6. Votes are cast by email in a manner suitable to the Secretary. The + Secretary determines for each poll whether voters can change their + votes. + 7. Q is half of the square root of the number of current Developers. + K is Q or 5, whichever is the smaller. Q and K need not be + integers and are not rounded. + +5. Project Leader + + 5.1. Powers + + The Project Leader may: + 1. Appoint Delegates or delegate decisions to the Technical + Committee. + The Leader may define an area of ongoing responsibility or a + specific decision and hand it over to another Developer or to the + Technical Committee. + Once a particular decision has been delegated and made the Project + Leader may not withdraw that delegation; however, they may + withdraw an ongoing delegation of particular area of + responsibility. + 2. Lend authority to other Developers. + The Project Leader may make statements of support for points of + view or for other members of the project, when asked or otherwise; + these statements have force if and only if the Leader would be + empowered to make the decision in question. + 3. Make any decision which requires urgent action. + This does not apply to decisions which have only become gradually + urgent through lack of relevant action, unless there is a fixed + deadline. + 4. Make any decision for whom noone else has responsibility. + 5. Propose draft General Resolutions and amendments. + 6. Together with the Technical Committee, appoint new members to the + Committee. (See s.6.2.) + 7. Use a casting vote when Developers vote. + The Project Leader also has a normal vote in such ballots. + 8. Vary the discussion period for Developers' votes (as above). + 9. Lead discussions amongst Developers. + The Project Leader should attempt to participate in discussions + amongst the Developers in a helpful way which seeks to bring the + discussion to bear on the key issues at hand. The Project Leader + should not use the Leadership position to promote their own + personal views. + 10. Together with SPI, make decisions affecting property held in trust + for purposes related to Debian. (See s.9.1.) + + 5.2. Appointment + + 1. The Project Leader is elected by the Developers. + 2. The election begins nine weeks before the leadership post becomes + vacant, or (if it is too late already) immediately. + 3. For the following three weeks any Developer may nominate + themselves as a candidate Project Leader. + 4. For three weeks after that no more candidates may be nominated; + candidates should use this time for campaigning (to make their + identities and positions known). If there are no candidates at the + end of the nomination period then the nomination period is + extended for three further weeks, repeatedly if necessary. + 5. The next three weeks are the polling period during which + Developers may cast their votes. Votes in leadership elections are + kept secret, even after the election is finished. + 6. The options on the ballot will be those candidates who have + nominated themselves and have not yet withdrawn, plus None Of The + Above. If None Of The Above wins the election then the election + procedure is repeated, many times if necessary. + 7. The decision will be made using Concorde Vote Counting. The quorum + is the same as for a General Resolution (s.4.2) and the default + option is None Of The Above. + 8. The Project Leader serves for one year from their election. + + 5.3. Procedure + + The Project Leader should attempt to make decisions which are + consistent with the consensus of the opinions of the Developers. + + Where practical the Project Leader should informally solicit the views + of the Developers. + + The Project Leader should avoid overemphasizing their own point of + view when making decisions in their capacity as Leader. + +6. Technical committee + + 6.1. Powers + + The Technical Committee may: + 1. Decide on any matter of technical policy. + This includes the contents of the technical policy manuals, + developers' reference materials, example packages and the + behaviour of non-experimental package building tools. (In each + case the usual maintainer of the relevant software or + documentation makes decisions initially, however; see 6.3(5).) + 2. Decide any technical matter where Developers' jurisdictions + overlap. + In cases where Developers need to implement compatible technical + policies or stances (for example, if they disagree about the + priorities of conflicting packages, or about ownership of a + command name, or about which package is responsible for a bug that + both maintainers agree is a bug, or about who should be the + maintainer for a package) the technical committee may decide the + matter. + 3. Make a decision when asked to do so. + Any person or body may delegate a decision of their own to the + Technical Committee, or seek advice from it. + 4. Overrule a Developer (requires a 3:1 majority). + The Technical Committee may ask a Developer to take a particular + technical course of action even if the Developer does not wish to; + this requires a 3:1 majority. For example, the Committee may + determine that a complaint made by the submitter of a bug is + justified and that the submitter's proposed solution should be + implemented. + 5. Offer advice. + The Technical Committee may make formal announcements about its + views on any matter. Individual members may of course make + informal statements about their views and about the likely views + of the committee. + 6. Together with the Project Leader, appoint new members to itself or + remove existing members. (See s.6.2.) + 7. Appoint the Chairman of the Technical Committee. + The Chairman is elected by the Committee from its members. All + members of the committee are automatically nominated; the + committee vote starting one week before the post will become + vacant (or immediately, if it is already too late). The members + may vote by public acclamation for any fellow committee member, + including themselves; there is no None Of The Above option. The + vote finishes when all the members have voted or when the outcome + is no longer in doubt. The result is determined according to + Concorde Vote Counting. + 8. The Chairman can stand in for the Leader, together with the + Secretary + As detailed in s.7.1(2), the Chairman of the Technical Committee + and the Project Secretary may together stand in for the Leader if + there is no Leader. + + 6.2. Composition + + 1. The Technical Committee consists of up to 8 Developers, and should + usually have at least 4 members. + 2. When there are fewer than 8 members the Technical Committee may + recommend new member(s) to the Project Leader, who may choose + (individually) to appoint them or not. + 3. When there are 5 members or fewer the Technical Committee may + appoint new member(s) until the number of members reaches 6. + 4. When there have been 5 members or fewer for at least one week the + Project Leader may appoint new member(s) until the number of + members reaches 6, at intervals of at least one week per + appointment. + 5. If the Technical Committee and the Project Leader agree they may + remove or replace an existing member of the Technical Committee. + + 6.3. Procedure + + 1. The Technical Committee uses the Standard Resolution Procedure. + A draft resolution or amendment may be proposed by any member of + the Technical Committee. There is no minimum discussion period; + the voting period lasts for up to one week, or until the outcome + is no longer in doubt. Members may change their votes. There is a + quorum of two. + 2. Details regarding voting + The Chairman has a casting vote. When the Technical Committee + votes whether to override a Developer who also happens to be a + member of the Committee, that member may not vote (unless they are + the Chairman, in which case they may use only their casting vote). + 3. Public discussion and decisionmaking. + Discussion, draft resolutions and amendments, and votes by members + of the committee, are made public on the Technical Committee + public discussion list. There is no separate secretary for the + Committee. + 4. Confidentiality of appointments. + The Technical Committee may hold confidential discussions via + private email or a private mailing list or other means to discuss + appointments to the Committee. However, votes on appointments must + be public. + 5. No detailed design work. + The Technical Committee does not engage in design of new proposals + and policies. Such design work should be carried out by + individuals privately or together and discussed in ordinary + technical policy and design forums. + The Technical Committee restricts itself to choosing from or + adopting compromises between solutions and decisions which have + been proposed and reasonably thoroughly discussed elsewhere. + Individual members of the technical committee may of course + participate on their own behalf in any aspect of design and policy + work. + 6. Technical Committee makes decisions only as last resort. + The Technical Committee does not make a technical decision until + efforts to resolve it via consensus have been tried and failed, + unless it has been asked to make a decision by the person or body + who would normally be responsible for it. + +7. The Project Secretary + + 7.1. Powers + + The Secretary: + 1. Takes votes amongst the Developers, and determines the number and + identity of Developers, whenever this is required by the + constitution. + 2. Can stand in for the Leader, together with the Chairman of the + Technical Committee. + If there is no Project Leader then the Chairman of the Technical + Committee and the Project Secretary may by joint agreement make + decisions if they consider it imperative to do so. + 3. Adjudicates any disputes about interpretation of the constitution. + 4. May delegate part or all of their authority to someone else, or + withdraw such a delegation at any time. + + 7.2. Appointment + + The Project Secretary is appointed by the Project Leader and the + current Project Secretary. + + If the Project Leader and the current Project Secretary cannot agree + on a new appointment they must ask the board of SPI to appoint a + Secretary. + + If there is no Project Secretary or the current Secretary is + unavailable and has not delegated authority for a decision then the + decision may be made or delegated by the Chairman of the Technical + Committee, as Acting Secretary. + + The Project Secretary's term of office is 1 year, at which point they + or another Secretary must be (re)appointed. + + 7.3. Procedure + + The Project Secretary should make decisions which are fair and + reasonable, and preferably consistent with the consensus of the + Developers. + + When acting together to stand in for an absent Project Leader the + Chairman of the Technical Committee and the Project Secretary should + make decisions only when absolutely necessary and only when consistent + with the consensus of the Developers. + +8. The Project Leader's Delegates + + 8.1. Powers + + The Project Leader's Delegates: + 1. have powers delegated to them by the Project Leader; + 2. may make certain decisions which the Leader may not make directly, + including approving or expelling Developers or designating people + as Developers who do not maintain packages. This is to avoid + concentration of power, particularly over membership as a + Developer, in the hands of the Project Leader. + + 8.2. Appointment + + The Delegates are appointed by the Project Leader and may be replaced + by the Leader at the Leader's discretion. The Project Leader may not + make the position as a Delegate conditional on particular decisions by + the Delegate, nor may they override a decision made by a Delegate once + made. + + 8.3. Procedure + + Delegates may make decisions as they see fit, but should attempt to + implement good technical decisions and/or follow consensus opinion. + +9. Software in the Public Interest + + SPI and Debian are separate organisations who share some goals. Debian + is grateful for the legal support framework offered by SPI. Debian's + Developers are currently members of SPI by virtue of their status as + Developers. + + 9.1. Authority + + 1. SPI has no authority regarding Debian's technical or nontechnical + decisions, except that no decision by Debian with respect to any + property held by SPI shall require SPI to act outside its legal + authority, and that Debian's constitution may occasionally use SPI + as a decision body of last resort. + 2. Debian claims no authority over SPI other than that over the use + of certain of SPI's property, as described below, though Debian + Developers may be granted authority within SPI by SPI's rules. + 3. Debian Developers are not agents or employees of SPI, or of each + other or of persons in authority in the Debian Project. A person + acting as a Developer does so as an individual, on their own + behalf. + + 9.2. Management of property for purposes related to Debian + + Since Debian has no authority to hold money or property, any donations + for the Debian Project must made to SPI, which manages such affairs. + + SPI have made the following undertakings: + 1. SPI will hold money, trademarks and other tangible and intangible + property and manage other affairs for purposes related to Debian. + 2. Such property will be accounted for separately and held in trust + for those purposes, decided on by Debian and SPI according to this + section. + 3. SPI will not dispose of or use property held in trust for Debian + without approval from Debian, which may be granted by the Project + Leader or by General Resolution of the Developers. + 4. SPI will consider using or disposing of property held in trust for + Debian when asked to do so by the Project Leader. + 5. SPI will use or dispose of property held in trust for Debian when + asked to do so by a General Resolution of the Developers, provided + that this is compatible with SPI's legal authority. + 6. SPI will notify the Developers by electronic mail to a Debian + Project mailing list when it uses or disposes of property held in + trust for Debian. + +A. Standard Resolution Procedure + + These rules apply to communal decisionmaking by committees and + plebiscites, where stated above. + + A.1. Proposal + + The formal procedure begins when a draft resolution is proposed and + sponsored, as required. + + A.1. Discussion and Amendment + + 1. Following the proposal, the resolution may be discussed. + Amendments may be made formal by being proposed and sponsored + according to the requirements for a new resolution, or directly by + the proposer of the original resolution. + 2. A formal amendment may be accepted by the resolution's proposer, + in which case the formal resolution draft is immediately changed + to match. + 3. If a formal amendment is not accepted, or one of the sponsors of + the resolution does not agree with the acceptance by the proposer + of a formal amendment, the amendment remains as an amendment and + will be voted on. + 4. If an amendment accepted by the original proposer is not to the + liking of others, they may propose another amendment to reverse + the earlier change (again, they must meet the requirements for + proposer and sponsor(s).) + 5. The proposer or a resolution may suggest changes to the wordings + of amendments; these take effect if the proposer of the amendment + agrees and none of the sponsors object. In this case the changed + amendments will be voted on instead of the originals. + 6. The proposer of a resolution may make changes to correct minor + errors (for example, typographical errors or inconsistencies) or + changes which do not alter the meaning, providing noone objects + within 24 hours. In this case the mininum discussion period is not + restarted. + + A.2. Calling for a vote + + 1. The proposer or a sponsor of a motion or an amendment may call for + a vote, providing that the minimum discussion period (if any) has + elapsed. + 2. The proposer or a sponsor of a motion may call for a vote on any + or all of the amendments individually or together; the proposer or + sponsor of an amendment may call for a vote only on that amendment + and related amendments. + 3. The person who calls for a vote states what they believe the + wordings of the resolution and any relevant amendments are, and + consequently what form the ballot should take. However, the final + decision on the form of ballot(s) is the Secretary's - see 7.1(1), + 7.1(3) and A.3(6). + 4. The minimum discussion period is counted from the time the last + formal amendment was accepted, or the last related formal + amendment was accepted if an amendment is being voted on, or since + the whole resolution was proposed if no amendments have been + proposed and accepted. + + A.3. Voting procedure + + 1. Each independent set of related amendments is voted on in a + separate ballot. Each such ballot has as options all the sensible + combinations of amendments and options, and an option Further + Discussion. If Further Discussion wins then the entire resolution + procedure is set back to the start of the discussion period. No + quorum is required for an amendment. + 2. When the final form of the resolution has been determined it is + voted on in a final ballot, in which the options are Yes, No and + Further Discussion. If Further Discussion wins then the entire + procedure is set back to the start of the discussion period. + 3. The vote taker (if there is one) or the voters (if voting is done + by public pronouncement) may arrange for these ballots to be held + simultaneously, even (for example) using a single voting message. + If amendment ballot(s) and the final ballot are combined in this + way then it must be possible for a voter to vote differently in + the final ballot for each of the possible forms of the final draft + resolution. + 4. Votes may be cast during the voting period, as specified + elsewhere. If the voting period can end if the outcome is no + longer in doubt, the possibility that voters may change their + votes is not considered. + 5. The votes are counted according to the Concorde Vote Counting. If + a quorum is required then the default option is Further + Discussion. + 6. In cases of doubt the Project Secretary shall decide on matters of + procedure (for example, whether particular amendments should be + considered independent or not). + + A.4. Withdrawing resolutions or unaccepted amendments + + The proposer of a resolution or unaccepted amendment may withdraw it. + In this case new proposers may come forward keep it alive, in which + case the first person to do so becomes the new proposer and any others + become sponsors if they aren't sponsors already. + + A sponsor of a resolution or amendment (unless it has been accepted) + may withdraw. + + If the withdrawal of the proposer and/or sponsors means that a + resolution has no proposer or not enough sponsors it will not be voted + on unless this is rectified before the resolution expires. + + A.5. Expiry + + If a proposed resolution has not been discussed, amended, voted on or + otherwise dealt with for 4 weeks then it is considered to have been + withdrawn. + + A.6. Concorde Vote Counting + + 1. This is used to determine the winner amongst a list of options. + Each ballot paper gives a ranking of the voter's preferred + options. (The ranking need not be complete.) + 2. Option A is said to Dominate option B if strictly more ballots + prefer A to B than prefer B to A. + 3. All options which are Dominated by at least one other option are + discarded, and references to them in ballot papers will be + ignored. + 4. If there is any option which Dominates all others then that is the + winner. + 5. If there is now more than one option remaining Single + Transferrable Vote will be applied to choose amongst those + remaining: + + The number of first preferences for each option is counted, + and if any option has more than half it is the winner. + + Otherwise the option with the lowest number of first + preferences is eliminated and its votes redistributed + according to the second preferences. + + This elimination procedure is repeated, moving down ballot + papers to 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc. preferences as required, until + one option gets more than half of the `first' preferences. + 6. In the case of ties the elector with a casting vote will decide. + The casting vote does not count as a normal vote; however that + elector will usually also get a normal vote. + 7. If a supermajority is required the number of Yes votes in the + final ballot is reduced by an appropriate factor. Strictly + speaking, for a supermajority of F:A, the number of ballots which + prefer Yes to X (when considering whether Yes Dominates X or X + Dominates Yes) or the number of ballots whose first (remaining) + preference is Yes (when doing STV comparisons for winner and + elimination purposes) is multiplied by a factor A/F before the + comparison is done. This means that a 2:1 vote, for example, means + twice as many people voted for as against; abstentions are not + counted. + 8. If a quorum is required, there must be at least that many votes + which prefer the winning option to the default option. If there + are not then the default option wins after all. For votes + requiring a supermajority, the actual number of Yes votes is used + when checking whether the quorum has been reached. + + When the Standard Resolution Procedure is to be used, the text which + refers to it must specify what is sufficient to have a draft + resolution proposed and/or sponsored, what the minimum discussion + period is, and what the voting period is. It must also specify any + supermajority and/or the quorum (and default option) to be used. + +B. Use of language and typography + + The present indicative (`is', for example) means that the statement is + a rule in this constitution. `May' or `can' indicates that the person + or body has discretion. `Should' means that it would be considered a + good thing if the sentence were obeyed, but it is not binding. Text + marked as a citation, such as this, is rationale and does not form + part of the constitution. It may be used only to aid interpretation in + cases of doubt. diff --git a/includes/common/doc/debian-manifesto b/includes/common/doc/debian-manifesto new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9322c93 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/debian-manifesto @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +Please note that this document is provided in order to document +Debian's history. While the general ideas still apply some details +changed. + + +******************** +Appendix +The Debian Manifesto +******************** + + + The Debian Linux Manifesto + + Written by Ian A. Murdock + Revised 01/06/94 + + +What is Debian Linux? +===================== + +Debian Linux is a brand-new kind of Linux distribution. Rather than +being developed by one isolated individual or group, as other +distributions of Linux have been developed in the past, Debian is being +developed openly in the spirit of Linux and GNU. The primary purpose +of the Debian project is to finally create a distribution that lives up +to the Linux name. Debian is being carefully and conscientiously put +together and will be maintained and supported with similar care. + +It is also an attempt to create a non-commercial distribution that will +be able to effectively compete in the commercial market. It will +eventually be distributed by The Free Software Foundation on CD-ROM, +and The Debian Linux Association will offer the distribution on floppy +disk and tape along with printed manuals, technical support and other +end-user essentials. All of the above will be available at little more +than cost, and the excess will be put toward further development of +free software for all users. Such distribution is essential to the +success of the Linux operating system in the commercial market, and it +must be done by organizations in a position to successfully advance and +advocate free software without the pressure of profits or returns. + + +Why is Debian being constructed? +================================ + +Distributions are essential to the future of Linux. Essentially, they +eliminate the need for the user to locate, download, compile, install +and integrate a fairly large number of essential tools to assemble a +working Linux system. Instead, the burden of system construction is +placed on the distribution creator, whose work can be shared with +thousands of other users. Almost all users of Linux will get their +first taste of it through a distribution, and most users will continue +to use a distribution for the sake of convenience even after they are +familiar with the operating system. Thus, distributions play a very +important role indeed. + +Despite their obvious importance, distributions have attracted little +attention from developers. There is a simple reason for this: they are +neither easy nor glamorous to construct and require a great deal of +ongoing effort from the creator to keep the distribution bug-free and +up-to-date. It is one thing to put together a system from scratch; it +is quite another to ensure that the system is easy for others to +install, is installable and usable under a wide variety of hardware +configurations, contains software that others will find useful, and is +updated when the components themselves are improved. + +Many distributions have started out as fairly good systems, but as time +passes attention to maintaining the distribution becomes a secondary +concern. A case-in-point is the Softlanding Linux System (better known +as SLS). It is quite possibly the most bug-ridden and badly maintained +Linux distribution available; unfortunately, it is also quite possibly +the most popular. It is, without question, the distribution that +attracts the most attention from the many commercial "distributors" of +Linux that have surfaced to capitalize on the growing popularity of the +operating system. + +This is a bad combination indeed, as most people who obtain Linux from +these "distributors" receive a bug-ridden and badly maintained Linux +distribution. As if this wasn't bad enough, these "distributors" have +a disturbing tendency to misleadingly advertise non-functional or +extremely unstable "features" of their product. Combine this with the +fact that the buyers will, of course, expect the product to live up to +its advertisement and the fact that many may believe it to be a +commercial operating system (there is also a tendency not to mention +that Linux is free nor that it is distributed under the GNU General +Public License). To top it all off, these "distributors" are actually +making enough money from their effort to justify buying larger +advertisements in more magazines; it is the classic example of +unacceptable behavior being rewarded by those who simply do not know +any better. Clearly something needs to be done to remedy the +situation. + + +How will Debian attempt to put an end to these problems? +======================================================== + +The Debian design process is open to ensure that the system is of the +highest quality and that it reflects the needs of the user community. +By involving others with a wide range of abilities and backgrounds, +Debian is able to be developed in a modular fashion. Its components +are of high quality because those with expertise in a certain area are +given the opportunity to construct or maintain the individual +components of Debian involving that area. Involving others also +ensures that valuable suggestions for improvement can be incorporated +into the distribution during its development; thus, a distribution is +created based on the needs and wants of the users rather than the needs +and wants of the constructor. It is very difficult for one individual +or small group to anticipate these needs and wants in advance without +direct input from others. + +Debian Linux will also be distributed on physical media by the Free +Software Foundation and the Debian Linux Association. This provides +Debian to users without access to the Internet or FTP and additionally +makes products and services such as printed manuals and technical +support available to all users of the system. In this way, Debian may +be used by many more individuals and organizations than is otherwise +possible, the focus will be on providing a first-class product and not +on profits or returns, and the margin from the products and services +provided may be used to improve the software itself for all users +whether they paid to obtain it or not. + +The Free Software Foundation plays an extremely important role in the +future of Debian. By the simple fact that they will be distributing +it, a message is sent to the world that Linux is not a commercial +product and that it never should be, but that this does not mean that +Linux will never be able to compete commercially. For those of you who +disagree, I challenge you to rationalize the success of GNU Emacs and +GCC, which are not commercial software but which have had quite an +impact on the commercial market regardless of that fact. + +The time has come to concentrate on the future of Linux rather than on +the destructive goal of enriching oneself at the expense of the entire +Linux community and its future. The development and distribution of +Debian may not be the answer to the problems that I have outlined in +the Manifesto, but I hope that it will at least attract enough +attention to these problems to allow them to be solved. diff --git a/includes/common/doc/mailing-lists.txt b/includes/common/doc/mailing-lists.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d92973 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/mailing-lists.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1649 @@ + Introduction to the Debian mailing lists + ======================================== + + Debian GNU/Linux is developed through distributed development all + around the world. Therefore, email is the preferred way to discuss + various items. Much of the conversation between Debian developers + and users is managed through several mailing lists. + + There are many world-open mailing lists, meaning anyone can read + everything that is posted, and participate in the discussions. Everyone is + encouraged to help development of Debian and to spread the word of free + software. There are also a few lists which are only open to official Debian + developers; please don't interpret this as closed development, it sometimes + doesn't make much sense discussing internal topics with non-developers. + + All original Debian mailing lists run on a special server, using an + automatic mail processing software called SmartList. This server is called + lists.debian.org. All submission, subscription and unsubscription messages + have to be sent to a particular address at this host. + + The language used on all lists is English, unless stated otherwise. + There are some user lists for other languages available. + +Subscription / Unsubscription +----------------------------- + + Anyone is able to subscribe/unsubscribe on their own to any mailing list, + presuming the subscription policy for a particular list is `open'. + + The requests for subscription or unsubscription can be sent to a special + control address, which is slightly different from the list address. + Subscription or unsubscription messages should NOT be sent to the address + of the mailing list itself. + + To subscribe or unsubscribe from a mailing list, please send mail to + + <listname>-REQUEST@lists.debian.org + + with the word `subscribe' or `unsubscribe' as subject. + + Please remember the -REQUEST part of the address. + + As part of the subscription process, the list software will send you an + email to which you must reply in order to finish subscribing. This is a + security measure to keep people from subscribing others to the lists without + their permission. + + If you need to contact a human listmaster, direct your mail to + listmaster@lists.debian.org . To find out who is responsible for the + lists, take a look at http://www.debian.org/intro/organization + +User lists + + There are several user based mailing lists where developers and + users can get in contact to discuss and solve problems. + + debian-announce@lists.debian.org + + Description : Major news and very important changes in the project + are announced here. + Moderated : yes + Subscription: open + + debian-chinese-big5@lists.debian.org + + Description : Debian Chinese Project: Chinese localization (l10n), + documentation and web site translation, user support + etc. + + Posts may be in English or Big5-encoded Chinese. + All posts are automatically converted to GB encoding + and cross-posted to the debian-chinese-gb mailing list. + + If you would rather read and post in GB-encoded + Chinese, please subscribe to debian-chinese-gb instead. + Language : Chinese + Moderated : subscribers + Subscription: open + + debian-chinese-gb@lists.debian.org + + Description : Debian Chinese Project: Chinese localization (l10n) + issues, documentation and web site translation, user + support etc. + + Posts may be in English or GB-encoded Chinese. + All posts are automatically converted to Big5 encoding + and cross-posted to the debian-chinese-big5 mailing list. + + If you would rather read and post in Big5-encoded + Chinese, please subscribe to debian-chinese-big5 instead. + Language : Chinese + Moderated : subscribers + Subscription: open + + debian-commercial@lists.debian.org + + Description : Information about Debian related products from + software and hardware vendors is published here. + This is a moderated list, so please send your + submissions to the moderator at press@debian.org. + + Please note that posting commercial posts to any + other Debian mailing list is not permitted. + Moderated : yes + Subscription: open + + debian-esperanto@lists.debian.org + + Description : Debian users who speak Esperanto. + Language : Esperanto + Moderated : no + Subscription: open + + debian-firewall@lists.debian.org + + Description : Discussion of implementation and maintenance of + firewalls using Debian. 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You must consult the list operator in advance of posting for + any reduction or fee waiver. + +-- +Online HTML version of this document is available at + http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe diff --git a/includes/common/doc/social-contract.txt b/includes/common/doc/social-contract.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd9c368 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/social-contract.txt @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +Debian GNU/Linux Social Contract + +The Debian Project is an association of individuals who have made common +cause to create a free operating system. This is the "social contract" +we offer to the free software community. + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +"Social Contract" with the Free Software Community + + 1. Debian Will Remain 100% Free Software + + We promise to keep the Debian GNU/Linux Distribution entirely free + software. As there are many definitions of free software, we include + the guidelines we use to determine if software is "free" below. We will + support our users who develop and run non-free software on Debian, but + we will never make the system depend on an item of non-free software. + + 2. We Will Give Back to the Free Software Community + + When we write new components of the Debian system, we will license them + as free software. We will make the best system we can, so that free + software will be widely distributed and used. We will feed back + bug-fixes, improvements, user requests, etc. to the "upstream" authors + of software included in our system. + + 3. We Won't Hide Problems + + We will keep our entire bug-report database open for public view at all + times. Reports that users file on-line will immediately become visible + to others. + + 4. Our Priorities are Our Users and Free Software + + We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free-software + community. We will place their interests first in our priorities. We + will support the needs of our users for operation in many different + kinds of computing environment. We won't object to commercial software + that is intended to run on Debian systems, and we'll allow others to + create value-added distributions containing both Debian and commercial + software, without any fee from us. To support these goals, we will + provide an integrated system of high-quality, 100% free software, with + no legal restrictions that would prevent these kinds of use. + + 5. Programs That Don't Meet Our Free-Software Standards + + We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of programs that + don't conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have created + "contrib" and "non-free" areas in our FTP archive for this software. + The software in these directories is not part of the Debian system, + although it has been configured for use with Debian. We encourage CD + manufacturers to read the licenses of software packages in these + directories and determine if they can distribute that software on their + CDs. Thus, although non-free software isn't a part of Debian, we + support its use, and we provide infrastructure (such as our + bug-tracking system and mailing lists) for non-free software packages. + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +The Debian Free Software Guidelines + + 1. Free Redistribution + + The license of a Debian component may not restrict any party from + selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate + software distribution containing programs from several different + sources. The license may not require a royalty or other fee for such + sale. + + 2. Source Code + + The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in + source code as well as compiled form. + + 3. Derived Works + + The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow + them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the + original software. + + 4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code + + The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified + form _only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with + the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. + The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from + modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a + different name or version number from the original software. (This is a + compromise. The Debian group encourages all authors to not restrict any + files, source or binary, from being modified.) + + 5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups + + The license must not discriminate against any person or group of + persons. + + 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor + + The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in + a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the + program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic + research. + + 7. Distribution of License + + The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the + program is redistributed without the need for execution of an + additional license by those parties. + + 8. License Must Not Be Specific to Debian + + The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's + being part of a Debian system. If the program is extracted from Debian + and used or distributed without Debian but otherwise within the terms + of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is + redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in + conjunction with the Debian system. + + 9. License Must Not Contaminate Other Software + + The license must not place restrictions on other software that is + distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license + must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium + must be free software. + + 10. Example Licenses + + The "GPL", "BSD", and "Artistic" licenses are examples of licenses that + we consider "free". + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/includes/common/doc/source-unpack.txt b/includes/common/doc/source-unpack.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..151b733 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/doc/source-unpack.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ + HOW TO UNPACK A DEBIAN SOURCE PACKAGE + +There are two kinds of Debian source packages: old ones and new ones. + +A. Old ones look like this: + hello-1.3-4.tar.gz + hello-1.3-4.diff.gz + You unpack them by untarring the .tar.gz. There is NO need to apply + the diff. + +B. New ones look like this: + hello_1.3-11.dsc + hello_1.3-11.diff.gz + hello_1.3-11.orig.tar.gz - note the `.orig' part + Here you MUST use dpkg-source or apply the diff manually - see below. + + If you have `dpkg-source' you should put the files in the same + directory and type `dpkg-source -x <whatever>.dsc'. + + If you do not you can extract the Debian source as follows: + 1. untar P_V.orig.tar.gz. + 2. rename the resulting P-V.orig directory to P-V. If some other + directory results, rename *it* to P-V. + 3. mkdir P-V/debian. + 4. apply the diff with patch -p0. + 5. do `chmod +x P-V/debian/rules' + (where P is the package name and V the version.) + +C. There are some packages where the Debian source is the upstream + source. In this case there will be no .diff.gz and you can just use + the .tar.gz. If a .dsc is provided you can use `dpkg-source -x'. + + -- Ian Jackson <ijackson@gnu.ai.mit.edu> Sat, 31 Aug 1996 diff --git a/includes/common/pics/blue-lowerleft.png b/includes/common/pics/blue-lowerleft.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a2245e --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/blue-lowerleft.png diff --git a/includes/common/pics/blue-lowerright.png b/includes/common/pics/blue-lowerright.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e66271 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/blue-lowerright.png diff --git a/includes/common/pics/blue-upperleft.png b/includes/common/pics/blue-upperleft.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a58d0ec --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/blue-upperleft.png diff --git a/includes/common/pics/blue-upperright.png b/includes/common/pics/blue-upperright.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f36849 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/blue-upperright.png diff --git a/includes/common/pics/debian.jpg b/includes/common/pics/debian.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..db62d7a --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/debian.jpg diff --git a/includes/common/pics/logo-50.jpg b/includes/common/pics/logo-50.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..542f0a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/logo-50.jpg diff --git a/includes/common/pics/red-lowerleft.png b/includes/common/pics/red-lowerleft.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..caca9c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/red-lowerleft.png diff --git a/includes/common/pics/red-lowerright.png b/includes/common/pics/red-lowerright.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c27056c --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/red-lowerright.png diff --git a/includes/common/pics/red-upperleft.png b/includes/common/pics/red-upperleft.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1e3301 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/red-upperleft.png diff --git a/includes/common/pics/red-upperright.png b/includes/common/pics/red-upperright.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..54d17ca --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/pics/red-upperright.png diff --git a/includes/common/tools/README b/includes/common/tools/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc56f93 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/README @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +/debian/tools contains MS-DOS tools for installing and booting Linux. + +fips20.zip Non-destructively split harddisk partitions (works with FAT32) +gzip124.exe gzip for DOS +lodlin16.zip load Linux kernel from DOS +rawrite1.zip rawrite version 1.3 (rawrite 2.0 is much faster, but +rawrite2.zip rawrite version 2.0 it locks up on some machines.) +unz512x3.exe Info-ZIP's free UnZipper for DOS +rwwrtwin.zip Win32 version of rawrite runs on Windows 95, NT, 98, 2000, + ME, XP and probably later versions. +diskio.zip Under 95, 98 & ME you need diskio.dll. It must be in + the same directory as rwwrtwin.exe. (uncompressed) +md5sum-w32.zip Win32 version of md5sum diff --git a/includes/common/tools/diskio.zip b/includes/common/tools/diskio.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b30fa96 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/diskio.zip diff --git a/includes/common/tools/fips20.zip b/includes/common/tools/fips20.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4a64b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/fips20.zip diff --git a/includes/common/tools/gzip124.exe b/includes/common/tools/gzip124.exe Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a8d137 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/gzip124.exe diff --git a/includes/common/tools/lodlin16.zip b/includes/common/tools/lodlin16.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e5441e --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/lodlin16.zip diff --git a/includes/common/tools/md5sum-w32.zip b/includes/common/tools/md5sum-w32.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..982202b --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/md5sum-w32.zip diff --git a/includes/common/tools/rawrite1.zip b/includes/common/tools/rawrite1.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..abdc229 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/rawrite1.zip diff --git a/includes/common/tools/rawrite2.zip b/includes/common/tools/rawrite2.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa33885 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/rawrite2.zip diff --git a/includes/common/tools/rwwrtwin.zip b/includes/common/tools/rwwrtwin.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c3fd11 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/rwwrtwin.zip diff --git a/includes/common/tools/src/md5sum-w32_1.1.dsc b/includes/common/tools/src/md5sum-w32_1.1.dsc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44393f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/src/md5sum-w32_1.1.dsc @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- +Hash: SHA1 + +Format: 1.0 +Source: md5sum-w32 +Version: 1.1 +Binary: md5sum-w32 +Maintainer: Bas Zoetekouw <bas@debian.org> +Architecture: any +Standards-Version: 3.5.2 +Build-Depends: debhelper (>> 3.0.0), mingw32, zip +Files: + b5741a5c7e027ee1e9242163c5eb711b 7617 md5sum-w32_1.1.tar.gz + +-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- +Version: GnuPG v1.0.7 (GNU/Linux) + +iQEXAwUBPXo9/Z6S+2TcVAFTFAKpcwP/bDWljR/VQxCFtjg4epqZczN5MRWHQ0Qc +qjRw5F0of0V0jELCVClRGl68VBX96o3tJSGvhCkXqT3UXQYd1vsiakHQotcEib3V +r07De88Bzxm9NE43AR/98TU+9niIkrOmkbxGJQXU3puKMXd/WpCw4XgNOYT6A1hg +7ugByZ32x9ID/RtIpCehPvrqCVn8J1v2dTam3m3obGt6yESg+2PcxzEeIVwN3jb3 +AwkLTKi7VyelSmMWPdJUxsMZvGmBFyjjNqwZeMYPnuGS60sHxREHA/heDsM1hIbS +7PZ9hcPXw588Y79ItGFZY4Rfdc0cJQSTkPvt2z5gAk1Eeii5kzCC25nZ +=aPY9 +-----END PGP SIGNATURE----- diff --git a/includes/common/tools/src/md5sum-w32_1.1.tar.gz b/includes/common/tools/src/md5sum-w32_1.1.tar.gz Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf42ec8 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/src/md5sum-w32_1.1.tar.gz diff --git a/includes/common/tools/unz512x3.exe b/includes/common/tools/unz512x3.exe Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8b36c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/common/tools/unz512x3.exe |
