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diff --git a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html index 6560f14..cdad69f 100644..120000 --- a/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html +++ b/includes/etch/install/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html @@ -1,575 +1 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian FTP archives</title> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-ftparchives"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ 5 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-dirtree"></a>5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</h2> - -<p> -The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of -several directory trees on each Debian mirror site. -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>dists</samp> directory is short for "distributions", and it -is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and -pre-releases). -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>pool</samp> directory contains the actual packages, see <a -href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>. -</p> - -<p> -There are the following supplementary directories: -</p> -<dl> -<dt><em>/tools/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive, -compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>/doc/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -The basic Debian documentation, such as the FAQ, the bug reporting system -instructions, etc. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>/indices/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -The Maintainers file and the override files. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>/project/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -mostly developer-only materials, such as: -</p> -<dl> -<dt><em>project/experimental/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This directory contains packages and tools which are still being developed, and -are still in the alpha testing stage. Users shouldn't be using packages from -here, because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced -people. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -</dd> -</dl> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-dists"></a>5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</h2> - -<p> -There are three distributions, the "stable" distribution, the -"testing" distribution, and the "unstable" distribution. -The "testing" distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see <a -href="#s-frozen">What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?, Section -5.6.1</a>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-codenames"></a>5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</h2> - -<p> -They are just "codenames". When a Debian distribution is in the -development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of -these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if -a real directory like <samp>unstable</samp> suddenly changed its name to -<samp>stable</samp>, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded -again). -</p> - -<p> -Currently, <samp>stable</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>etch</samp> (i.e. -Debian GNU/Linux 4.0) and <samp>testing</samp> is a symbolic link to -<samp>lenny</samp>. This means that <samp>etch</samp> is the current stable -distribution and <samp>lenny</samp> is the current testing distribution. -</p> - -<p> -<samp>unstable</samp> is a permanent symbolic link to <samp>sid</samp>, as -<samp>sid</samp> is always the unstable distribution (see <a href="#s-sid">What -about "sid"?, Section 5.4</a>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-oldcodenames"></a>5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</h3> - -<p> -Other codenames that have been already used are: <samp>buzz</samp> for release -1.1, <samp>rex</samp> for release 1.2, <samp>bo</samp> for releases 1.3.x, -<samp>hamm</samp> for release 2.0, <samp>slink</samp> for release 2.1, -<samp>potato</samp> for release 2.2, <samp>woody</samp> for release 3.0 and -<samp>sarge</samp> for release 3.1. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-sourceforcodenames"></a>5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</h3> - -<p> -So far they have been characters taken from the movie "Toy Story" by -Pixar. -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>buzz</em> (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>rex</em> was the tyrannosaurus, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>bo</em> (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>hamm</em> was the piggy bank, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>slink</em> (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>potato</em> was, of course, Mr. Potato (R), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>woody</em> was the cowboy, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>sarge</em> was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>etch</em> was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>lenny</em> was the binoculars. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>sid</em> was the boy next door who destroyed toys. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-sid"></a>5.4 What about "sid"?</h2> - -<p> -<em>sid</em> or <em>unstable</em> is the place where most of the packages are -initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which -are to be released will first have to be included in <em>testing</em>, in order -to be released in <em>stable</em> later on. sid contains packages for both -released and unreleased architectures. -</p> - -<p> -The name "sid" also comes from the "Toy Story" animated -motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-) -</p> - -<p> -[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f1" name="fr1">1</a>] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-stable"></a>5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</h2> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute -the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system. -</p> - -<p> -These packages all comply with the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software -Guidelines</a></code>, and are all freely usable and distributable. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is -restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the -specified copyright requirements. -</p> - -<p> -For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial -distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not -freeware. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and possibly -negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution (e.g., in a -CD-ROM). -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and -<em>freely distributable</em> themselves, but somehow depend on a package that -is <em>not</em> freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free -section. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-testing"></a>5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</h2> - -<p> -Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone -some degree of testing in <a href="#s-unstable">unstable</a>. -</p> - -<p> -They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and -mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have -fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way, -we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate. -</p> - -<p> -More information about the status of "testing" in general and the -individual packages is available at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/devel/testing">http://www.debian.org/devel/testing</a></code> -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-frozen"></a>5.6.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</h3> - -<p> -When the "testing" distribution is mature enough, the release manager -starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure -that as little as possible new bugs from "unstable" enter -"testing". -</p> - -<p> -After a while, the "testing" distribution becomes truly `frozen'. -This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the -"testing" are held back, unless they include release-critical bug -fixes. The "testing" distribution can also remain in such a deep -freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent. -</p> - -<p> -We keep a record of bugs in the "testing" distribution that can hold -off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole -release. For details, please see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/">current testing release -information</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen -"testing" distribution is declared "stable" and released -with a version number. -</p> - -<p> -With each new release, the previous "stable" distribution becomes -obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive">Debian archive</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-unstable"></a>5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</h2> - -<p> -The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system. -Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their -state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that -you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but -if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-) -</p> - -<p> -There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable', -separated on the same criteria as in `stable'. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-archsections"></a>5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</h2> - -<p> -Within each of the major directory trees[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f2" -name="fr2">2</a>], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index -files. -</p> - -<p> -There's one set of <samp>binary-<var>something</var></samp> subdirectories -which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer -architecture, for example <samp>binary-i386</samp> for packages which execute -on Intel x86 PC machines or <samp>binary-sparc</samp> for packages which -execute on Sun SPARCStations. -</p> - -<p> -The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">the release's web -page</a></code>. For the current release, please see <a -href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what hardware architectures/systems does -Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a>. -</p> - -<p> -The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz) and they include a summary -of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The actual -binary packages (for <em>woody</em> and subsequent releases) reside in the top -level <a href="#s-pools"><samp>pool</samp> directory</a>. -</p> - -<p> -Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files -for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called -Sources(.gz). -</p> - -<p> -Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation -system index files. In the <em>woody</em> release, these are named -<samp>disks-<var>architecture</var></samp>; in <em>sarge</em>, they are at -<samp>debian-installer/binary-<var>architecture</var></samp>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-source"></a>5.9 Where is the source code?</h2> - -<p> -Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the -license terms of most programs in the system <em>require</em> that source code -be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source -code accompany the programs. -</p> - -<p> -The source code is distributed in the <samp>pool</samp> directory (see <a -href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>) -together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve -the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP -archive, try a command like <samp>apt-get source mypackagename</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in -their licenses. Notably, one such package is <samp>pine</samp>, see <a -href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">Where is pine?, Section 4.10</a> for more -information. -</p> - -<p> -Source code may or may not be available for packages in the "contrib" -and "non-free" directories, which are not formally part of the Debian -system. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pools"></a>5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</h2> - -<p> -Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the -source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section -(`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source -package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for -each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were -generated. -</p> - -<p> -You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like -<samp>apt-cache showsrc mypackagename</samp> and looking at the `Directory:' -line. For example, the <samp>apache</samp> packages are stored in -<samp>pool/main/a/apache/</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Additionally, since there are so many <samp>lib*</samp> packages, these are -treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in -<samp>pool/main/libp/libpaper/</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f3" name="fr3">3</a>] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-incoming"></a>5.11 What is "incoming"?</h2> - -<p> -After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the -"incoming" directory before it is checked that it's genuine and -allowed into the archive. -</p> - -<p> -Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare -cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at <code><a -href="http://incoming.debian.org/">http://incoming.debian.org/</a></code>. You -can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the -.changes and .dsc files, and then install them. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-ownrepository"></a>5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</h2> - -<p> -If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install -using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own -apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your -Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project. -Instructions on how to do this are given in the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto">Debian -Repository HOWTO</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ] -[ 5 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - +ch-ftparchives.en.html
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