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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian FTP archives</title>
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-ftparchives"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ]
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-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-dirtree"></a>5.1 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of
-several directory trees on each Debian mirror site.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>dists</samp> directory is short for &quot;distributions&quot;, and it
-is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and
-pre-releases).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>pool</samp> directory contains the actual packages, see <a
-href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are the following supplementary directories:
-</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>/tools/</em>:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive,
-compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>/doc/</em>:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The basic Debian documentation, such as the FAQ, the bug reporting system
-instructions, etc.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>/indices/</em>:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The Maintainers file and the override files.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>/project/</em>:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-mostly developer-only materials, such as:
-</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>project/experimental/</em>:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This directory contains packages and tools which are still being developed, and
-are still in the alpha testing stage. Users shouldn't be using packages from
-here, because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced
-people.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-dists"></a>5.2 How many Debian distributions are there in the <samp>dists</samp> directory?</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are three distributions, the &quot;stable&quot; distribution, the
-&quot;testing&quot; distribution, and the &quot;unstable&quot; distribution.
-The &quot;testing&quot; distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see <a
-href="#s-frozen">What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?, Section
-5.6.1</a>).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-codenames"></a>5.3 What are all those names like slink, potato, etc.?</h2>
-
-<p>
-They are just &quot;codenames&quot;. When a Debian distribution is in the
-development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of
-these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if
-a real directory like <samp>unstable</samp> suddenly changed its name to
-<samp>stable</samp>, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded
-again).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Currently, <samp>stable</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>etch</samp> (i.e.
-Debian GNU/Linux 4.0) and <samp>testing</samp> is a symbolic link to
-<samp>lenny</samp>. This means that <samp>etch</samp> is the current stable
-distribution and <samp>lenny</samp> is the current testing distribution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<samp>unstable</samp> is a permanent symbolic link to <samp>sid</samp>, as
-<samp>sid</samp> is always the unstable distribution (see <a href="#s-sid">What
-about &quot;sid&quot;?, Section 5.4</a>).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-oldcodenames"></a>5.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Other codenames that have been already used are: <samp>buzz</samp> for release
-1.1, <samp>rex</samp> for release 1.2, <samp>bo</samp> for releases 1.3.x,
-<samp>hamm</samp> for release 2.0, <samp>slink</samp> for release 2.1,
-<samp>potato</samp> for release 2.2, <samp>woody</samp> for release 3.0 and
-<samp>sarge</samp> for release 3.1.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-sourceforcodenames"></a>5.3.2 Where do these codenames come from?</h3>
-
-<p>
-So far they have been characters taken from the movie &quot;Toy Story&quot; by
-Pixar.
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>buzz</em> (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>rex</em> was the tyrannosaurus,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>bo</em> (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>hamm</em> was the piggy bank,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>slink</em> (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>potato</em> was, of course, Mr. Potato (R),
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>woody</em> was the cowboy,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>sarge</em> was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>etch</em> was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)),
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>lenny</em> was the binoculars.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>sid</em> was the boy next door who destroyed toys.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-sid"></a>5.4 What about &quot;sid&quot;?</h2>
-
-<p>
-<em>sid</em> or <em>unstable</em> is the place where most of the packages are
-initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which
-are to be released will first have to be included in <em>testing</em>, in order
-to be released in <em>stable</em> later on. sid contains packages for both
-released and unreleased architectures.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The name &quot;sid&quot; also comes from the &quot;Toy Story&quot; animated
-motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f1" name="fr1">1</a>]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-stable"></a>5.5 What does the stable directory contain?</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute
-the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These packages all comply with the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software
-Guidelines</a></code>, and are all freely usable and distributable.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is
-restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the
-specified copyright requirements.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial
-distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not
-freeware. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and possibly
-negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution (e.g., in a
-CD-ROM).
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and
-<em>freely distributable</em> themselves, but somehow depend on a package that
-is <em>not</em> freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free
-section.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-testing"></a>5.6 What does the testing directory contain?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone
-some degree of testing in <a href="#s-unstable">unstable</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and
-mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have
-fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way,
-we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-More information about the status of &quot;testing&quot; in general and the
-individual packages is available at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/devel/testing">http://www.debian.org/devel/testing</a></code>
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-frozen"></a>5.6.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?</h3>
-
-<p>
-When the &quot;testing&quot; distribution is mature enough, the release manager
-starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure
-that as little as possible new bugs from &quot;unstable&quot; enter
-&quot;testing&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After a while, the &quot;testing&quot; distribution becomes truly `frozen'.
-This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the
-&quot;testing&quot; are held back, unless they include release-critical bug
-fixes. The &quot;testing&quot; distribution can also remain in such a deep
-freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We keep a record of bugs in the &quot;testing&quot; distribution that can hold
-off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole
-release. For details, please see <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/">current testing release
-information</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen
-&quot;testing&quot; distribution is declared &quot;stable&quot; and released
-with a version number.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With each new release, the previous &quot;stable&quot; distribution becomes
-obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive">Debian archive</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-unstable"></a>5.7 What does the unstable directory contain?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system.
-Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their
-state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that
-you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but
-if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable',
-separated on the same criteria as in `stable'.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-archsections"></a>5.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Within each of the major directory trees[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f2"
-name="fr2">2</a>], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index
-files.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There's one set of <samp>binary-<var>something</var></samp> subdirectories
-which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer
-architecture, for example <samp>binary-i386</samp> for packages which execute
-on Intel x86 PC machines or <samp>binary-sparc</samp> for packages which
-execute on Sun SPARCStations.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at
-<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">the release's web
-page</a></code>. For the current release, please see <a
-href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what hardware architectures/systems does
-Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 3.1</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz) and they include a summary
-of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The actual
-binary packages (for <em>woody</em> and subsequent releases) reside in the top
-level <a href="#s-pools"><samp>pool</samp> directory</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files
-for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called
-Sources(.gz).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation
-system index files. In the <em>woody</em> release, these are named
-<samp>disks-<var>architecture</var></samp>; in <em>sarge</em>, they are at
-<samp>debian-installer/binary-<var>architecture</var></samp>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-source"></a>5.9 Where is the source code?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the
-license terms of most programs in the system <em>require</em> that source code
-be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source
-code accompany the programs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The source code is distributed in the <samp>pool</samp> directory (see <a
-href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 5.10</a>)
-together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve
-the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP
-archive, try a command like <samp>apt-get source mypackagename</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in
-their licenses. Notably, one such package is <samp>pine</samp>, see <a
-href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">Where is pine?, Section 4.10</a> for more
-information.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Source code may or may not be available for packages in the &quot;contrib&quot;
-and &quot;non-free&quot; directories, which are not formally part of the Debian
-system.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pools"></a>5.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the
-source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section
-(`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source
-package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for
-each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were
-generated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like
-<samp>apt-cache showsrc mypackagename</samp> and looking at the `Directory:'
-line. For example, the <samp>apache</samp> packages are stored in
-<samp>pool/main/a/apache/</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Additionally, since there are so many <samp>lib*</samp> packages, these are
-treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in
-<samp>pool/main/libp/libpaper/</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f3" name="fr3">3</a>]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-incoming"></a>5.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?</h2>
-
-<p>
-After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the
-&quot;incoming&quot; directory before it is checked that it's genuine and
-allowed into the archive.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare
-cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at <code><a
-href="http://incoming.debian.org/">http://incoming.debian.org/</a></code>. You
-can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the
-.changes and .dsc files, and then install them.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-ownrepository"></a>5.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</h2>
-
-<p>
-If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install
-using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own
-apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your
-Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project.
-Instructions on how to do this are given in the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto">Debian
-Repository HOWTO</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ 5 ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-