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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Basics of the Debian package management system</title>
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-pkg_basics"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ 6 ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 6 - Basics of the Debian package management system
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-package"></a>6.1 What is a Debian package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Packages generally contain all of the files necessary to implement a set of
-related commands or features. There are two types of Debian packages:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>Binary packages</em>, which contain executables, configuration files,
-man/info pages, copyright information, and other documentation. These packages
-are distributed in a Debian-specific archive format (see <a
-href="#s-deb-format">What is the format of a Debian binary package?, Section
-6.2</a>); they are usually distinguished by having a '.deb' file extension.
-Binary packages can be unpacked using the Debian utility <samp>dpkg</samp>;
-details are given in its manual page.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>Source packages</em>, which consist of a <samp>.dsc</samp> file describing
-the source package (including the names of the following files), a
-<samp>.orig.tar.gz</samp> file that contains the original unmodified source in
-gzip-compressed tar format and usually a <samp>.diff.gz</samp> file that
-contains the Debian-specific changes to the original source. The utility
-<samp>dpkg-source</samp> packs and unpacks Debian source archives; details are
-provided in its manual page.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Installation of software by the package system uses &quot;dependencies&quot;
-which are carefully designed by the package maintainers. These dependencies
-are documented in the <samp>control</samp> file associated with each package.
-For example, the package containing the GNU C compiler (<code>gcc</code>)
-&quot;depends&quot; on the package <code>binutils</code> which includes the
-linker and assembler. If a user attempts to install <code>gcc</code> without
-having first installed <code>binutils</code>, the package management system
-(dpkg) will send an error message that it also needs <code>binutils</code>, and
-stop installing <code>gcc</code>. (However, this facility can be overridden by
-the insistent user, see <code>dpkg(8)</code>.) See more in <a
-href="#s-depends">What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>,
-<em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em>
-or <em>Provides</em> another package?, Section 6.9</a> below.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian's packaging tools can be used to:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-manipulate and manage packages or parts of packages,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-aid the user in the break-up of packages that must be transmitted through a
-limited-size medium such as floppy disks,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-aid developers in the construction of package archives, and
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-aid users in the installation of packages which reside on a remote FTP site.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-deb-format"></a>6.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-A Debian &quot;package&quot;, or a Debian archive file, contains the executable
-files, libraries, and documentation associated with a particular suite of
-program or set of related programs. Normally, a Debian archive file has a
-filename that ends in <samp>.deb</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The internals of this Debian binary packages format are described in the
-<code>deb(5)</code> manual page. This internal format is subject to change
-(between major releases of Debian GNU/Linux), therefore please always use
-<code>dpkg-deb(1)</code> for manipulating <samp>.deb</samp> files.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pkgname"></a>6.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Debian binary package file names conform to the following convention:
-&lt;foo&gt;_&lt;VersionNumber&gt;-&lt;DebianRevisionNumber&gt;.deb
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that <samp>foo</samp> is supposed to be the package name. As a check, one
-can learn the package name associated with a particular Debian archive file
-(.deb file) in one of these ways:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-inspect the &quot;Packages&quot; file in the directory where it was stored at a
-Debian FTP archive site. This file contains a stanza describing each package;
-the first field in each stanza is the formal package name.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-use the command <samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> (where VVV and RRR are
-the version and revision of the package in question, respectively). This
-displays, among other things, the package name corresponding to the archive
-file being unpacked.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>VVV</samp> component is the version number specified by the upstream
-developer. There are no standards in place here, so the version number may
-have formats as different as &quot;19990513&quot; and &quot;1.3.8pre1&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>RRR</samp> component is the Debian revision number, and is specified
-by the Debian developer (or an individual user if he chooses to build the
-package himself). This number corresponds to the revision level of the Debian
-package, thus, a new revision level usually signifies changes in the Debian
-Makefile (<samp>debian/rules</samp>), the Debian control file
-(<samp>debian/control</samp>), the installation or removal scripts
-(<samp>debian/p*</samp>), or in the configuration files used with the package.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-controlfile"></a>6.4 What is a Debian control file?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Specifics regarding the contents of a Debian control file are provided in the
-Debian Policy Manual, section 5, see <a
-href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
-for a Debian system?, Section 11.1</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Briefly, a sample control file is shown below for the Debian package hello:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- Package: hello
- Priority: optional
- Section: devel
- Installed-Size: 45
- Maintainer: Adam Heath &lt;doogie@debian.org&gt;
- Architecture: i386
- Version: 1.3-16
- Depends: libc6 (&gt;= 2.1)
- Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
- The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
- allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which
- would otherwise be unavailable to them.
- .
- Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
- It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
- (which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The Package field gives the package name. This is the name by which the
-package can be manipulated by the package tools, and usually similar to but not
-necessarily the same as the first component string in the Debian archive file
-name.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Version field gives both the upstream developer's version number and (in
-the last component) the revision level of the Debian package of this program as
-explained in <a href="#s-pkgname">Why are Debian package file names so long?,
-Section 6.3</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Architecture field specifies the chip for which this particular binary was
-compiled.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Depends field gives a list of packages that have to be installed in order
-to install this package successfully.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Installed-Size indicates how much disk space the installed package will
-consume. This is intended to be used by installation front-ends in order to
-show whether there is enough disk space available to install the program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Section line gives the &quot;section&quot; where this Debian package is
-stored at the Debian FTP sites. This is the name of a subdirectory (within one
-of the main directories, see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">What
-are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?, Section 5.1</a>) where
-the package is stored.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Priority indicates how important is this package for installation, so that
-semi-intelligent software like dselect or console-apt can sort the package into
-a category of e.g. packages optionally installed. See <a
-href="#s-priority">What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>,
-<em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em>
-package?, Section 6.7</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Maintainer field gives the e-mail address of the person who is currently
-responsible for maintaining this package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Description field gives a brief summary of the package's features.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more information about all possible fields a package can have, please see
-the Debian Policy Manual, section 5., &quot;Control files and their
-fields&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-conffile"></a>6.5 What is a Debian conffile?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Conffiles is a list of configuration files (usually placed in
-<samp>/etc</samp>) that the package management system will not overwrite when
-the package is upgraded. This ensures that local values for the contents of
-these files will be preserved, and is a critical feature enabling the in-place
-upgrade of packages on a running system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To determine exactly which files are preserved during an upgrade, run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --status package
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-And look under &quot;Conffiles:&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-maintscripts"></a>6.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</h2>
-
-<p>
-These files are executable scripts which are automatically run before or after
-a package is installed. Along with a file named <samp>control</samp>, all of
-these files are part of the &quot;control&quot; section of a Debian archive
-file.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The individual files are:
-</p>
-<dl>
-<dt>preinst</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This script executes before that package will be unpacked from its Debian
-archive (&quot;.deb&quot;) file. Many 'preinst' scripts stop services for
-packages which are being upgraded until their installation or upgrade is
-completed (following the successful execution of the 'postinst' script).
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>postinst</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This script typically completes any required configuration of the package
-<samp>foo</samp> once <samp>foo</samp> has been unpacked from its Debian
-archive (&quot;.deb&quot;) file. Often, 'postinst' scripts ask the user for
-input, and/or warn the user that if he accepts default values, he should
-remember to go back and re-configure that package as the situation warrants.
-Many 'postinst' scripts then execute any commands necessary to start or restart
-a service once a new package has been installed or upgraded.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>prerm</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This script typically stops any daemons which are associated with a package.
-It is executed before the removal of files associated with the package.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>postrm</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This script typically modifies links or other files associated with
-<samp>foo</samp>, and/or removes files created by the package. (Also see <a
-href="#s-virtual">What is a Virtual Package?, Section 6.8</a>.)
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
-Currently all of the control files can be found in directory
-<samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info</samp>. The files relevant to package
-<samp>foo</samp> begin with the name &quot;foo&quot; and have file extensions
-of &quot;preinst&quot;, &quot;postinst&quot;, etc., as appropriate. The file
-<samp>foo.list</samp> in that directory lists all of the files that were
-installed with the package <samp>foo</samp>. (Note that the location of these
-files is a dpkg internal; you should not rely on it.)
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-priority"></a>6.7 What is an <em>Essential</em> <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Each Debian package is assigned a <em>priority</em> by the distribution
-maintainers, as an aid to the package management system. The priorities are:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Required</strong>: packages that are necessary for the proper
-functioning of the system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This includes all tools that are necessary to repair system defects. You must
-not remove these packages or your system may become totally broken and you may
-probably not even be able to use dpkg to put things back. Systems with only
-the Required packages are probably unusable, but they do have enough
-functionality to allow the sysadmin to boot and install more software.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Important</strong> packages should be found on any Unix-like system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Other packages which the system will not run well or be usable without will be
-here. This does <em>NOT</em> include Emacs or X11 or TeX or any other large
-applications. These packages only constitute the bare infrastructure.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Standard</strong> packages are standard on any Linux system, including
-a reasonably small but not too limited character-mode system. Tools are
-included to be able to browse the web (using w3m), send e-mail (with mutt) and
-download files from FTP servers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This is what will install by default if users do not select anything else. It
-does not include many large applications, but it does include the Python
-interpreter and some server software like OpenSSH (for remote administration),
-Exim (for mail delivery, although it can be configured for local delivery
-only), an identd server (pidentd) and the RPC portmapper
-(<samp>portmap</samp>). It also includes some common generic documentation
-that most users will find helpful.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Optional</strong> packages include all those that you might reasonably
-want to install if you did not know what it was, or do not have specialized
-requirements.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This includes X11, a full TeX distribution, and lots of applications.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Extra</strong>: packages that either conflict with others with higher
-priorities, are only likely to be useful if you already know what they are, or
-have specialized requirements that make them unsuitable for
-&quot;Optional&quot;.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-If you do a default Debian installation all the packages of priority
-<strong>Standard</strong> or higher will be installed in your system. If you
-select pre-defined tasks you will get lower priority packages too.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Additionally, some packages are marked as <strong>Essential</strong> since they
-are absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of the system. The package
-management tools will refuse to remove these.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-virtual"></a>6.8 What is a Virtual Package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-A virtual package is a generic name that applies to any one of a group of
-packages, all of which provide similar basic functionality. For example, both
-the <samp>tin</samp> and <samp>trn</samp> programs are news readers, and should
-therefore satisfy any dependency of a program that required a news reader on a
-system, in order to work or to be useful. They are therefore both said to
-provide the &quot;virtual package&quot; called <samp>news-reader</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Similarly, <samp>smail</samp> and <samp>sendmail</samp> both provide the
-functionality of a mail transport agent. They are therefore said to provide
-the virtual package, &quot;mail transport agent&quot;. If either one is
-installed, then any program depending on the installation of a
-<samp>mail-transport-agent</samp> will be satisfied by the existence of this
-virtual package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian provides a mechanism so that, if more than one package which provide the
-same virtual package is installed on a system, then system administrators can
-set one as the preferred package. The relevant command is
-<samp>update-alternatives</samp>, and is described further in <a
-href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">Some users like mawk, others like gawk;
-some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does
-Debian support diversity?, Section 10.10</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-depends"></a>6.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Debian package system has a range of package &quot;dependencies&quot; which
-are designed to indicate (in a single flag) the level at which Program A can
-operate independently of the existence of Program B on a given system:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>depends</em> on Package B if B absolutely must be installed in
-order to run A. In some cases, A depends not only on B, but on a version of B.
-In this case, the version dependency is usually a lower limit, in the sense
-that A depends on any version of B more recent than some specified version.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>recommends</em> Package B, if the package maintainer judges that
-most users would not want A without also having the functionality provided by
-B.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>suggests</em> Package B if B contains files that are related to
-(and usually enhance) the functionality of A.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>conflicts</em> with Package B when A will not operate if B is
-installed on the system. Most often, conflicts are cases where A contains
-files which are an improvement over those in B. &quot;Conflicts&quot; are
-often combined with &quot;replaces&quot;.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>replaces</em> Package B when files installed by B are removed and
-(in some cases) over-written by files in A.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>provides</em> Package B when all of the files and functionality
-of B are incorporated into A. This mechanism provides a way for users with
-constrained disk space to get only that part of package A which they really
-need.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-More detailed information on the use of each these terms can be found in the
-Policy manual.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pre-depends"></a>6.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</h2>
-
-<p>
-&quot;Pre-Depends&quot; is a special dependency. In the case of most packages,
-<samp>dpkg</samp> will unpack its archive file (i.e., its <samp>.deb</samp>
-file) independently of whether or not the files on which it depends exist on
-the system. Simplistically, unpacking means that <samp>dpkg</samp> will
-extract the files from the archive file that were meant to be installed on your
-file system, and put them in place. If those packages <em>depend</em> on the
-existence of some other packages on your system, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse
-to complete the installation (by executing its &quot;configure&quot; action)
-until the other packages are installed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-However, for some packages, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse even to unpack them
-until certain dependencies are resolved. Such packages are said to
-&quot;Pre-depend&quot; on the presence of some other packages. The Debian
-project provided this mechanism to support the safe upgrading of systems from
-<samp>a.out</samp> format to <samp>ELF</samp> format, where the <em>order</em>
-in which packages were unpacked was critical. There are other large upgrade
-situations where this method is useful, e.g. the packages with the required
-priority and their LibC dependency.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As before, more detailed information about this can be found in the Policy
-manual.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pkgstatus"></a>6.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em> <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</h2>
-
-<p>
-These &quot;want&quot; flags tell what the user wanted to do with a package (as
-indicated either by the user's actions in the &quot;Select&quot; section of
-<samp>dselect</samp>, or by the user's direct invocations of
-<samp>dpkg</samp>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Their meanings are:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-unknown - the user has never indicated whether he wants the package
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-install - the user wants the package installed or upgraded
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-remove - the user wants the package removed, but does not want to remove any
-existing configuration files.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-purge - the user wants the package to be removed completely, including its
-configuration files.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-hold - the user wants this package not to be processed, i.e., he wants to keep
-the current version with the current status whatever that is.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-puttingonhold"></a>6.12 How do I put a package on hold?</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are three ways of holding back packages, with dpkg, aptitude or with
-dselect.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With dpkg, you just have to export the list of package selections, with:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --get-selections \* &gt; selections.txt
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then edit the resulting file <code>selections.txt</code>, change the line
-containing the package you wish to hold, e.g. <code>libc6</code>, from this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- libc6 install
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- libc6 hold
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Save the file, and reload it into dpkg database with:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --set-selections &lt; selections.txt
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-With aptitude, you can hold a package using
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- aptitude hold package_name
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and remove the hold with
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- aptitude unhold package_name
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-With dselect, you just have to enter the [S]elect screen, find the package you
-wish to hold in its present state, and press the `=' key (or `H'). The changes
-will go live immediately after you exit the [S]elect screen.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-sourcepkgs"></a>6.13 How do I install a source package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian source packages can't actually be &quot;installed&quot;, they are just
-unpacked in whatever directory you want to build the binary packages they
-produce.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Source packages are distributed on most of the same mirrors where you can
-obtain the binary packages. If you set up your APT's
-<code>sources.list(5)</code> to include the appropriate &quot;deb-src&quot;
-lines, you'll be able to easily download any source packages by running
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get source foo
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To help you in actually building the source package, Debian source package
-provide the so-called build-dependencies mechanism. This means that the source
-package maintainer keeps a list of other packages that are required to build
-their package. To see how this is useful, run
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get build-dep foo
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-before building the source.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-sourcebuild"></a>6.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-You will need all of foo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz and foo_*.diff.gz to compile the
-source (note: there is no .diff.gz for some packages that are native to
-Debian).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Once you have them (<a href="#s-sourcepkgs">How do I install a source package?,
-Section 6.13</a>), if you have the <code>dpkg-dev</code> package installed, the
-following command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-will extract the package into a directory called <samp>foo-version</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want just to compile the package, you may cd into
-<samp>foo-version</samp> directory and issue the command
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to build the package (note that this also requires the <code>fakeroot</code>
-package), and then
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to install the newly-built package(s).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-creatingdebs"></a>6.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</h2>
-
-<p>
-For more detailed description on this, read the New Maintainers' Guide,
-available in the <code>maint-guide</code> package, or at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
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-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 3.1.5, 17 January 2007<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-