diff options
| author | Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org> | 2009-11-16 12:40:43 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org> | 2011-03-09 19:17:02 +0100 |
| commit | 5841e79b1fddb4e7aa340328a4df587398317d06 (patch) | |
| tree | 17f9d204704809b9009d6b75109411aa53adaeeb /includes/etch/common/doc | |
| parent | 8fa7616e6929bb1375a04bb1c50fe3b846ffcceb (diff) | |
| download | live-build-5841e79b1fddb4e7aa340328a4df587398317d06.zip live-build-5841e79b1fddb4e7aa340328a4df587398317d06.tar.gz | |
Dropping etch support.
Diffstat (limited to 'includes/etch/common/doc')
52 files changed, 0 insertions, 14652 deletions
diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/00-INDEX b/includes/etch/common/doc/00-INDEX deleted file mode 100644 index 041eaca..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/00-INDEX +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -What's in /debian/doc? - ---- General Documentation -FAQ/ Debian FAQ List in html, postscript, and plain text -constitution.txt Debian Constitution -debian-manifesto How it all started... -mailing-lists.txt How to subscribe to the Debian mailing lists -social-contract.txt Debian Social Contract and Free Software Guidelines -source-unpack.txt How to unpack a Debian source package -debian-keyring.tar.gz PGP keys of all the developers. - - ---- The Bug Tracking System for users -bug-reporting.txt How to report a bug in Debian -bug-log-mailserver.txt Introduction to the bug system request server -bug-log-access.txt Accessing bug reports in the tracking system -bug-mailserver-refcard.txt Mail server's reference card - - ---- Debian Developer's Information -bug-maint-info.txt Developer's information re the bug system -bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt Introduction to the bug control mailserver diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.html.tar.gz b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.html.tar.gz Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index abee0f9..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.html.tar.gz +++ /dev/null diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.pdf.gz b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.pdf.gz Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3b428a1..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.pdf.gz +++ /dev/null diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.ps.gz b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.ps.gz Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0ff0949..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.ps.gz +++ /dev/null diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.txt.gz b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.txt.gz Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index aeaaa41..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/debian-faq.en.txt.gz +++ /dev/null diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index cc55653..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,610 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Definitions and overview</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="index.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-basic_defs"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ 1 ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 1 - Definitions and overview -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-whatisfaq"></a>1.1 What is this FAQ?</h2> - -<p> -This document gives frequently asked questions (with their answers!) about the -Debian distribution (Debian GNU/Linux and others) and about the Debian project. -If applicable, pointers to other documentation will be given: we won't quote -large parts of external documentation in this document. You'll find out that -some answers assume some knowledge of Unix-like operating systems. We'll try -to assume as little prior knowledge as possible: answers to general beginners -questions will be kept simple. -</p> - -<p> -If you can't find what you're looking for in this FAQ, be sure to check out <a -href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and -for a Debian system?, Section 12.1</a>. If even that doesn't help, refer to <a -href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">Feedback, Section 16.2</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-whatisdebian"></a>1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux is a particular <em>distribution</em> of the Linux operating -system, and numerous packages that run on it. -</p> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux is: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>full featured</strong>: Debian includes more than 18200 software -packages at present. Users can select which packages to install; Debian -provides a tool for this purpose. You can find a list and descriptions of the -packages currently available in Debian at any of the Debian <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">mirror sites</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>free to use and redistribute</strong>: There is no consortium -membership or payment required to participate in its distribution and -development. All packages that are formally part of Debian GNU/Linux are free -to redistribute, usually under terms specified by the GNU General Public -License. -</p> - -<p> -The Debian FTP archives also carry approximately 560 software packages (in the -<samp>non-free</samp> and <samp>contrib</samp> sections), which are -distributable under specific terms included with each package. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>dynamic</strong>: With about 1060 volunteers constantly contributing -new and improved code, Debian is evolving rapidly. The FTP archives are -updated twice every day. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Most Linux users run a specific <em>distribution</em> of Linux, like Debian -GNU/Linux. However, in principle, users could obtain the Linux kernel via the -Internet or from elsewhere, and compile it themselves. They could then obtain -source code for many applications in the same way, compile the programs, then -install them into their systems. For complicated programs, this process can be -not only time-consuming but error-prone. To avoid it, users often choose to -obtain the operating system and the application packages from one of the Linux -distributors. What distinguishes the various Linux distributors are the -software, protocols, and practices they use for packaging, installing, and -tracking applications packages on users' systems, combined with installation -and maintenance tools, documentation, and other services. -</p> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux is the result of a volunteer effort to create a free, -high-quality Unix-compatible operating system, complete with a suite of -applications. The idea of a free Unix-like system originates from the GNU -project, and many of the applications that make Debian GNU/Linux so useful were -developed by the GNU project. -</p> - -<p> -For Debian, free has the GNUish meaning (see the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software -Guidelines</a></code>). When we speak of free software, we are referring to -freedom, not price. Free software means that you have the freedom to -distribute copies of free software, that you receive source code or can get it -if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new -free programs; and that you know you can do these things. -</p> - -<p> -The Debian Project was created by Ian Murdock in 1993, initially under the -sponsorship of the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Today, Debian's -developers think of it as a direct descendent of the GNU project. -</p> - -<p> -Although Debian GNU/Linux itself is free software, it is a base upon which -value-added Linux distributions can be built. By providing a reliable, -full-featured base system, Debian provides Linux users with increased -compatibility, and allows Linux distribution creators to eliminate duplication -of effort and focus on the things that make their distribution special. See <a -href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">I am making a special Linux -distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for -the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?, Section -14.3</a> for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-linux"></a>1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</h2> - -<p> -In short, Linux is the kernel of a Unix-like operating system. It was -originally designed for 386 (and better) PCs; today Linux also runs on a dozen -of other systems. Linux is written by Linus Torvalds and many computer -scientists around the world. -</p> - -<p> -Besides its kernel, a "Linux" system usually has: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -a file system that follows the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard <code><a -href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">http://www.pathname.com/fhs/</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -a wide range of Unix utilities, many of which have been developed by the GNU -project and the Free Software Foundation. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The combination of the Linux kernel, the file system, the GNU and FSF -utilities, and the other utilities are designed to achieve compliance with the -POSIX (IEEE 1003.1) standard; see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">How -source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?, Section 4.3</a>. -</p> - -<p> -For more information about Linux, see <code><a -href="http://www.linux.org/info/">What is Linux</a></code> by <code><a -href="http://www.linux.org/">Linux Online</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-non-linux"></a>1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -Currently, Debian is only available for Linux, but with Debian GNU/Hurd and -Debian on BSD kernels, we have started to offer non-Linux-based OSes as a -development, server and desktop platform, too. However, these non-linux ports -are not officially released yet. -</p> - -<p> -The oldest porting effort is Debian GNU/Hurd. -</p> - -<p> -The Hurd is a set of servers running on top of the GNU Mach microkernel. -Together they build the base for the GNU operating system. -</p> - -<p> -Please see <code><a -href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/</a></code> -for more information about the GNU/Hurd in general, and <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/</a></code> -for more information about Debian GNU/Hurd. -</p> - -<p> -A second effort is the port to a BSD kernel. People are working with both the -NetBSD and the FreeBSD kernels. -</p> - -<p> -See <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux">http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux</a></code> -for more information about these non-linux ports. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-difference"></a>1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</h2> - -<p> -These key features distinguish Debian from other Linux distributions: -</p> -<dl> -<dt>Freedom:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -As stated in the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian -Social Contract</a></code>, Debian will remain 100% free. Debian is very -strict about shipping truly free software. The guidelines used to determine if -a work is "free" are provided in <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">The Debian Free -Software</a></code>. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>The Debian package maintenance system:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -The entire system, or any individual component of it, can be upgraded in place -without reformatting, without losing custom configuration files, and (in most -cases) without rebooting the system. Most Linux distributions available today -have some kind of package maintenance system; the Debian package maintenance -system is unique and particularly robust (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">Basics of the Debian package management system, -Chapter 7</a>). -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>Open development:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -Whereas other Linux distributions are developed by individuals, small, closed -groups, or commercial vendors, Debian is the only major Linux distribution that -is being developed cooperatively by many individuals through the Internet, in -the same spirit as Linux and other free software. -</p> - -<p> -More than 1060 volunteer package maintainers are working on over 18200 packages -and improving Debian GNU/Linux. The Debian developers contribute to the -project not by writing new applications (in most cases), but by packaging -existing software according to the standards of the project, by communicating -bug reports to upstream developers, and by providing user support. See also -additional information on how to become a contributor in <a -href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software -developer?, Section 13.1</a>. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>The Universal Operating System:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -Debian comes with <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/">more than -18200 packages</a></code> and runs on <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/">11 architectures</a></code>. This is far -more than is available for any other GNU/Linux distribution. See <a -href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">What types of applications and development -software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?, Section 5.1</a> for an overview -of the provided software and see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what -hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 4.1</a> for -a description of the supported hardware platforms. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>The Bug Tracking System:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -The geographical dispersion of the Debian developers required sophisticated -tools and quick communication of bugs and bug-fixes to accelerate the -development of the system. Users are encouraged to send bugs in a formal -style, which are quickly accessible by WWW archives or via e-mail. See -additional information in this FAQ on the management of the bug log in <a -href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">Are there logs of known bugs?, Section -12.4</a>. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>The Debian Policy:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -Debian has an extensive specification of our standards of quality, the Debian -Policy. This document defines the qualities and standards to which we hold -Debian packages. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p> -For additional information about this, please see our web page about <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian">reasons to choose -Debian</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-gnu"></a>1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</h2> - -<p> -The Debian system builds on the ideals of free software first championed by the -<code><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">Free Software Foundation</a></code> and in -particular by <code><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard -Stallman</a></code>. FSF's powerful system development tools, utilities, and -applications are also a key part of the Debian system. -</p> - -<p> -The Debian Project is a separate entity from the FSF, however we communicate -regularly and cooperate on various projects. The FSF explicitly requested that -we call our system "Debian GNU/Linux", and we are happy to comply -with that request. -</p> - -<p> -The FSF's long-standing objective is to develop a new operating system called -GNU, based on <code><a -href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">Hurd</a></code>. Debian is working -with FSF on this system, called <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">Debian GNU/Hurd</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pronunciation"></a>1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</h2> - -<p> -The project name is pronounced Deb'-ee-en, with a short e in Deb, and emphasis -on the first syllable. This word is a contraction of the names of Debra and -Ian Murdock, who founded the project. (Dictionaries seem to offer some -ambiguity in the pronunciation of Ian (!), but Ian prefers ee'-en.) -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ 1 ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html deleted file mode 120000 index 6bee626..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-basic_defs.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-basic_defs.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-choosing.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-choosing.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index e0403cc..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-choosing.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,961 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Choosing a Debian distribution</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-choosing"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ 3 ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 3 - Choosing a Debian distribution -</h1> - -<hr> - -<p> -There are many different Debian distributions. Choosing the proper Debian -distribution is an important decission. This section covers some information -useful for users that want to make the choice best suited for their system and -also answers possible questions that might be arising during the process. It -does not deal with "why you should choose Debian" but rather -"which distribution of Debian". -</p> - -<p> -For more information on the available distributions read <a -href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">How many Debian distributions are there?, -Section 6.1</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s3.1"></a>3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?</h2> - -<p> -The answer is a bit complicated. It really depends on what you intend to do. -One solution would be to ask a friend who runs Debian. But that does not mean -that you cannot make an independent decision. In fact, you should be able to -decide once you complete reading this chapter. -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -If security or stability are at all important for you: install stable. period. -This is the most preferred way. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -If you are a new user installing to a desktop machine, start with stable. Some -of the software is quite old, but it's the least buggy environment to work in. -You can easily switch to the more modern unstable once you are a little more -confident. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -If you are a desktop user with some experience in Linux and does not mind -facing the odd bug now and then, use unstable. It has all the latest and -greatest software, and bugs are usually fixed swiftly. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -If you are running a server, especially one that has strong stability -requirements or is exposed to the Internet, install stable. This is by far the -strongest and safest choice. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The following questions (hopefully) provide more detail on these choices. -After reading this whole FAQ, if you still could not make a decision, stick -with the stable distribution. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.1"></a>3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?</h3> - -<p> -Try to search the web using a search engine and see if someone else is able to -get it working in stable. Most of the hardware should work fine with stable. -But if you have some state-of-the-art, cutting edge hardware, it might not work -with stable. If this is the case, you might want to install/upgrade to -unstable. -</p> - -<p> -For laptops, <code><a -href="http://www.linux-on-laptops.com/">http://www.linux-on-laptops.com/</a></code> -is a very good website to see if someone else is able to get it to work under -Linux. The website is not specific to Debian, but is nevertheless a tremendous -resource. I am not aware of any such website for desktops. -</p> - -<p> -Another option would be to ask in the debian-user mailing list by sending an -email to debian-user@lists.debian.org . Messages can be posted to the list -even without subscribing. The archives can be read through <code><a -href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/">http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/</a></code> -Information regarding subscribing to the list can be found at the location of -archives. You are strongly encourage to post your questions on the -mailing-list than on <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/support">irc</a></code>. The mailing-list messages -are archived, so solution to your problem can help others with the same issue. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.2"></a>3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?</h3> - -<p> -Yes. Unstable has the most recent (latest) versions. But the packages in -unstable are not well tested and might have bugs. -</p> - -<p> -On the other hand, stable contains old versions of packages. But this package -is well tested and is less likely to have any bugs. -</p> - -<p> -The packages in testing fall between these two extremes. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.3"></a>3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?</h3> - -<p> -Well, you might be correct. The age of the packages at stable depends on when -the last release was made. Since there is typically over 1 year between -releases you might find that stable contains old versions of packages. -However, they have been tested in and out. One can confidently say that the -packages do not have any known severe bugs, security holes etc., in them. The -packages in stable integrate seamlessly with other stable packages. These -characteristics are very important for production servers which have to work 24 -hours a day, 7 days a week. -</p> - -<p> -On the other hand, packages in testing or unstable can have hidden bugs, -security holes etc., Moreover, some packages in testing and unstable might not -be working as intended. Usually people working on a single desktop prefer -having the latest and most modern set of packages. Unstable is the solution -for this group of people. -</p> - -<p> -As you can see, stability and novelty are two opposing ends of the spectrum. -If stability is required: install stable distribution. If you want to work -with the latest packages, then install unstable. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.4"></a>3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?</h3> - -<p> -Yes, but it is a one way process. You can go from stable --> testing --> -unstable. But the reverse direction is not "possible". So better be -sure if you are planning to install/upgrade to unstable. -</p> - -<p> -Actually, if you are an expert and if you are willing to spend some time and if -you are real careful and if you know what you are doing, then it might be -possible to go from unstable to testing and then to stable. The installer -scripts are not designed to do that. So in the process, your configuration -files might be lost and.... -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.5"></a>3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?</h3> - -<p> -This is a rather subjective issue. There is no perfect answer but only a -"wise guess" could be made while deciding between unstable and -testing. My personal order of preference is Stable, Unstable and Testing. The -issue is like this: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Stable is rock solid. It does not break. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Testing breaks less often than Unstable. But when it breaks, it takes a long -time for things to get rectified. Sometimes this could be days and it could be -months at times. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Unstable changes a lot, and it can break at any point. However, fixes get -rectified in many occasions in a couple of days and it always has the latest -releases of software packaged for Debian. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -But there are times when tracking testing would be beneficial as opposed to -unstable. The author such situation due to the gcc transition from gcc3 to -gcc4. He was trying to install the <code>labplot</code> package on a machine -tracking unstable and it could not be installed in unstable as some of its -dependencies have undergone gcc4 transition and some have not. But the package -in testing was installable on a testing machine as the gcc4 transitioned -packages had not "trickled down" to testing. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.6"></a>3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?</h3> - -<p> -Sometimes, a package might not be installable through package management tools. -Sometimes, a package might not be available at all, maybe it was (temporarily) -removed due to bugs or unmet dependencies. Sometimes, a package installs but -does not behave in the proper way. -</p> - -<p> -When these things happen, the distribution is said to be broken (at least for -this package). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.7"></a>3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?</h3> - -<p> -The bug fixes and improvements introduced in the unstable distribution trickle -down to testing after a certain number of days. Let's say this threshold is 10 -days. The packages in unstable go into testing only when there are no RC-bugs -reported against them. If there is a RC-bug filed against a package in -unstable, it will not go into testing after the 10 days. -</p> - -<p> -The idea is that, if the package has any problems, it would be discovered by -people using unstable and will be fixed before it enters testing. This keeps -the testing in an usable state for most period of the time. Overall a -brilliant concept, if you ask me. But things are alwasy not so simple. -Consider the following situation: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Imagine you are interested in package XYZ. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Let's assume that on June 10, the version in testing is XYZ-3.6 and in unstable -it is XYZ-3.7 -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -After 10 days, XYZ-3.7 from unstable migrates into testing. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -So on June 20, both testing and unstable have XYZ-3.7 in their repositories. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Let's say, The user of testing distribution sees that a new XYZ package is -available and updates his XYZ-3.6 to XYZ-3.7 -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Now on June 25, someone using testing or unstable discovers an RC bug in -XYZ-3.7 and files it in the BTS. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -The maintainer of XYZ fixes this bug and uploads it to unstable say on June 30. -Here it is assumed that it takes 5 days for the maintainer to fix the bug and -upload the new version. The number 5 should not be taken literally. It could -be less or more, depending upon the severity of the RC-bug at hand. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -This new version in unstable, XYZ-3.8 is scheduled to enter testing on July -10th. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -But on July 5th some other person, discovers another RC-bug in XYZ-3.8 -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Let's say the maintainer of XYZ fixes this new RC-bug and uploads new version -of XYZ after 5 days. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -So on July 10, testing has XYZ-3.7 while unstable has XYZ-3.9 -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -This new version XYZ-3.9 is now rescheduled to enter testing on July 20th. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Now since you are running testing, and since XYZ-3.7 is buggy, you could -probably use XYZ only after July 20th. That is you essentially ended up with a -broken XYZ for about one month. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The situation can get much more complicated, if say, XYZ depends on 4 other -packages. This could in turn lead to unusable testing distribution for months. -The above scenario which is artificially created by me, can occur in the real -life. But such occurrences are rare. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.8"></a>3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?</h3> - -<p> -One of the main reasons many people chose Debian over other Linux distributions -is that it requires very little administration. People want a system that just -works. In general one can say that, stable requires very little maintenance -while testing and unstable require constant maintenance from the administrator. -If you are running stable, all you need to worry about is, keeping track of -security updates. If you are running either testing or unstable it is a good -idea to be aware of the new bugs discovered in the installed packages, new -bugfixes/features introduced etc. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.9"></a>3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?</h3> - -<p> -This question will not help you in choosing a Debian distribution. But sooner -or later you will face this question. -</p> - -<p> -The stable distribution is currently etch; The next stable distribution will be -called as lenny. Let's consider the particular case as to what happens when -lenny is released as the new stable version. -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -oldstable = sarge; stable = etch; testing = lenny; unstable = sid -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Unstable is always referred to as sid irrespective of whether a release is made -or not. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -packages constantly migrate from sid to testing (i.e. lenny). But packages in -stable (i.e. etch) remain the same except for security updates. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -after sometime testing becomes frozen. But it will still be called testing. -At this point no new packages from unstable can migrate to testing unless they -include release-critical (RC) bug fixes. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -When testing is frozen, all the new bugfixes introduced, have to be manualy -checked by the members of the release team. This is done to ensure that there -wont be any unknown severe problems in the frozen testing. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -RC bugs in 'frozen testing' are reduced to zero. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -The 'frozen testing' with no rc-bugs will be released as the new stable -version. In our example, this new stable release will be called as lenny. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -At this stage oldstable = etch, stable = lenny. The contents of stable and -'frozen testing' are same at this point. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -A new testing is forked from the current stable. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Packages start coming down from sid to testing and the Debian community will be -working towards making the next stable release. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.10"></a>3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?</h3> - -<p> -In most situations it is very easy to figure this out. Take a look at the -<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> file. There will be an entry similar to -this: -</p> - -<pre> - deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib -</pre> - -<p> -The third field ('unstable' in the above example) indicates the Debian -distribution the system is currently tracking. -</p> - -<p> -You can also use <code>lsb_release</code> (available in the -<code>lsb-release</code> package). If you run this program in an unstable -system you will get: -</p> - -<pre> - $ lsb_release -a - LSB Version: core-2.0-noarch:core-3.0-noarch:core-3.1-noarch:core-2.0-ia32:core-3.0-ia32:core-3.1-ia32 - Distributor ID: Debian - Description: Debian GNU/Linux unstable (sid) - Release: unstable - Codename: sid -</pre> - -<p> -However, this is always not that easy. Some systems might have -<code>sources.list</code> files with multiple entries corresponding to -different distributions. This could happen if the administrator is tracking -different packages from different Debian distributions. This is frequently -referred to as apt-pinning. These systems might run a mixture of -distributions. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.11"></a>3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?</h3> - -<p> -If you are currently running stable, then in the -<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> file the third field will be either etch or -stable. You need to change this to the distribution you want to run. If you -want to run testing, then change the third field of -<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> to testing. If you want to run unstable, -then change the third field to unstable. -</p> - -<p> -Currently testing is called lenny. So, if you change the third field of -<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> to lenny, then also you will be running -testing. But when lenny becomes stable, you will still be tracking lenny. -</p> - -<p> -Unstable is always called Sid. So if you change the third field of -<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> to sid, then you will be tracking unstable. -</p> - -<p> -Currently Debian offers security updates for testing but not for unstable, as -fixes in unstable are directly made to the main archive. So if you are running -unstable make sure that you remove the lines relating to security updates in -<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. -</p> - -<p> -If there is a release notes document available for the distribution you are -upgrading to (even though it has not yet been released) it would be wise to -review it, as it might provide information on how you should upgrade to it. -</p> - -<p> -Nevertheless, once you make the above changes, you can run <code>aptitude -update</code> and then install the packages that you want. Notice that -installing a package from a different distribution might automatically upgrade -half of your system. If you install individual packages you will end up with a -system running mixed distributions. -</p> - -<p> -It might be best in some situations to just fully upgrade to the new -distribution running <code>apt-get dist-upgrade</code>, <code>aptitude -safe-upgrade</code> or <code>aptitude full-upgrade</code>. Read apt's and -aptitude's manual pages for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.12"></a>3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?</h3> - -<p> -It depends on the entries in the <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> file. If -you are currently tracking testing, these entries are similar to either: -</p> - -<pre> - deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ testing main -</pre> - -<p> -or -</p> - -<pre> - deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ lenny main -</pre> - -<p> -If the third field in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> is 'testing' then you -will be tracking testing even after a release is made. So after lenny is -released, you will be running a new Debian distribution which will have a -different codename. Changes might not be apparent at first but will be evident -as soon as new packages from unstable go over to the testing distribution. -</p> - -<p> -But if the third field contains 'lenny' then you will be tracking stable (since -lenny will then be the new stable distribution). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.1.13"></a>3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?</h3> - -<p> -If unsure, the best bet would be stable distribution. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s3.2"></a>3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?</h2> - -<p> -They are not Debian; they are <em>Debian based</em>. Though there are many -similarities and commonalities between them, there are also crucial -differences. -</p> - -<p> -All these distributions have their own merits and are suited to some specific -set of users. For more information, read the information of <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/misc/children-distros">software distributions based -on Debian</a></code> available at the Debian website. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.2.1"></a>3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?</h3> - -<p> -These distributions are Debian based. But they are not Debian. You will be -still able to use apt package tools by pointing the -<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> file to these distributions' repositories. -But then you are not running Debian, you are running a different distribution. -They are not the same. -</p> - -<p> -In most situations if you stick with one distribution you should use that and -not mix packages from other distributions. Many common breakages arise due to -people running a distribution and trying to install Debian packages from other -distributions. The fact that they use the same formatting and name (.deb) does -not make them inmediately compatible. -</p> - -<p> -For example, Knoppix is a Linux distribution designed to be booted as a live CD -where as Debian is designed to be installed on hard-disk. Knoppix is great if -you want to know whether a particular hardware works, or if you want to -experience how a linux system 'feels' etc., Knoppix is good for demonstration -purposes while Debian is designed to run 24/7. Moreover the number of packages -available, the number of architectures supported by Debian are far more greater -than that of Knoppix. -</p> - -<p> -If you want Debian, it is best to install Debian from the get-go. Although it -is possible to install Debian through other distributions, such as Knoppix, the -procedure calls for expertise. If you are reading this FAQ, I would assume -that you are new to both Debian and Knoppix. In that case, save yourself a lot -of trouble later and install Debian right at the beginning. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.2.2"></a>3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?</h3> - -<p> -You are advised not to use the Debian forums (either mailing lists or IRC) for -help as people might advise you thinking that you are running a Debian system -and the "fixes" they provide might not be suited to what you are -running. They might even worsen the problem you are facing. -</p> - -<p> -Use the forums of the specific distribution you are using first. If you do not -get help or the help you get does not fix your problem you might want to try -asking in Debian forums, but keep the advise of the previous paragraph in mind. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s3.2.3"></a>3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?</h3> - -<p> -Consider the change from a Debian-based distribution to Debian just like a -change from one operating system to another one. You should make a backup of -all your date and reinstall the operating system from scratch. You should not -attempt to "upgrade" to Debian using the package management tools as -you might end up with an unusable system. -</p> - -<p> -If all your user data (i.e. your <code>/home</code>) is under a separate -partition migrating to Debian is actually quite simple, you just have to tell -the installation system to mount (but not reformat) that partition when -reinstalling. Making backups of your data, as well as your previous system's -configuration (i.e. <code>/etc/</code> and, maybe, <code>/var/</code>) is -still encouraged. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ 3 ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-choosing.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-choosing.html deleted file mode 120000 index 5b6a705..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-choosing.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-choosing.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 375bff4..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,554 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Compatibility issues</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-compat"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ 4 ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 4 - Compatibility issues -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-arches"></a>4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</h2> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux includes complete source-code for all of the included -programs, so it should work on all systems which are supported by the Linux -kernel; see the <code><a -href="http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER">Linux -FAQ</a></code> for details. -</p> - -<p> -The current Debian GNU/Linux release, 4.0, contains a complete, binary -distribution for the following architectures: -</p> - -<p> -<em>i386</em>: this covers systems based on Intel and compatible processors, -including Intel's 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II (both Klamath and -Celeron), and Pentium III, and most compatible processors by AMD, Cyrix and -others. -</p> - -<p> -<em>amd64</em>: this covers systems based on AMD 64bit CPUs with AMD64 -extension and all Intel CPUs with EM64T extension, and a common 64bit -userspace. -</p> - -<p> -<em>alpha</em>: Compaq/Digital's Alpha systems. -</p> - -<p> -<em>sparc</em>: this covers Sun's SPARC and most UltraSPARC systems. -</p> - -<p> -<em>powerpc</em>: this covers some IBM/Motorola PowerPC machines, including -CHRP, PowerMac and PReP machines. -</p> - -<p> -<em>arm</em>: ARM and StrongARM machines. -</p> - -<p> -<em>mips</em>: SGI's big-endian MIPS systems, Indy and Indigo2; -<em>mipsel</em>: little-endian MIPS machines, Digital DECstations. -</p> - -<p> -<em>hppa</em>: Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC machines (712, C3000, L2000, A500). -</p> - -<p> -<em>ia64</em>: Intel IA-64 ("Itanium") computers. -</p> - -<p> -<em>s390</em>: IBM S/390 mainframe systems. -</p> - -<p> -The development of binary distributions of Debian for Sparc64 (UltraSPARC -native) architectures is currently underway. -</p> - -<p> -Support for the <em>m68k</em> architecture was dropped in this release, because -it did not meet the criteria set by the Debian Release Managers. This -architecture covers Amigas and ATARIs having a Motorola 680x0 processor for -x>=2; with MMU. However, the port is still active and available for -installation even if not a part of this official stable release and might be -reactivated for future releases. -</p> - -<p> -For more information on the available ports see the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/">ports pages at the website</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -For further information on booting, partitioning your drive, enabling PCMCIA -(PC Card) devices and similar issues please follow the instructions given in -the Installation Manual, which is available from our WWW site at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-otherdistribs"></a>4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</h2> - -<p> -Debian developers communicate with other Linux distribution creators in an -effort to maintain binary compatibility across Linux distributions. Most -commercial Linux products run as well under Debian as they do on the system -upon which they were built. -</p> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux adheres to the <code><a -href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">Linux Filesystem Hierarchy -Standard</a></code>. However, there is room for interpretation in some of the -rules within this standard, so there may be slight differences between a Debian -system and other Linux systems. -</p> - -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux supports software developed for the <code><a -href="http://www.linuxbase.org/">Linux Standard Base</a></code>. The LSB is a -specification for allowing the same binary package to be used on multiple -distributions. The Debian Etch release is Certified for LSB Release 3.1, see -the <code><a -href="https://www.linux-foundation.org/lsb-cert/productdir.php">Linux -Foundation Certification webpage</a></code>. Discussion and coordination of -efforts towards ensuring Debian meets the requirements of the Linux Standard -Base is taking place on the <code><a -href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-lsb/">debian-lsb mailing list</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-otherunices"></a>4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</h2> - -<p> -For most applications Linux source code is compatible with other Unix systems. -It supports almost everything that is available in System V Unix systems and -the free and commercial BSD-derived systems. However in the Unix business such -claim has nearly no value because there is no way to prove it. In the software -development area complete compatibility is required instead of compatibility in -"about most" cases. So years ago the need for standards arose, and -nowadays POSIX.1 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is one of the major standards for -source code compatibility in Unix-like operating systems. -</p> - -<p> -Linux is intended to adhere to POSIX.1, but the POSIX standards cost real money -and the POSIX.1 (and FIPS 151-2) certification is quite expensive; this made it -more difficult for the Linux developers to work on complete POSIX conformance. -The certification costs make it unlikely that Debian will get an official -conformance certification even if it completely passed the validation suite. -(The validation suite is now freely available, so it is expected that more -people will work on POSIX.1 issues.) -</p> - -<p> -Unifix GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) developed a Linux system that has been -certified to conform to FIPS 151-2 (a superset of POSIX.1). This technology -was available in Unifix' own distribution called Unifix Linux 2.0 and in -Lasermoon's Linux-FT. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-otherpackages"></a>4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</h2> - -<p> -Different Linux distributions use different package formats and different -package management programs. -</p> -<dl> -<dt><strong>You probably can:</strong></dt> -<dd> -<p> -A program to unpack a Debian package onto a Linux host that is been built from -a `foreign' distribution is available, and will generally work, in the sense -that files will be unpacked. The converse is probably also true, that is, a -program to unpack a Red Hat or Slackware package on a host that is based on -Debian GNU/Linux will probably succeed in unpacking the package and placing -most files in their intended directories. This is largely a consequence of the -existence (and broad adherence to) the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. -The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/alien">Alien</a></code> package -is used to convert between different package formats. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><strong>You probably do not want to:</strong></dt> -<dd> -<p> -Most package managers write administrative files when they are used to unpack -an archive. These administrative files are generally not standardized. -Therefore, the effect of unpacking a Debian package on a `foreign' host will -have unpredictable (certainly not useful) effects on the package manager on -that system. Likewise, utilities from other distributions might succeed in -unpacking their archives on Debian systems, but will probably cause the Debian -package management system to fail when the time comes to upgrade or remove some -packages, or even simply to report exactly what packages are present on a -system. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><strong>A better way:</strong></dt> -<dd> -<p> -The Linux File System Standard (and therefore Debian GNU/Linux) requires that -subdirectories under <samp>/usr/local/</samp> be entirely under the user's -discretion. Therefore, users can unpack `foreign' packages into this -directory, and then manage their configuration, upgrade and removal -individually. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-non-debian-programs"></a>4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?</h2> - -<p> -Files under the directory <samp>/usr/local/</samp> are not under the control of -the Debian package management system. Therefore, it is good practice to place -the source code for your program in /usr/local/src/. For example, you might -extract the files for a package named "foo.tar" into the directory -<samp>/usr/local/src/foo</samp>. After you compile them, place the binaries in -<samp>/usr/local/bin/</samp>, the libraries in <samp>/usr/local/lib/</samp>, -and the configuration files in <samp>/usr/local/etc/</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -If your programs and/or files really must be placed in some other directory, -you could still store them in <samp>/usr/local/</samp>, and build the -appropriate symbolic links from the required location to its location in -<samp>/usr/local/</samp>, e.g., you could make the link -</p> - -<pre> - ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo -</pre> - -<p> -In any case, if you obtain a package whose copyright allows redistribution, you -should consider making a Debian package of it, and uploading it for the Debian -system. Guidelines for becoming a package developer are included in the Debian -Policy manual (see <a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other -documentation exists on and for a Debian system?, Section 12.1</a>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-termcap"></a>4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</h2> - -<p> -Debian uses the <samp>terminfo</samp> database and the <samp>ncurses</samp> -library of terminal interface routes, rather than the <samp>termcap</samp> -database and the <samp>termcap</samp> library. Users who are compiling -programs that require some knowledge of the terminal interface should replace -references to <samp>libtermcap</samp> with references to -<samp>libncurses</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -To support binaries that have already been linked with the <samp>termcap</samp> -library, and for which you do not have the source, Debian provides a package -called <code>termcap-compat</code>. This provides both -<samp>libtermcap.so.2</samp> and <samp>/etc/termcap</samp>. Install this -package if the program fails to run with the error message "can't load -library 'libtermcap.so.2'", or complains about a missing -<samp>/etc/termcap</samp> file. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-accelx"></a>4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?</h2> - -<p> -AccelX uses the <samp>termcap</samp> library for installation. See <a -href="#s-termcap">Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?, -Section 4.6</a> above. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-motifnls"></a>4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</h2> - -<p> -You need to install the <code>motifnls</code> package, which provides the -XFree-2.1 configuration files needed to allow Motif applications compiled under -XFree-2.1 to run under XFree-3.1. -</p> - -<p> -Without these files, some Motif applications compiled on other machines (such -as Netscape) may crash when attempting to copy or paste from or to a text -field, and may also exhibit other problems. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ 4 ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html deleted file mode 120000 index 0696449..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-compat.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-compat.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index db2d6e3..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,370 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Contributing to the Debian Project</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-contributing"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ 13 ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 13 - Contributing to the Debian Project -</h1> - -<hr> - -<p> -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/donations">Donations</a></code> of time -(to develop new packages, maintain existing packages, or provide user support), -resources (to mirror the FTP and WWW archives), and money (to pay for new -testbeds as well as hardware for the archives) can help the project. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-contrib"></a>13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</h2> - -<p> -The development of Debian is open to all, and new users with the right skills -and/or the willingness to learn are needed to maintain existing packages which -have been "orphaned" by their previous maintainers, to develop new -packages, and to provide user support. -</p> - -<p> -The description of becoming a Debian developer can be found at the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint">New Maintainer's -Corner</a></code> at the Debian web site. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-contribresources"></a>13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</h2> - -<p> -Since the project aims to make a substantial body of software rapidly and -easily accessible throughout the globe, mirrors are urgently needed. It is -desirable but not absolutely necessary to mirror all of the archive. Please -visit the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/size">Debian mirror -size</a></code> page for information on the disk space requirements. -</p> - -<p> -Most of the mirroring is accomplished entirely automatically by scripts, -without any interaction. However, the occasional glitch or system change -occurs which requires human intervention. -</p> - -<p> -If you have a high-speed connection to the Internet, the resources to mirror -all or part of the distribution, and are willing to take the time (or find -someone) who can provide regular maintenance of the system, then please contact -<code><a -href="mailto:debian-admin@lists.debian.org">debian-admin@lists.debian.org</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-supportingorganizations"></a>13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</h2> - -<p> -One can make individual donations to one of two organizations that are critical -to the development of the Debian project. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-SPI"></a>13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</h3> - -<p> -Software in the Public Interest (SPI) is an IRS 501(c)(3) non-profit -organization, formed when FSF withdrew their sponsorship of Debian. The -purpose of the organization is to develop and distribute free software. -</p> - -<p> -Our goals are very much like those of FSF, and we encourage programmers to use -the GNU General Public License on their programs. However, we have a slightly -different focus in that we are building and distributing a Linux system that -diverges in many technical details from the GNU system as originally planned by -FSF. We still communicate with FSF, and we cooperate in sending them changes -to GNU software and in asking our users to donate to FSF and the GNU project. -</p> - -<p> -SPI can be reached at: <code><a -href="http://www.spi-inc.org/">http://www.spi-inc.org/</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-FSF"></a>13.3.2 Free Software Foundation</h3> - -<p> -At this time there is no formal connection between Debian and the Free Software -Foundation. However, the Free Software Foundation is responsible for some of -the most important software components in Debian, including the GNU C compiler, -GNU Emacs, and much of the C run-time library that is used by all programs on -the system. FSF pioneered much of what free software is today: they wrote the -General Public License that is used on much of the Debian software, and they -invented the "GNU" project to create an entirely free Unix system. -Debian should be considered a descendent of the GNU system. -</p> - -<p> -FSF can be reached at: <code><a -href="http://www.fsf.org/">http://www.fsf.org/</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ 13 ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html deleted file mode 120000 index 4185524..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-contributing.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-contributing.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 9467112..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,716 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-customizing"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ 11 ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 11 - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-papersize"></a>11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</h2> - -<p> -Install the <code>libpaper1</code> package, and it will ask you for a -system-wide default paper size. This setting will be kept in the file -<samp>/etc/papersize</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Users can override the paper size setting using the <samp>PAPERSIZE</samp> -environment variable. For details, see the manual page -<code>papersize(5)</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-hardwareaccess"></a>11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</h2> - -<p> -Many device files in the <samp>/dev</samp> directory belong to some predefined -groups. For example, <samp>/dev/fd0</samp> belongs to the <samp>floppy</samp> -group, and <samp>/dev/dsp</samp> belongs to the <samp>audio</samp> group. -</p> - -<p> -If you want a certain user to have access to one of these devices, just add the -user to the group the device belongs to, i.e. do: -</p> - -<pre> - adduser user group -</pre> - -<p> -This way you won't have to change the file permissions on the device. -</p> - -<p> -If you do this from within a user's shell or a GUI environment you have to -logout and login again to become an effective member of that group. To check -which groups you belong to run <samp>groups</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Notice that, since the introduction of <samp>udev</samp> if you change the -permissions of a hardware peripheral they might be be adjusted for some devices -when the system starts, if this happens to the hardware peripherals you are -instered in you will have to adjust the rules at <samp>/etc/udev</samp>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-consolefont"></a>11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</h2> - -<p> -The <code>kbd</code> and <code>console-tools</code> packages support this, edit -<samp>/etc/kbd/config</samp> or <samp>/etc/console-tools/config</samp> files. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-appdefaults"></a>11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</h2> - -<p> -Debian's X programs will install their application resource data in the -<samp>/etc/X11/app-defaults/</samp> directory. If you want to customize X -applications globally, put your customizations in those files. They are marked -as configuration files, so their contents will be preserved during upgrades. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-booting"></a>11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</h2> - -<p> -Like all Unices, Debian boots up by executing the program <samp>init</samp>. -The configuration file for <samp>init</samp> (which is -<samp>/etc/inittab</samp>) specifies that the first script to be executed -should be <samp>/etc/init.d/rcS</samp>. This script runs all of the scripts in -<samp>/etc/rcS.d/</samp> by sourcing or forking subprocess depending on their -file extension to perform initialization such as to check and to mount file -systems, to load modules, to start the network services, to set the clock, and -to perform other initialization. Then, for compatibility, it runs the files -(except those with a `.'in the filename) in <samp>/etc/rc.boot/</samp> too. -Any scripts in the latter directory are usually reserved for system -administrator use, and using them in packages is deprecated. -</p> - -<p> -After completing the boot process, <samp>init</samp> executes all start scripts -in a directory specified by the default runlevel (this runlevel is given by the -entry for <samp>id</samp> in <samp>/etc/inittab</samp>). Like most System V -compatible Unices, Linux has 7 runlevels: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -0 (halt the system), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -1 (single-user mode), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -2 through 5 (various multi-user modes), and -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -6 (reboot the system). -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Debian systems come with id=2, which indicates that the default runlevel will -be '2' when the multi-user state is entered, and the scripts in -<samp>/etc/rc2.d/</samp> will be run. -</p> - -<p> -In fact, the scripts in any of the directories, <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are -just symbolic links back to scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. However, the -<em>names</em> of the files in each of the <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> directories -are selected to indicate the <em>way</em> the scripts in -<samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> will be run. Specifically, before entering any -runlevel, all the scripts beginning with 'K' are run; these scripts kill -services. Then all the scripts beginning with 'S' are run; these scripts start -services. The two-digit number following the 'K' or 'S' indicates the order in -which the script is run. Lower numbered scripts are executed first. -</p> - -<p> -This approach works because the scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> all take -an argument which can be either `start', `stop', `reload', `restart' or -`force-reload' and will then do the task indicated by the argument. These -scripts can be used even after a system has been booted, to control various -processes. -</p> - -<p> -For example, with the argument `reload' the command -</p> - -<pre> - /etc/init.d/sendmail reload -</pre> - -<p> -sends the sendmail daemon a signal to reread its configuration file. (BTW, -Debian supplies <code>invoke-rc.d</code> as a wrapper for invoking the scripts -in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.) -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-custombootscripts"></a>11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</h2> - -<p> -Suppose a system needs to execute script <samp>foo</samp> on start-up, or on -entry to a particular (System V) runlevel. Then the system administrator -should: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Enter the script <samp>foo</samp> into the directory <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Run the Debian command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> with appropriate arguments, to -specify which runlevels should start the service, and which runlevels should -stop the service. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Consider rebooting the system to check that the service starts correctly -(assuming that you've asked for it to be started in the default runlevel). -Otherwise, manually start it by running `<samp>/etc/init.d/foo start</samp>'. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -One might, for example, cause the script <samp>foo</samp> to execute at -boot-up, by putting it in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> and running -<samp>update-rc.d foo defaults 19</samp>. The argument `<samp>defaults</samp>' -refers to the default runlevels, which means (at least in absence of any LSB -comment block to the contrary) to start the service in runlevels 2 through 5, -and to stop the service in runlevels 0, 1 and 6. (Any LSB Default-Start and -Default-Stop directives in <samp>foo</samp> take precedence when using the -sysv-rc version of update-rc.d, but are ignored by the current (v0.8.10) -file-rc version of update-rc.d.) The argument `<samp>19</samp>' ensures that -<samp>foo</samp> is called after all scripts whose number is less than 19 have -completed, and before all scripts whose number is 20 or greater. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-interconffiles"></a>11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</h2> - -<p> -Some users wish to create, for example, a new server by installing a group of -Debian packages and a locally generated package consisting of configuration -files. This is not generally a good idea, because <code>dpkg</code> will not -know about those configuration files if they are in a different package, and -may write conflicting configurations when one of the initial "group" -of packages is upgraded. -</p> - -<p> -Instead, create a local package that modifies the configuration files of the -"group" of Debian packages of interest. Then <code>dpkg</code> and -the rest of the package management system will see that the files have been -modified by the local "sysadmin" and will not try to overwrite them -when those packages are upgraded. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-divert"></a>11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</h2> - -<p> -Suppose a sysadmin or local user wishes to use a program -"login-local" rather than the program "login" provided by -the Debian <code>login</code> package. -</p> - -<p> -Do <strong>not</strong>: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Overwrite <samp>/bin/login</samp> with <samp>login-local</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The package management system will not know about this change, and will simply -overwrite your custom <samp>/bin/login</samp> whenever <samp>login</samp> (or -any package that provides <samp>/bin/login</samp>) is installed or updated. -</p> - -<p> -Rather, do -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Execute: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login -</pre> - -<p> -in order to cause all future installations of the Debian <code>login</code> -package to write the file <samp>/bin/login</samp> to -<samp>/bin/login.debian</samp> instead. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Then execute: -</p> - -<pre> - cp login-local /bin/login -</pre> - -<p> -to move your own locally-built program into place. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Run <samp>dpkg-divert --list</samp> to see which diversions are currently -active on your system. -</p> - -<p> -Details are given in the manual page <code>dpkg-divert(8)</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-localpackages"></a>11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</h2> - -<p> -Execute the command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] > my_Packages -</pre> - -<p> -where: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -BIN-DIR is a directory where Debian archive files (which usually have an -extension of ".deb") are stored. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -OVERRIDE_FILE is a file that is edited by the distribution maintainers and is -usually stored on a Debian FTP archive at <samp>indices/override.main.gz</samp> -for the Debian packages in the "main" distribution. You can ignore -this for local packages. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -PATHPREFIX is an <em>optional</em> string that can be prepended to the -<samp>my_Packages</samp> file being produced. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Once you have built the file <samp>my_Packages</samp>, tell the package -management system about it by using the command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages -</pre> - -<p> -If you are using APT, you can add the local repository to your -<code>sources.list(5)</code> file, too. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-diverse"></a>11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</h2> - -<p> -There are several cases where two packages provide two different versions of a -program, both of which provide the same core functionality. Users might prefer -one over another out of habit, or because the user interface of one package is -somehow more pleasing than the interface of another. Other users on the same -system might make a different choice. -</p> - -<p> -Debian uses a "virtual" package system to allow system administrators -to choose (or let users choose) their favorite tools when there are two or more -that provide the same basic functionality, yet satisfy package dependency -requirements without specifying a particular package. -</p> - -<p> -For example, there might exist two different versions of newsreaders on a -system. The news server package might 'recommend' that there exist -<em>some</em> news reader on the system, but the choice of <samp>tin</samp> or -<samp>trn</samp> is left up to the individual user. This is satisfied by -having both the <code>tin</code> and <code>trn</code> packages provide the -virtual package <code>news-reader</code>. <em>Which</em> program is invoked is -determined by a link pointing from a file with the virtual package name -<samp>/etc/alternatives/news-reader</samp> to the selected file, e.g., -<samp>/usr/bin/trn</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -A single link is insufficient to support full use of an alternate program; -normally, manual pages, and possibly other supporting files must be selected as -well. The Perl script <samp>update-alternatives</samp> provides a way of -ensuring that all the files associated with a specified package are selected as -a system default. -</p> - -<p> -For example, to check what executables provide `x-window-manager', run: -</p> - -<pre> - update-alternatives --display x-window-manager -</pre> - -<p> -If you want to change it, run: -</p> - -<pre> - update-alternatives --config x-window-manager -</pre> - -<p> -And follow the instructions on the screen (basically, press the number next to -the entry you'd like better). -</p> - -<p> -If a package doesn't register itself as a window manager for some reason (file -a bug if it's in error), or if you use a window manager from /usr/local -directory, the selections on screen won't contain your preferred entry. You -can update the link through command line options, like this: -</p> - -<pre> - update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \ - x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50 -</pre> - -<p> -The first argument to `--install' option is the symlink that points to -/etc/alternatives/NAME, where NAME is the second argument. The third argument -is the program to which /etc/alternatives/NAME should point to, and the fourth -argument is the priority (larger value means the alternative will more probably -get picked automatically). -</p> - -<p> -To remove an alternative you added, simply run: -</p> - -<pre> - update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs -</pre> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ 11 ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html deleted file mode 120000 index 1cfdfaa..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-customizing.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-customizing.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 9edac20..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,407 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - General information about the FAQ</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="index.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-faqinfo"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ 16 ] -[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 16 - General information about the FAQ -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-authors"></a>16.1 Authors</h2> - -<p> -The first edition of this FAQ was made and maintained by J.H.M. Dassen (Ray) -and Chuck Stickelman. Authors of the rewritten Debian GNU/Linux FAQ are Susan -G. Kleinmann and Sven Rudolph. After them, the FAQ was maintained by Santiago -Vila and, later, by Josip Rodin. The current maintainer is Javier -Fernandez-Sanguino. -</p> - -<p> -Parts of the information came from: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -The Debian-1.1 release announcement, by <code><a -href="http://www.perens.com/">Bruce Perens</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -The Linux FAQ, by <code><a -href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/">Ian Jackson</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code><a href="http://lists.debian.org/">Debian Mailing Lists -Archives</a></code>, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -the dpkg programmers' manual and the Debian Policy manual (see <a -href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and -for a Debian system?, Section 12.1</a>) -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -many developers, volunteers, and beta testers, and -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -the flaky memories of its authors. :-) -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Kamaraju Kusumanchi's <code><a -href="http://people.cornell.edu/pages/kk288/debian_choosing_distribution.html">Choosing -a Debian distribution FAQ</a></code>, who graciously made it GPL so I could -include it as a new chapter (see <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">Choosing a -Debian distribution, Chapter 3</a>) -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The authors would like to thank all those who helped make this document -possible. -</p> - -<p> -All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their respective -trademark owners. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-feedback"></a>16.2 Feedback</h2> - -<p> -Comments and additions to this document are always welcome. Please send e-mail -to <code><a -href="mailto:doc-debian@packages.debian.org">doc-debian@packages.debian.org</a></code>, -or submit a wishlist bug report against the <code><code><a -href="http://bugs.debian.org/debian-faq">debian-faq</a></code></code> package. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-latest"></a>16.3 Availability</h2> - -<p> -The latest version of this document can be viewed on the Debian WWW pages at -<code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/">http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -It is also available for download in plain text, HTML, PostScript and PDF -formats at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq</a></code>. -Also, there are several translations there. -</p> - -<p> -This document is available in the <code>debian-faq</code> package. -Translations are available in <code>debian-faq-de</code>, -<code>debian-faq-fr</code> and other packages. -</p> - -<p> -The original SGML files used to create this document are also available in -<code>debian-faq</code>'s source package, or in SVN at: -<samp>svn://svn.debian.org/svn/ddp/manuals/trunk/debian-faq</samp> and <code><a -href="http://svn.debian.org/viewsvn/ddp/manuals/trunk/debian-faq/">http://svn.debian.org/viewsvn/ddp/manuals/trunk/debian-faq/</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-docformat"></a>16.4 Document format</h2> - -<p> -This document was written using the DebianDoc SGML DTD (rewritten from LinuxDoc -SGML). DebianDoc SGML systems enables us to create files in a variety of -formats from one source, e.g. this document can be viewed as HTML, plain text, -TeX DVI, PostScript, PDF, or GNU info. -</p> - -<p> -Conversion utilities for DebianDoc SGML are available in Debian package -<code>debiandoc-sgml</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ 16 ] -[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html deleted file mode 120000 index 0f759b4..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-faqinfo.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-faqinfo.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 0efd28a..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,756 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian FTP archives</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-ftparchives"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ 6 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 6 - The Debian FTP archives -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-dists"></a>6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?</h2> - -<p> -There are three major distributions: the "stable" distribution, the -"testing" distribution, and the "unstable" distribution. -The "testing" distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see <a -href="#s-frozen">What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?, Section -6.5.1</a>). Next to these, there is the "oldstable" distribution -(that's just the one from before "stable"), and the -"experimental" distribution. -</p> - -<p> -Experimental is used for packages which are still being developed, and with a -high risk of breaking your system. It's used by developers who'd like to study -and test bleeding edge software. Users shouldn't be using packages from here, -because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced people. -</p> - -<p> -See <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">Choosing a Debian distribution, Chapter 3</a> -for help when choosing a Debian distribution. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-codenames"></a>6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?</h2> - -<p> -They are just "codenames". When a Debian distribution is in the -development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of -these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if -a real directory like <samp>unstable</samp> suddenly changed its name to -<samp>stable</samp>, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded -again). -</p> - -<p> -Currently, <samp>stable</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>etch</samp> (i.e. -Debian GNU/Linux 4.0) and <samp>testing</samp> is a symbolic link to -<samp>lenny</samp>. This means that <samp>etch</samp> is the current stable -distribution and <samp>lenny</samp> is the current testing distribution. -</p> - -<p> -<samp>unstable</samp> is a permanent symbolic link to <samp>sid</samp>, as -<samp>sid</samp> is always the unstable distribution (see <a href="#s-sid">What -about "sid"?, Section 6.3</a>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-oldcodenames"></a>6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</h3> - -<p> -Other codenames that have been already used are: <samp>buzz</samp> for release -1.1, <samp>rex</samp> for release 1.2, <samp>bo</samp> for releases 1.3.x, -<samp>hamm</samp> for release 2.0, <samp>slink</samp> for release 2.1, -<samp>potato</samp> for release 2.2, <samp>woody</samp> for release 3.0, -<samp>sarge</samp> for release 3.1, and <samp>etch</samp> for release 4.0. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-sourceforcodenames"></a>6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?</h3> - -<p> -So far they have been characters taken from the movie "Toy Story" by -Pixar. -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>buzz</em> (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>rex</em> was the tyrannosaurus, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>bo</em> (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>hamm</em> was the piggy bank, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>slink</em> (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>potato</em> was, of course, Mr. Potato (R), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>woody</em> was the cowboy, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>sarge</em> was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>etch</em> was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)), -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>lenny</em> was the binoculars. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>sid</em> was the boy next door who destroyed toys. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-sid"></a>6.3 What about "sid"?</h2> - -<p> -<em>sid</em> or <em>unstable</em> is the place where most of the packages are -initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which -are to be released will first have to be included in <em>testing</em>, in order -to be released in <em>stable</em> later on. sid contains packages for both -released and unreleased architectures. -</p> - -<p> -The name "sid" also comes from the "Toy Story" animated -motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-) -</p> - -<p> -[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f2" name="fr2">2</a>] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-stable"></a>6.4 What does the stable directory contain?</h2> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute -the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system. -</p> - -<p> -These packages all comply with the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software -Guidelines</a></code>, and are all freely usable and distributable. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is -restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the -specified copyright requirements. -</p> - -<p> -For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial -distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not -free software. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and -possibly negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution -(e.g., in a CD-ROM). -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and -<em>freely distributable</em> themselves, but somehow depend on a package that -is <em>not</em> freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free -section. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-testing"></a>6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?</h2> - -<p> -Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone -some degree of testing in <a href="#s-unstable">unstable</a>. -</p> - -<p> -They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and -mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have -fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way, -we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate. -</p> - -<p> -More information about the status of "testing" in general and the -individual packages is available at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/devel/testing">http://www.debian.org/devel/testing</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-frozen"></a>6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</h3> - -<p> -When the "testing" distribution is mature enough, the release manager -starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure -that as little as possible new bugs from "unstable" enter -"testing". -</p> - -<p> -After a while, the "testing" distribution becomes truly `frozen'. -This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the -"testing" are held back, unless they include release-critical bug -fixes. The "testing" distribution can also remain in such a deep -freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent. -</p> - -<p> -We keep a record of bugs in the "testing" distribution that can hold -off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole -release. For details, please see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/">current testing release -information</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen -"testing" distribution is declared "stable" and released -with a version number. -</p> - -<p> -With each new release, the previous "stable" distribution becomes -obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive">Debian archive</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-unstable"></a>6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?</h2> - -<p> -The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system. -Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their -state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that -you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but -if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-) -</p> - -<p> -There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable', -separated on the same criteria as in `stable'. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-dirtree"></a>6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</h2> - -<p> -The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of -several directory trees on each Debian mirror site. -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>dists</samp> directory is short for "distributions", and it -is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and -pre-releases). -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>pool</samp> directory contains the actual packages, see <a -href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 6.10</a>. -</p> - -<p> -There are the following supplementary directories: -</p> -<dl> -<dt><em>/tools/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive, -compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>/doc/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -The basic Debian documentation, such as this FAQ, the bug reporting system -instructions, etc. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>/indices/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -various indices of the site (the Maintainers file and the override files). -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>/project/</em>:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -mostly developer-only materials and some miscellaneous files. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-archsections"></a>6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</h2> - -<p> -Within each of the major directory trees[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f3" -name="fr3">3</a>], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index -files. -</p> - -<p> -There's one set of <samp>binary-<var>something</var></samp> subdirectories -which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer -architecture, for example <samp>binary-i386</samp> for packages which execute -on Intel x86 PC machines or <samp>binary-sparc</samp> for packages which -execute on Sun SPARCStations. -</p> - -<p> -The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">the release's web -page</a></code>. For the current release, please see <a -href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what hardware architectures/systems does -Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 4.1</a>. -</p> - -<p> -The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz, .bz2) and they include a -summary of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The -actual binary packages reside in the top level <a -href="#s-pools"><samp>pool</samp> directory</a>. -</p> - -<p> -Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files -for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called -Sources(.gz, .bz2). -</p> - -<p> -Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation -system index files, they are at -<samp>debian-installer/binary-<var>architecture</var></samp>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-source"></a>6.9 Where is the source code?</h2> - -<p> -Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the -license terms of most programs in the system <em>require</em> that source code -be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source -code accompany the programs. -</p> - -<p> -The source code is distributed in the <samp>pool</samp> directory (see <a -href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 6.10</a>) -together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve -the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP -archive, try a command like <samp>apt-get source mypackagename</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in -their licenses. Notably, one such package is <samp>pine</samp>, see <a -href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">Where is pine?, Section 5.10</a> for more -information. -</p> - -<p> -Source code may or may not be available for packages in the "contrib" -and "non-free" directories, which are not formally part of the Debian -system. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pools"></a>6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</h2> - -<p> -Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the -source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section -(`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source -package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for -each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were -generated. -</p> - -<p> -You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like -<samp>apt-cache showsrc mypackagename</samp> and looking at the `Directory:' -line. For example, the <samp>apache</samp> packages are stored in -<samp>pool/main/a/apache/</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Additionally, since there are so many <samp>lib*</samp> packages, these are -treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in -<samp>pool/main/libp/libpaper/</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f4" name="fr4">4</a>] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-incoming"></a>6.11 What is "incoming"?</h2> - -<p> -After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the -"incoming" directory before it is checked that it's genuine and -allowed into the archive. -</p> - -<p> -Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare -cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at <code><a -href="http://incoming.debian.org/">http://incoming.debian.org/</a></code>. You -can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the -.changes and .dsc files, and then install them. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-ownrepository"></a>6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</h2> - -<p> -If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install -using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own -apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your -Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project. -Instructions on how to do this are given in the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto">Debian -Repository HOWTO</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ 6 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html deleted file mode 120000 index cdad69f..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-ftparchives.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-ftparchives.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 16d506c..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,451 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-getting"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ 2 ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 2 - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux -</h1> - -<hr> - -<p> -The official document giving installation instructions is the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux -Installation Guide</a></code>. We'll give some additional notes about getting -and installing Debian GNU/Linux here. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-version"></a>2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</h2> - -<p> -Currently there are three versions of Debian GNU/Linux: -</p> -<dl> -<dt><em>release 4.0, a.k.a. the `stable' distribution or etch</em></dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is stable and well tested software, it changes if major security or -usability fixes are incorporated. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>the `testing' distribution, currently called lenny</em></dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is where packages that will be released as the next `stable' are placed; -they've had some testing in unstable but they may not be completely fit for -release yet. This distribution is updated more often than `stable', but not -more often than `unstable'. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt><em>the `unstable' distribution</em></dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is the version currently under development; it is updated continuously. -You can retrieve packages from the `unstable' archive on any Debian FTP site -and use them to upgrade your system at any time, but you may not expect the -system to be as usable or as stable as before - that's why it's called -`<strong>unstable</strong>'! -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p> -Please see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">How many Debian -distributions are there?, Section 6.1</a> for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-updatestable"></a>2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</h2> - -<p> -No new functionality is added to the stable release. Once a Debian version is -released and tagged `stable' it will only get security updates. That is, only -packages for which a security vulnerability has been found after the release -will be upgraded. All the security updates are served through <code><a -href="ftp://security.debian.org">security.debian.org</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -Security updates serve one purpose: to supply a fix for a security -vulnerability. They are not a method for sneaking additional changes into the -stable release without going through normal point release procedure. -Consequently, fixes for packages with security issues will not upgrade the -software. The Debian Security Team will backport the necessary fixes to the -version of the software distributed in `stable' instead. -</p> - -<p> -For more information related to security support please read the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/security/faq">Security FAQ</a></code> or the -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/">Debian -Security Manual</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-boot-floppies"></a>2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</h2> - -<p> -You can get the installation disks by downloading the appropriate files from -one of the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian -mirrors</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -Please refer to <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/CD">Debian GNU/Linux on -CDs</a></code> for more information about CD (and DVD) images. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-cdrom"></a>2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</h2> - -<p> -Installing Debian from CD is straightforward: configure your system for booting -off a CD, insert your CD, and reboot. Your system will now be running the -Debian Installer. See the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux -Installation Guide</a></code> for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-cdimage-symlinks"></a>2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</h2> - -<p> -Official Debian CD images indeed contain symlinks like: -</p> - -<pre> - /dists/frozen -> etch/ - /dists/stable -> etch/ - /dists/testing -> etch/ - /dists/unstable -> etch/ -</pre> - -<p> -so that they work when your sources.list has an entry like -</p> - -<pre> - deb cdrom:[<name as on cd label>]/ unstable main [...] -</pre> - -<p> -. -</p> - -<p> -The fact these symlinks are present does <em>not</em> mean the image is -`unstable' or `testing' or anything. Read the CD label in -<code>/.disk/info</code> to find out which Debian version it contains. This -information is also present in <code>/README.txt</code> on the CD. -</p> - -<p> -Read <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">http://www.debian.org/releases/</a></code> -to find out what the current `stable' and `testing' releases are. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-remoteinstall"></a>2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. You can boot the Debian installation system from a set of files you can -download from our FTP site and its mirrors. -</p> - -<p> -You can download a small CD image file, create a bootable CD from it, install -the basic system from it and the rest over the network. For more information -please see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/">http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -You can also download even smaller floppy disk image files, create bootable -diskettes from them, start the installation procedure and get the rest of -Debian over the network. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-alternativebootinstaller"></a>2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. Apart from CD or DVD, you can install Debian GNU/Linux by booting from -floppy disks, USB memory stick, directly from hard disk, or using TFTP net -booting. For installing on multiple computers it's possible to do fully -automatic installations. NB: not all methods are supported by all computer -architectures. Once the installer has booted, the rest of the system can be -downloaded over the network, or installed from local media. See the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux -Installation Guide</a></code> for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ 2 ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html deleted file mode 120000 index 568d808..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-getting.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-getting.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 58781c9..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,389 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Debian and the kernel</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-kernel"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ 10 ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 10 - Debian and the kernel -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-non-debian-kernel"></a>10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. -</p> - -<p> -There's only one common catch: the Debian C libraries are built with the most -recent <em>stable</em> releases of the <strong>kernel</strong> headers. If you -happen to need to compile a program with kernel headers newer than the ones -from the stable branch, then you should either upgrade the package containing -the headers (<code>libc6-dev</code>), or use the new headers from an unpacked -tree of the newer kernel. That is, if the kernel sources are in -<code>/usr/src/linux</code>, then you should add -<samp>-I/usr/src/linux/include/</samp> to your command line when compiling. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-customkernel"></a>10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</h2> - -<p> -Users who wish to (or must) build a custom kernel are encouraged to download -the package <code>kernel-package</code>. This package contains the script to -build the kernel package, and provides the capability to create a Debian -<code>linux-image-<var>version</var></code> package just by running the command -</p> - -<pre> - make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image -</pre> - -<p> -in the top-level kernel source directory. Help is available by executing the -command -</p> - -<pre> - make-kpkg --help -</pre> - -<p> -and through the manual page <code>make-kpkg(1)</code>. -</p> - -<p> -Users must separately download the source code for the most recent kernel (or -the kernel of their choice) from their favorite Linux archive site, unless a -<code>linux-source-<var>version</var></code> package is available (where -<var>version</var> stands for the kernel version). -</p> - -<p> -Detailed instructions for using the <code>kernel-package</code> package are -given in the file <code>/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-custombootdisk"></a>10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</h2> - -<p> -This task is greatly aided by the Debian package <code>boot-floppies</code>, -normally found in the <samp>admin</samp> section of the Debian FTP archive. -Shell scripts in this package produce boot floppies in the -<samp>SYSLINUX</samp> format. These are <samp>MS-DOS</samp> formatted floppies -whose master boot records have been altered so that they boot Linux directly -(or whatever other operating system has been defined in the -<code>syslinux.cfg</code> file on the floppy). Other scripts in this package -produce emergency root disks and can even reproduce the base disks. -</p> - -<p> -You will find more information about this in the -<code>/usr/share/doc/boot-floppies/README</code> file after installing the -<code>boot-floppies</code> package. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-modules"></a>10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</h2> - -<p> -Debian's <code>modconf</code> package provides a shell script -(<code>/usr/sbin/modconf</code>) which can be used to customize the -configuration of modules. This script presents a menu-based interface, -prompting the user for particulars on the loadable device drivers in his -system. The responses are used to customize the file -<code>/etc/modules.conf</code> (which lists aliases, and other arguments that -must be used in conjunction with various modules) through files in -<code>/etc/modutils/</code>, and <code>/etc/modules</code> (which lists the -modules that must be loaded at boot time). -</p> - -<p> -Like the (new) <code>Configure.help</code> files that are now available to -support the construction of custom kernels, the <code>modconf</code> package -comes with a series of help files (in <code>/usr/lib/modules_help/</code>) -which provide detailed information on appropriate arguments for each of the -modules. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-removeoldkernel"></a>10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. The <code>linux-image-<var>NNN</var>.prerm</code> script checks to see -whether the kernel you are currently running is the same as the kernel you are -trying to de-install. Therefore you can remove unwanted kernel image packages -using this command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --purge linux-image-<var>NNN</var> -</pre> - -<p> -(replace <var>NNN</var> with your kernel version and revision number, of -course) -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ 10 ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html deleted file mode 120000 index 125039f..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-kernel.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-kernel.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index cd6c875..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,377 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-nexttime"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ 15 ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 15 - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-i18n"></a>15.1 Extended support for non-English users</h2> - -<p> -Debian already has very good support for non-English users, see <a -href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English -languages?, Section 5.9</a>. -</p> - -<p> -We hope to find people who will provide support for even more languages, and -translate. Some programs already support internationalization, so we need -message catalogs translators. Many programs still remain to be properly -internationalized. -</p> - -<p> -The GNU Translation Project <code><a -href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS</a></code> -works on internationalizing the GNU programs. -</p> - -<p> -Specifically for Debian lenny, we're working on things like the following: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -I18n support in all debconf-using packages: Packages using the Debian -configuration management must allow for translation of all messages displayed -to the user during package configuration. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -I18n support for package descriptions: Update package management frontends to -use the translated descriptions of packages. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -UTF-8 debian/changelog and debian/control. This way, e.g. names of people -from asian countries can get typeset the right way in changelogs. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-dependencybasedboot"></a>15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence</h2> - -<p> -Work is being done on <code><a -href="http://wiki.debian.org/LSBInitScripts/DependencyBasedBoot">converting the -Debian boot sequence</a></code> to use dynamic and dependency based ordering -instead of hardcoded sequence numbers. Once that's finished, Debian systems -will boot much faster. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-di"></a>15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer</h2> - -<p> -Lots of work has been done on the Debian Installer, resulting in major -improvements. We'll mention just two of them here. -</p> - -<p> -Starting the installer from Microsoft Windows: It is now possible to start the -installer directly from Microsoft Windows without the need to change BIOS -settings. Upon insertion of a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or USB stick, an autorun program -will be started, offering a step-by-step process to start the Debian Installer. -</p> - -<p> -The debian-installer now includes experimental support for installing Debian on -systems with Serial ATA RAID. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-morearches"></a>15.4 More architectures</h2> - -<p> -Complete Debian system on other architectures such as <code><a -href="http://wiki.debian.org/ArmEabiPort">ARM EABI</a></code> (referred to as -"armel") (next to the old "arm") will likely get supported -with lenny. Support for <code><a -href="http://wiki.debian.org/SHPort">SuperH</a></code> is expected soon. -Notice that even though some architectures are dropped for a given the release -there still might be a way to install and upgrade using the latest -<samp>sid</samp>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-morekernels"></a>15.5 More kernels</h2> - -<p> -In addition to Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian is being ported also to BSD kernels, -namely to <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/">FreeBSD</a></code>. This port -runs on both AMD64 ("kfreebsd-amd64") and traditional Intel -("kfreebsd-i386"). -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ 15 ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html deleted file mode 120000 index da23d48..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-nexttime.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-nexttime.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 72799b2..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1123 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Basics of the Debian package management system</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-pkg_basics"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ 7 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 7 - Basics of the Debian package management system -</h1> - -<hr> - -<p> -This chapter touches on some lower level internals of Debian package -management. If you're interested mainly in <em>usage</em> of the relevant -tools, skip to chapters <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">The Debian package -management tools, Chapter 8</a> and/or <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">Keeping -your Debian system up-to-date, Chapter 9</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-package"></a>7.1 What is a Debian package?</h2> - -<p> -Packages generally contain all of the files necessary to implement a set of -related commands or features. There are two types of Debian packages: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>Binary packages</em>, which contain executables, configuration files, -man/info pages, copyright information, and other documentation. These packages -are distributed in a Debian-specific archive format (see <a -href="#s-deb-format">What is the format of a Debian binary package?, Section -7.2</a>); they are usually distinguished by having a '.deb' file extension. -Binary packages can be unpacked using the Debian utility <samp>dpkg</samp> -(possibly via a frontend like <code>aptitude</code>); details are given in its -manual page. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<em>Source packages</em>, which consist of a <samp>.dsc</samp> file describing -the source package (including the names of the following files), a -<samp>.orig.tar.gz</samp> file that contains the original unmodified source in -gzip-compressed tar format and usually a <samp>.diff.gz</samp> file that -contains the Debian-specific changes to the original source. The utility -<samp>dpkg-source</samp> packs and unpacks Debian source archives; details are -provided in its manual page. (The program <code>apt-get</code> can get used a -frontend for <samp>dpkg-source</samp>.) -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Installation of software by the package system uses "dependencies" -which are carefully designed by the package maintainers. These dependencies -are documented in the <samp>control</samp> file associated with each package. -For example, the package containing the GNU C compiler (<code>gcc</code>) -"depends" on the package <code>binutils</code> which includes the -linker and assembler. If a user attempts to install <code>gcc</code> without -having first installed <code>binutils</code>, the package management system -(dpkg) will send an error message that it also needs <code>binutils</code>, and -stop installing <code>gcc</code>. (However, this facility can be overridden by -the insistent user, see <code>dpkg(8)</code>.) See more in <a -href="#s-depends">What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, -<em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> -or <em>Provides</em> another package?, Section 7.9</a> below. -</p> - -<p> -Debian's packaging tools can be used to: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -manipulate and manage packages or parts of packages, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -administer local overrides of files in a package, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -aid developers in the construction of package archives, and -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -aid users in the installation of packages which reside on a remote FTP site. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-deb-format"></a>7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</h2> - -<p> -A Debian "package", or a Debian archive file, contains the executable -files, libraries, and documentation associated with a particular suite of -program or set of related programs. Normally, a Debian archive file has a -filename that ends in <samp>.deb</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -The internals of this Debian binary packages format are described in the -<code>deb(5)</code> manual page. This internal format is subject to change -(between major releases of Debian GNU/Linux), therefore please always use -<code>dpkg-deb(1)</code> if you need to do lowlevel manipulations on -<samp>.deb</samp> files. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pkgname"></a>7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</h2> - -<p> -The Debian binary package file names conform to the following convention: -<foo>_<VersionNumber>-<DebianRevisionNumber>_<DebianArchitecture>.deb -</p> - -<p> -Note that <samp>foo</samp> is supposed to be the package name. As a check, one -can learn the package name associated with a particular Debian archive file -(.deb file) in one of these ways: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -inspect the "Packages" file in the directory where it was stored at a -Debian FTP archive site. This file contains a stanza describing each package; -the first field in each stanza is the formal package name. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -use the command <samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR_AAA.deb</samp> (where VVV, RRR -and AAA are the version, revision and architecture of the package in question, -respectively). This displays, among other things, the package name -corresponding to the archive file being unpacked. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -The <samp>VVV</samp> component is the version number specified by the upstream -developer. There are no standards in place here, so the version number may -have formats as different as "19990513" and "1.3.8pre1". -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>RRR</samp> component is the Debian revision number, and is specified -by the Debian developer (or an individual user if he chooses to build the -package himself). This number corresponds to the revision level of the Debian -package, thus, a new revision level usually signifies changes in the Debian -Makefile (<samp>debian/rules</samp>), the Debian control file -(<samp>debian/control</samp>), the installation or removal scripts -(<samp>debian/p*</samp>), or in the configuration files used with the package. -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>AAA</samp> component identifies the processor for which the package -was built. This is commonly <samp>i386</samp>, which refers to chips -compatible to Intel's 386 or later versions. For other possibilities review -Debian's FTP directory structure at <a -href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">What are all those directories at the -Debian FTP archives?, Section 6.7</a>. For details, see the description of -"Debian architecture" in the manual page -<code>dpkg-architecture(1)</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-controlfile"></a>7.4 What is a Debian control file?</h2> - -<p> -Specifics regarding the contents of a Debian control file are provided in the -Debian Policy Manual, section 5, see <a -href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and -for a Debian system?, Section 12.1</a>. -</p> - -<p> -Briefly, a sample control file is shown below for the Debian package hello: -</p> - -<pre> - Package: hello - Priority: optional - Section: devel - Installed-Size: 45 - Maintainer: Adam Heath <doogie@debian.org> - Architecture: i386 - Version: 1.3-16 - Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1) - Description: The classic greeting, and a good example - The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It - allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which - would otherwise be unavailable to them. - . - Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package. - It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program - (which is itself an example for the GNU Project). -</pre> - -<p> -The Package field gives the package name. This is the name by which the -package can be manipulated by the package tools, and usually similar to but not -necessarily the same as the first component string in the Debian archive file -name. -</p> - -<p> -The Version field gives both the upstream developer's version number and (in -the last component) the revision level of the Debian package of this program as -explained in <a href="#s-pkgname">Why are Debian package file names so long?, -Section 7.3</a>. -</p> - -<p> -The Architecture field specifies the chip for which this particular binary was -compiled. -</p> - -<p> -The Depends field gives a list of packages that have to be installed in order -to install this package successfully. -</p> - -<p> -The Installed-Size indicates how much disk space the installed package will -consume. This is intended to be used by installation front-ends in order to -show whether there is enough disk space available to install the program. -</p> - -<p> -The Section line gives the "section" where this Debian package is -stored at the Debian FTP sites. -</p> - -<p> -The Priority indicates how important is this package for installation, so that -semi-intelligent software like dselect or aptitude can sort the package into a -category of e.g. packages optionally installed. See <a -href="#s-priority">What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, -<em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> -package?, Section 7.7</a>. -</p> - -<p> -The Maintainer field gives the e-mail address of the person who is currently -responsible for maintaining this package. -</p> - -<p> -The Description field gives a brief summary of the package's features. -</p> - -<p> -For more information about all possible fields a package can have, please see -the Debian Policy Manual, section 5., "Control files and their -fields". -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-conffile"></a>7.5 What is a Debian conffile?</h2> - -<p> -Conffiles is a list of configuration files (usually placed in -<samp>/etc</samp>) that the package management system will not overwrite when -the package is upgraded. This ensures that local values for the contents of -these files will be preserved, and is a critical feature enabling the in-place -upgrade of packages on a running system. -</p> - -<p> -To determine exactly which files are preserved during an upgrade, run: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --status package -</pre> - -<p> -And look under "Conffiles:". -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-maintscripts"></a>7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</h2> - -<p> -These files are executable scripts which are automatically run before or after -a package is installed. Along with a file named <samp>control</samp>, all of -these files are part of the "control" section of a Debian archive -file. -</p> - -<p> -The individual files are: -</p> -<dl> -<dt>preinst</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This script executes before that package will be unpacked from its Debian -archive (".deb") file. Many 'preinst' scripts stop services for -packages which are being upgraded until their installation or upgrade is -completed (following the successful execution of the 'postinst' script). -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>postinst</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This script typically completes any required configuration of the package -<samp>foo</samp> once <samp>foo</samp> has been unpacked from its Debian -archive (".deb") file. Often, 'postinst' scripts ask the user for -input, and/or warn the user that if he accepts default values, he should -remember to go back and re-configure that package as the situation warrants. -Many 'postinst' scripts then execute any commands necessary to start or restart -a service once a new package has been installed or upgraded. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>prerm</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This script typically stops any daemons which are associated with a package. -It is executed before the removal of files associated with the package. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>postrm</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This script typically modifies links or other files associated with -<samp>foo</samp>, and/or removes files created by the package. (Also see <a -href="#s-virtual">What is a Virtual Package?, Section 7.8</a>.) -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p> -Currently all of the control files can be found in directory -<samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info</samp>. The files relevant to package -<samp>foo</samp> begin with the name "foo" and have file extensions -of "preinst", "postinst", etc., as appropriate. The file -<samp>foo.list</samp> in that directory lists all of the files that were -installed with the package <samp>foo</samp>. (Note that the location of these -files is a dpkg internal; you should not rely on it.) -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-priority"></a>7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</h2> - -<p> -Each Debian package is assigned a <em>priority</em> by the distribution -maintainers, as an aid to the package management system. The priorities are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Required</strong>: packages that are necessary for the proper -functioning of the system. -</p> - -<p> -This includes all tools that are necessary to repair system defects. You must -not remove these packages or your system may become totally broken and you may -probably not even be able to use dpkg to put things back. Systems with only -the Required packages are probably unusable, but they do have enough -functionality to allow the sysadmin to boot and install more software. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Important</strong> packages should be found on any Unix-like system. -</p> - -<p> -Other packages which the system will not run well or be usable without will be -here. This does <em>NOT</em> include Emacs or X or TeX or any other large -applications. These packages only constitute the bare infrastructure. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Standard</strong> packages are standard on any Linux system, including -a reasonably small but not too limited character-mode system. Tools are -included to be able to browse the web (using w3m), send e-mail (with mutt) and -download files from FTP servers. -</p> - -<p> -This is what will install by default if users do not select anything else. It -does not include many large applications, but it does include the Python -interpreter and some server software like OpenSSH (for remote administration), -Exim (for mail delivery, although it can be configured for local delivery -only), an identd server (pidentd) and the RPC portmapper -(<samp>portmap</samp>). It also includes some common generic documentation -that most users will find helpful. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Optional</strong> packages include all those that you might reasonably -want to install if you did not know what it was, or do not have specialized -requirements. -</p> - -<p> -This includes X, a full TeX distribution, and lots of applications. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Extra</strong>: packages that either conflict with others with higher -priorities, are only likely to be useful if you already know what they are, or -have specialized requirements that make them unsuitable for -"Optional". -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -If you do a default Debian installation all the packages of priority -<strong>Standard</strong> or higher will be installed in your system. If you -select pre-defined tasks you will get lower priority packages too. -</p> - -<p> -Additionally, some packages are marked as <strong>Essential</strong> since they -are absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of the system. The package -management tools will refuse to remove these. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-virtual"></a>7.8 What is a Virtual Package?</h2> - -<p> -A virtual package is a generic name that applies to any one of a group of -packages, all of which provide similar basic functionality. For example, both -the <samp>tin</samp> and <samp>trn</samp> programs are news readers, and should -therefore satisfy any dependency of a program that required a news reader on a -system, in order to work or to be useful. They are therefore both said to -provide the "virtual package" called <samp>news-reader</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Similarly, <samp>smail</samp> and <samp>sendmail</samp> both provide the -functionality of a mail transport agent. They are therefore said to provide -the virtual package, "mail transport agent". If either one is -installed, then any program depending on the installation of a -<samp>mail-transport-agent</samp> will be satisfied by the existence of this -virtual package. -</p> - -<p> -Debian provides a mechanism so that, if more than one package which provide the -same virtual package is installed on a system, then system administrators can -set one as the preferred package. The relevant command is -<samp>update-alternatives</samp>, and is described further in <a -href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">Some users like mawk, others like gawk; -some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does -Debian support diversity?, Section 11.10</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-depends"></a>7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</h2> - -<p> -The Debian package system has a range of package "dependencies" which -are designed to indicate (in a single flag) the level at which Program A can -operate independently of the existence of Program B on a given system: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>depends</em> on Package B if B absolutely must be installed in -order to run A. In some cases, A depends not only on B, but on a version of B. -In this case, the version dependency is usually a lower limit, in the sense -that A depends on any version of B more recent than some specified version. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>recommends</em> Package B, if the package maintainer judges that -most users would not want A without also having the functionality provided by -B. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>suggests</em> Package B if B contains files that are related to -(and usually enhance) the functionality of A. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>conflicts</em> with Package B when A will not operate if B is -installed on the system. Most often, conflicts are cases where A contains -files which are an improvement over those in B. "Conflicts" are -often combined with "replaces". -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>replaces</em> Package B when files installed by B are removed and -(in some cases) over-written by files in A. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Package A <em>provides</em> Package B when all of the files and functionality -of B are incorporated into A. This mechanism provides a way for users with -constrained disk space to get only that part of package A which they really -need. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -More detailed information on the use of each these terms can be found in the -Policy manual. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pre-depends"></a>7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</h2> - -<p> -"Pre-Depends" is a special dependency. In the case of most packages, -<samp>dpkg</samp> will unpack its archive file (i.e., its <samp>.deb</samp> -file) independently of whether or not the files on which it depends exist on -the system. Simplistically, unpacking means that <samp>dpkg</samp> will -extract the files from the archive file that were meant to be installed on your -file system, and put them in place. If those packages <em>depend</em> on the -existence of some other packages on your system, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse -to complete the installation (by executing its "configure" action) -until the other packages are installed. -</p> - -<p> -However, for some packages, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse even to unpack them -until certain dependencies are resolved. Such packages are said to -"Pre-depend" on the presence of some other packages. The Debian -project provided this mechanism to support the safe upgrading of systems from -<samp>a.out</samp> format to <samp>ELF</samp> format, where the <em>order</em> -in which packages were unpacked was critical. There are other large upgrade -situations where this method is useful, e.g. the packages with the required -priority and their LibC dependency. -</p> - -<p> -As before, more detailed information about this can be found in the Policy -manual. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pkgstatus"></a>7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</h2> - -<p> -These "want" flags tell what the user wanted to do with a package (as -indicated either by the user's actions in the "Select" section of -<samp>dselect</samp>, or by the user's direct invocations of -<samp>dpkg</samp>). -</p> - -<p> -Their meanings are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -unknown - the user has never indicated whether he wants the package -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -install - the user wants the package installed or upgraded -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -remove - the user wants the package removed, but does not want to remove any -existing configuration files. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -purge - the user wants the package to be removed completely, including its -configuration files. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -hold - the user wants this package not to be processed, i.e., he wants to keep -the current version with the current status whatever that is. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-puttingonhold"></a>7.12 How do I put a package on hold?</h2> - -<p> -There are three ways of holding back packages, with dpkg, aptitude or with -dselect. -</p> - -<p> -With dpkg, you have to export the list of package selections, with: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --get-selections \* > selections.txt -</pre> - -<p> -Then edit the resulting file <code>selections.txt</code>, change the line -containing the package you wish to hold, e.g. <code>libc6</code>, from this: -</p> - -<pre> - libc6 install -</pre> - -<p> -to this: -</p> - -<pre> - libc6 hold -</pre> - -<p> -Save the file, and reload it into dpkg database with: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt -</pre> - -<p> -With aptitude, you can hold a package using -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude hold package_name -</pre> - -<p> -and remove the hold with -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude unhold package_name -</pre> - -<p> -With dselect, you have to enter the [S]elect screen, find the package you wish -to hold in its present state, and press the `=' key (or `H'). The changes will -go live immediately after you exit the [S]elect screen. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-sourcepkgs"></a>7.13 How do I install a source package?</h2> - -<p> -Debian source packages can't actually be "installed", they are just -unpacked in whatever directory you want to build the binary packages they -produce. -</p> - -<p> -Source packages are distributed on most of the same mirrors where you can -obtain the binary packages. If you set up your APT's -<code>sources.list(5)</code> to include the appropriate "deb-src" -lines, you'll be able to easily download any source packages by running -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get source foo -</pre> - -<p> -To help you in actually building the source package, Debian source package -provide the so-called build-dependencies mechanism. This means that the source -package maintainer keeps a list of other packages that are required to build -their package. To see how this is useful, run -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get build-dep foo -</pre> - -<p> -before building the source. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-sourcebuild"></a>7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</h2> - -<p> -The preferred way to do this is by using various wrapper tools. We'll show how -it's done using the <samp>devscripts</samp> tools. Install this package if you -haven't done so already. -</p> - -<p> -Now, first get the source package: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get source foo -</pre> - -<p> -and change to the source tree: -</p> - -<pre> - cd foo-* -</pre> - -<p> -Then install needed build-dependencies (if any): -</p> - -<pre> - sudo apt-get build-dep foo -</pre> - -<p> -Then create a dedicated version of your own build (so that you won't get -confused later when Debian itself releases a new version) -</p> - -<pre> - dch -l local 'Blah blah blah' -</pre> - -<p> -And finally build your package -</p> - -<pre> - debuild -us -uc -</pre> - -<p> -If everything worked out fine, you should now be able to install your package -by running -</p> - -<pre> - sudo dpkg -i ../*.deb -</pre> - -<p> -If you prefer to do things manually, and don't want to use -<samp>devscripts</samp>, follow this procedure: -</p> - -<p> -You will need all of foo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz and foo_*.diff.gz to compile the -source (note: there is no .diff.gz for some packages that are native to -Debian). -</p> - -<p> -Once you have them (<a href="#s-sourcepkgs">How do I install a source package?, -Section 7.13</a>), if you have the <code>dpkg-dev</code> package installed, the -following command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc -</pre> - -<p> -will extract the package into a directory called <samp>foo-version</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -If you want just to compile the package, you may cd into -<samp>foo-version</samp> directory and issue the command -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b -</pre> - -<p> -to build the package (note that this also requires the <code>fakeroot</code> -package), and then -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb -</pre> - -<p> -to install the newly-built package(s). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-creatingdebs"></a>7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</h2> - -<p> -For a more detailed description on this, read the New Maintainers' Guide, -available in the <code>maint-guide</code> package, or at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ 7 ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html deleted file mode 120000 index 98c97fe..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkg_basics.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-pkg_basics.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 391e656..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1199 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian package management tools</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-pkgtools"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ 8 ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 8 - The Debian package management tools -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pkgprogs"></a>8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</h2> - -<p> -There are multiple tools that are used to manage Debian packages, from graphic -or text-based interfaces to the low level tools used to install packages. All -the available tools rely on the lower level tools to properly work and are -presented here in decreasing complexity level. -</p> - -<p> -It is important to understand that the higher level package management tools -such as <code>aptitude</code> or <code>dselect</code> rely on <code>apt</code> -which, itself, relies on <code>dpkg</code> to manage the packages in the -system. -</p> - -<p> -See the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/">APT -HOWTO</a></code> for more information about the Debian package management -utilities. This document is available in various languages and formats, see -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">the APT HOWTO -entry on the DDP Users' Manuals overview</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-dpkg"></a>8.1.1 dpkg</h3> - -<p> -This is the main package management program. <code>dpkg</code> can be invoked -with many options. Some common uses are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg --help</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Print out the control file (and other information) for a specified package: -<samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Install a package (including unpacking and configuring) onto the file system of -the hard disk: <samp>dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Unpack (but do not configure) a Debian archive into the file system of the hard -disk: <samp>dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. Note that this operation -does <em>not</em> necessarily leave the package in a usable state; some files -may need further customization to run properly. This command removes any -already-installed version of the program and runs the preinst (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst, -prerm, and postrm script?, Section 7.6</a>) script associated with the package. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Configure a package that already has been unpacked: <samp>dpkg --configure -foo</samp>. Among other things, this action runs the postinst (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst, -prerm, and postrm script?, Section 7.6</a>) script associated with the package. -It also updates the files listed in the <samp>conffiles</samp> for this -package. Notice that the 'configure' operation takes as its argument a package -name (e.g., foo), <em>not</em> the name of a Debian archive file (e.g., -foo_VVV-RRR.deb). -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Extract a single file named "blurf" (or a group of files named -"blurf*" from a Debian archive: <samp>dpkg --fsys-tarfile -foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*</samp> -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Remove a package (but not its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --remove -foo</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Remove a package (including its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --purge -foo</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -List the installation status of packages containing the string (or regular -expression) "foo*": <samp>dpkg --list 'foo*'</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-apt-get"></a>8.1.2 APT</h3> - -<p> -APT is the <em>Advanced Package Tool</em> and provides the <code>apt-get</code> -program. <code>apt-get</code> provides a simple way to retrieve and install -packages from multiple sources using the command line. Unlike -<code>dpkg</code>, <code>apt-get</code> does not understand .deb files, it -works with the packages proper name and can only install .deb archives from a -source specified in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. <code>apt-get</code> -will call <code>dpkg</code> directly after downloading the .deb archives[<a -href="footnotes.en.html#f5" name="fr5">5</a>] from the configured sources. -</p> - -<p> -Some common ways to use <code>apt-get</code> are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To update the list of package known by your system, you can run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get update -</pre> - -<p> -(you should execute this regularly to update your package lists) -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To upgrade all the packages on your system (without installing extra packages -or removing packages), run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get upgrade -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To install the <var>foo</var> package and all its dependencies, run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get install foo -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To remove the foo package from your system, run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get remove foo -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To remove the foo package and its configuration files from your system, run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get --purge remove foo -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To upgrade all the packages on your system, and, if needed for a package -upgrade, installing extra packages or removing packages, run: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get dist-upgrade -</pre> - -<p> -(The command <samp>upgrade</samp> keeps a package at its installed obsolete -version if upgrading would need an extra package to be installed, for a new -dependency to be satisfied. The <samp>dist-upgrade</samp> command is less -conservative.) -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Note that you must be logged in as root to perform any commands that modify the -system packages. -</p> - -<p> -The apt tool suite also includes the <code>apt-cache</code> tool to query the -package lists. You can use it to find packages providing specific -functionality through simple text or regular expression queries and through -queries of dependencies in the package management system. Some common ways to -use <code>apt-cache</code> are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To find packages whose description contain <var>word</var>: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-cache search <var>word</var> -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To print the detailed information of a package: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-cache show <var>package</var> -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To print the packages a given package depends on: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-cache depends <var>package</var> -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -To print detailed information of the versions available for a package and the -packages that reverse-depends on it: -</p> - -<pre> - apt-cache showpkg <var>package</var> -</pre> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -For more information, install the <code>apt</code> package and read -<code>apt-get(8)</code>, <code>sources.list(5)</code> and install the -<code>apt-doc</code> package and read -<code>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-aptitude"></a>8.1.3 aptitude</h3> - -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> is a package manager for Debian GNU/Linux systems that -provides a frontend to the apt package management infrastructure. -<code>aptitude</code> is a text-based interface using the curses library, it -can be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way. -</p> - -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> provides the functionality of <code>dselect</code> and -<code>apt-get</code>, as well as many additional features not found in either -program: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> offers access to all versions of a package. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> logs all its actions in <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> makes it easy to keep track of obsolete software by -listing it under "Obsolete and Locally Created Packages". -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> includes a fairly powerful system for searching -particular packages and limiting the package display. Users familiar with -<code>mutt</code> will pick up quickly, as <code>mutt</code> was the -inspiration for the expression syntax. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> tracks which packages have been installed due to -dependencies and removes them automatically when the packages that needed them -are removed from the system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> can automatically install <em>Recommended:</em> -packages[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f6" name="fr6">6</a>]. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> can be used to install the predefined tasks available. -For more information see <a href="#s-tasksel">tasksel, Section 8.1.5</a>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> in full screen mode has <code>su</code> functionality -embedded and can be run by a normal user. It will call <code>su</code> (and -ask for the root password, if any) when you really need administrative -privileges -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -You can use <code>aptitude</code> through a visual interface (simply run -<samp>aptitude</samp>) or directly from the command line. The command line -syntax used is very similar to the one used in <code>apt-get</code>. For -example, to install the <var>foo</var> package, you can run <samp>aptitude -install <var>foo</var></samp>. -</p> - -<p> -Note that <code>aptitude</code> is the preferred program for package management -from console both for package installations and package or system upgrades. -</p> - -<p> -For more informations, read the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code> and -install the <code>aptitude-doc</code> package. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-synaptic"></a>8.1.4 synaptic</h3> - -<p> -<code>synaptic</code> is a graphical package manager. It enables you to -install, upgrade and remove software packages in a user friendly way. Next to -all features offered by aptitude, it also has a feature for editing the list of -used repositories, and supports browsing all available documentation related to -a package. See the <code><a href="http://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/">Synaptic -Website</a></code> for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-tasksel"></a>8.1.5 tasksel</h3> - -<p> -When you want to perform a specific task it might be difficult to find the -appropiate suite of packages that fill your need. The Debian developers have -defined <samp>tasks</samp>, a task is a collection of several individual Debian -packages all related to a specific activity. Tasks can be installed through -the <code>tasksel</code> program or through <code>aptitude</code>. -</p> - -<p> -The Debian installer will typically install automaticaly the task associated -with a standard system and a desktop environment. The specific desktop -environment installed will depend on the CD/DVD media used, most commonly it -will be the GNOME desktop (<samp>gnome-desktop</samp> task). Also, depending -on your selections throughout the installation process, tasks might be -automatically installed in your system. For example, if you selected a -language, the task associated with it will be installed automatically too and -if you are running in a laptop system the installer recognises the -<samp>laptop</samp> task will be installed too. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-dpkg-extra"></a>8.1.6 Other package management tools</h3> - -<hr> - -<h4><a name="s-dselect"></a>8.1.6.1 dselect</h4> - -<p> -This program is a menu-driven interface to the Debian package management -system. For woody and earlier releases, this was the main package management -interface for for first-time installations, but currently users are encouraged -to use <code>aptitude</code> instead. Some users might feel more comfortable -using <code>aptitude</code> and it is also recommended over -<code>dselect</code> for large-scale upgrades. For more information on -<code>aptitude</code> please see <a href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section -8.1.3</a>. -</p> - -<p> -<code>dselect</code> can: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -guide the user as he/she chooses among packages to install or remove, ensuring -that no packages are installed that conflict with one another, and that all -packages required to make each package work properly are installed; -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -warn the user about inconsistencies or incompatibilities in their selections; -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -determine the order in which the packages must be installed; -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -automatically perform the installation or removal; and -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -guide the user through whatever configuration process are required for each -package. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -<code>dselect</code> begins by presenting the user with a menu of 7 items, each -of which is a specific action. The user can select one of the actions by using -the arrow keys to move the highlighter bar, then pressing the -<em><enter></em> key to select the highlighted action. -</p> - -<p> -What the user sees next depends on the action he selected. If he selects any -option but <samp>Access</samp> or <samp>Select</samp>, then -<code>dselect</code> will simply proceed to execute the specified action: e.g., -if the user selected the action <samp>Remove</samp>, then dselect would proceed -to remove all of the files selected for removal when the user last chose the -<samp>Select</samp> action. -</p> - -<p> -Both the <samp>Access</samp> menu item and the <samp>Select</samp> menu item -lead to additional menus. In both cases, the menus are presented as split -screens; the top screen gives a scrollable list of choices, while the bottom -screen gives a brief explanation ("info") for each choice. -</p> - -<p> -Extensive on-line help is available, use the '?' key to get to a help screen -at any time. -</p> - -<p> -The order in which the actions are presented in the first <code>dselect</code> -menu represents the order in which a user would normally choose -<code>dselect</code> to install packages. However, a user can pick any of the -main menu choices as often as needed (including not at all, depending on what -one wants to do). -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Begin by choosing an <strong>Access Method</strong>. This is the method by -which the user plans on accessing Debian packages; e.g., some users have Debian -packages available on CD-ROM, while others plan to fetch them using anonymous -FTP. The selected "Access Method" is stored after -<code>dselect</code> exits, so if it does not change, then this option need not -be invoked again. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Then <strong>Update</strong> the list of available packages. To do this, -<code>dselect</code> reads the file "Packages.gz" which should be -included in the top level of the directory where the Debian packages to be -installed are stored. (But if it is not there, <code>dselect</code> will offer -to make it for you.) -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<strong>Select</strong> specific packages for installation on his system. -After choosing this menu item, the user is first presented with a full screen -of help (unless the `--expert' command line option was used). Once the user -exits the Help screen, he sees the split-screen menu for choosing packages to -install (or remove). -</p> - -<p> -The top part of the screen is a relatively narrow window into the list of -Debian's 18200 packages; the bottom part of the screen contains description of -the package or group of packages which are highlighted above. -</p> - -<p> -One can specify which packages should be operated on by highlighting a package -name or the label for a group of packages. After that, you can select -packages: -</p> -<dl> -<dt>to be installed:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is accomplished by pressing the `+' key. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>to be deleted:</dt> -<dd> -<p> -Packages can be deleted two ways: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -removed: this removes most of the files associated with the package, but -preserves the files listed as configuration files (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">What is a Debian conffile?, Section -7.5</a>) and package configuration information. This is done by pressing the -`-' key. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -purged: this removes <em>every</em> file that is part of the package. This is -done by pressing the `_' key. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Note that it's not possible to remove "All Packages". If you try -that, your system will instead be reduced to the initial installed base -packages. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> -<dl> -<dt>to be put "on hold"</dt> -<dd> -<p> -This is done by pressing `=', and it effectively tells <code>dselect</code> not -to upgrade a package even if the version currently installed on your system is -not as recent as the version that is available in the Debian repository you are -using (this was specified when you set the <strong>Access Method</strong>, and -acquired when you used <strong>Update</strong>). -</p> - -<p> -Just like you can put a package on hold, you can reverse such setting by -pressing `:'. That tells <code>dselect</code> that the package(s) may be -upgraded if a newer version is available. This is the default setting. -</p> -</dd> -</dl> - -<p> -You can select a different order in which the packages are presented, by using -the `o' key to cycle between various options for sorting the packages. The -default order is to present packages by Priority; within each priority, -packages are presented in order of the directory (a.k.a. section) of the -archive in which they are stored. Given this sort order, some packages in -section A (say) may be presented first, followed by some packages in section B, -followed by more packages (of lower priority) in section A. -</p> - -<p> -You can also expand meanings of the labels at the top of the screen, by using -the `v' (verbose) key. This action pushes much of the text that formerly fit -onto the display off to the right. To see it, press the right arrow; to scroll -back to the left, press the left arrow. -</p> - -<p> -If you select a package for installation or removal, e.g., -<code>foo.deb</code>, and that package depends on (or recommends) another -package, e.g., <code>blurf.deb</code>, then <code>dselect</code> will place the -you in a sub-screen of the main selection screen. There you can choose among -the related packages, accepting the suggested actions (to install or not), or -rejecting them. To do the latter, press Shift-D; to return to the former, -press Shift-U. In any case, you can save your selections and return to the -main selection screen by pressing Shift-Q. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Users returning to the main menu can then select the "Install" menu -item to unpack and configure the selected packages. Alternatively, users -wishing to remove files can choose the "Remove" menu item. At any -point, users can choose "Quit" to exit dselect; users' selections are -preserved by <code>dselect</code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h4><a name="s-dpkg-deb"></a>8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb</h4> - -<p> -This program manipulates Debian archive(<samp>.deb</samp>) files. Some common -uses are: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg-deb --help</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Determine what files are contained in a Debian archive file: <samp>dpkg-deb ---contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>) -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Extract the files contained in a named Debian archive into a user specified -directory: <samp>dpkg-deb --extract foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp</samp> extracts each of -the files in <samp>foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> into the directory <samp>tmp/</samp>. -This is convenient for examining the contents of a package in a localized -directory, without installing the package into the root file system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Extract the control information files from a package: <samp>dpkg-deb --control -foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Note that any packages that were merely unpacked using <samp>dpkg-deb ---extract</samp> will be incorrectly installed, you should use <samp>dpkg ---install</samp> instead. -</p> - -<p> -More information is given in the manual page <code>dpkg-deb(1)</code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h4><a name="s-dpkg-split"></a>8.1.6.3 dpkg-split</h4> - -<p> -This program splits large package into smaller files (e.g., for writing onto a -set of floppy disks), and can also be used to merge a set of split files back -into a single file. It can only be used on a Debian system (i.e. a system -containing the <code>dpkg</code> package), since it calls the program -<samp>dpkg-deb</samp> to parse the debian package file into its component -records. -</p> - -<p> -For example, to split a big .deb file into N parts, -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Execute the command <samp>dpkg-split --split foo.deb</samp>. This will produce -N files each of approximately 460 KBytes long in the current directory. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Copy those N files to floppy disks. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Copy the contents of the floppy disks onto the hard disk of your choice on the -other machine. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Join those part-files together using <samp>dpkg-split --join -"foo*"</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-updaterunning"></a>8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</h2> - -<p> -The kernel (file system) in Debian GNU/Linux systems supports replacing files -even while they're being used. -</p> - -<p> -We also provide a program called <code>start-stop-daemon</code> which is used -to start daemons at boot time or to stop daemons when the runlevel is changed -(e.g., from multi-user to single-user or to halt). The same program is used by -installation scripts when a new package containing a daemon is installed, to -stop running daemons, and restart them as necessary. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-whatpackages"></a>8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</h2> - -<p> -To learn the status of all the packages installed on a Debian system, execute -the command -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --list -</pre> - -<p> -This prints out a one-line summary for each package, giving a 2-letter status -symbol (explained in the header), the package name, the version which is -<em>installed</em>, and a brief description. -</p> - -<p> -To learn the status of packages whose names match the string any pattern -beginning with "foo" by executing the command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --list 'foo*' -</pre> - -<p> -To get a more verbose report for a particular package, execute the command: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --status packagename -</pre> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-listfiles"></a>8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?</h2> - -<p> -To list all the files provided by the installed package <samp>foo</samp> -execute the command -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --listfiles foo -</pre> - -<p> -Note that the files created by the installation scripts aren't displayed. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-filesearch"></a>8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</h2> - -<p> -To identify the package that produced the file named <samp>foo</samp> execute -either: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>dpkg --search filename</samp> -</p> - -<p> -This searches for <samp>filename</samp> in installed packages. (This is -(currently) equivalent to searching all of the files having the file extension -of <samp>.list</samp> in the directory <samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</samp>, and -adjusting the output to print the names of all the packages containing it, and -diversions.) -</p> - -<p> -A faster alternative to this is the <code>dlocate</code> tool. -</p> - -<pre> - dlocate -S filename -</pre> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> -</p> - -<p> -This searches for files which contain the substring <samp>foo</samp> in their -full path names. The files <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> (where ARCH -represents the wanted architecture) reside in the major package directories -(main, non-free, contrib) at a Debian FTP site (i.e. under -<samp>/debian/dists/etch</samp>). A <samp>Contents</samp> file refers only to -the packages in the subdirectory tree where it resides. Therefore, a user -might have to search more than one <samp>Contents</samp> files to find the -package containing the file <samp>foo</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -This method has the advantage over <samp>dpkg --search</samp> in that it will -find files in packages that are not currently installed on your system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>apt-file search <var>foo</var></samp> -</p> - -<p> -If you install the <code>apt-file</code>, similar to the above, it searches -files which contain the substring or regular expression <samp>foo</samp> in -their full path names. The advantage over the sample above is that there is no -need to retrieve the <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> files as it will do this -automatically for all the sources defined in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> -when you run (as root) <samp>apt-file update</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-datapackages"></a>8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</h2> - -<p> -Some packages are split in program (`foo') and data (`foo-data') (or in `foo' -and `foo-doc'). This is true for many games, multimedia applications and -dictionaries in Debian and has been introduced since some users might want to -access the raw data without installing the program or because the program can -be run without the data itself, making it optional. -</p> - -<p> -Similar situations occur when dealing with libraries: generally these get -installed since packages containing applications depend on them. When the -application-package is purged, the library-package might stay on the system. -Or: when the application-package no longer depends upon e.g. libdb4.2, but -upon libdb4.3, the libdb4.2 package might stay when the application-package is -upgraded. -</p> - -<p> -In these cases, `foo-data' doesn't depend on `foo', so when you remove the -`foo' package it will not get automatically removed by most package management -tools. The same holds true for the library packages. This is necessary to -avoid circular dependencies. If you use <code>aptitude</code> (see <a -href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 8.1.3</a>) as your package management tool -it will, however, track automatically installed packages and remove them when -no packages remain that need them in your system. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ 8 ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html deleted file mode 120000 index 6c9eeed..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-pkgtools.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-pkgtools.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 77bbf56..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,340 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-redistrib"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ 14 ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 14 - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-sellcds"></a>14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</h2> - -<p> -Go ahead. You do not need permission to distribute anything we have -<em>released</em>, so that you can master your CD as soon as the beta-test -ends. You do not have to pay us anything. Of course, all CD manufacturers -must honor the licenses of the programs in Debian. For example, many of the -programs are licensed under the GPL, which requires you to distribute their -source code. -</p> - -<p> -Also, we will publish a list of CD manufacturers who donate money, software, -and time to the Debian project, and we will encourage users to buy from -manufacturers who donate, so it is good advertising to make donations. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-packagednonfree"></a>14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. While all the main components of Debian are free software, we provide a -non-free directory for programs that are not freely redistributable. -</p> - -<p> -CD manufacturers <em>may</em> be able to distribute the programs we have placed -in that directory, depending on the license terms or their private arrangements -with the authors of those software packages. CD manufacturers can also -distribute the non-free software they get from other sources on the same CD. -This is nothing new: free and commercial software are distributed on the same -CD by many manufacturers now. Of course we still encourage software authors to -release the programs they write as free software. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-childistro"></a>14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. Debian-derived distributions are being created both in close cooperation -with the Debian project itself and by external parties. One can use the -<code><a href="http://cdd.alioth.debian.org/">Custom Debian -Distributions</a></code> framework to work together with Debian; <code><a -href="http://www.skolelinux.org/">Skolelinux</a></code> is one such project. -</p> - -<p> -There are several other Debian-derived distributions already on the market, -such as Progeny Debian, Linspire, Knoppix and Ubuntu, that are targeted at a -different kind of audience than the original Debian GNU/Linux is, but use most -of our components in their product. -</p> - -<p> -Debian also provides a mechanism to allow developers and system administrators -to install local versions of selected files in such a way that they will not be -overwritten when other packages are upgraded. This is discussed further in the -question on <a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">How do I override a file -installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?, -Section 11.8</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-commercialdebs"></a>14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</h2> - -<p> -Go right ahead. The package tool is free software; the packages may or may not -be free software, it can install them all. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ 14 ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html deleted file mode 120000 index f182623..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-redistrib.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-redistrib.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 2c2d745..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,639 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Software available in the Debian system</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-software"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ 5 ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 5 - Software available in the Debian system -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-apps"></a>5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -Like most Linux distributions, Debian GNU/Linux provides: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -the major GNU applications for software development, file manipulation, and -text processing, including gcc, g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, the Bash shell and -numerous upgraded Unix utilities, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk and various related programs, modules and libraries for -each of them, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -TeX (LaTeX) and Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript, -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -the Xorg windowing system, which provides a networked graphical user interface -for Linux, and countless X applications including the GNOME, KDE and Xfce -desktop environments. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -a full suite of networking applications, including servers for Internet -protocols such as HTTP (WWW), FTP, NNTP (news), SMTP and POP (mail) and DNS -(name servers); relational databases like PostgreSQL, MySQL; also provided are -web browsers including the various Mozilla products [<a -href="footnotes.en.html#f1" name="fr1">1</a>], -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -a complete set of office applications, including the OpenOffice.org -productivity suite, Gnumeric and other spreadsheets, WYSIWYG editors, -calendars. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -More than 18040 packages, ranging from news servers and readers to sound -support, FAX programs, database and spreadsheet programs, image processing -programs, communications, net, and mail utilities, Web servers, and even -ham-radio programs are included in the distribution. Another 560 software -suites are available as Debian packages, but are not formally part of Debian -due to license restrictions. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-softwareauthors"></a>5.2 Who wrote all that software?</h2> - -<p> -For each package the <em>authors</em> of the program(s) are credited in the -file <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/copyright</samp>, where PACKAGE is to be -substituted with the package's name. -</p> - -<p> -<em>Maintainers</em> who package this software for the Debian GNU/Linux system -are listed in the Debian control file (see <a -href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">What is a Debian control file?, -Section 7.4</a>) that comes with each package. The Debian changelog, in -<samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/changelog.Debian.gz</samp>, mentions the people -who've worked on the Debian packaging too. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pkglist"></a>5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</h2> - -<p> -A complete list is available from any of the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">Debian mirrors</a></code>, in the -file <samp>indices/Maintainers</samp>. That file includes the package names -and the names and e-mails of their respective maintainers. -</p> - -<p> -The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/">WWW interface to the Debian -packages</a></code> conveniently summarizes the packages in each of about -thirty "sections" of the Debian archive. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-buildenv"></a>5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?</h2> - -<p> -If you want to build packages in your Debian system you will need to have a -basic development environment, including a C/C++ compiler and some other -essential packages. In order to install this environment you just need to -install the <code>build-essential</code>. This package is a meta-package or -place-holder package which depends on the standard development tools one needs -to build a Debian package. -</p> - -<p> -Some software can, however, need additional software to be rebuilt, including -library headers or additional tools such as <code>autoconf</code> or -<code>gettext</code>. Debian provides many of the tools needed to build other -software as Debian packages. -</p> - -<p> -Finding which software is precisely required can be tricky, however, unless you -are planning on rebuilding Debian packages. This last task is rather easy to -do, as official packages have to include a list of the additional software -(besides the packages in <code>build-essential</code>) needed to build the -pacakge, this is known as <samp>Build-Dependencies</samp>. To install all the -packages needed to build a given source package and then build said source -package you can just run: -</p> - -<pre> - # apt-get build-dep <var>foo</var> - # apt-get source --build <var>foo</var> -</pre> - -<p> -Notice that if you want to build the Linux kernels distributed by Debian you -will want to install also the <code>kernel-package</code> package. For more -information see <a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel">What tools does -Debian provide to build custom kernels?, Section 10.2</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-missing"></a>5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -A list of packages which are still needed to be packaged for Debian exists, the -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/">Work-Needing and Prospective -Packages list</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -For more details about adding the missing things, see <a -href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software -developer?, Section 13.1</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-no-devs"></a>5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</h2> - -<p> -Debian Policy requires that such symbolic links (to libfoo.so.x.y.z or similar) -are placed in separate, development packages. Those packages are usually named -libfoo-dev or libfooX-dev (presuming the library package is named libfooX, and -X is a whole number). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-java"></a>5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?</h2> - -<p> -Several <em>free</em> implementations of Java technology are available as -Debian packages, providing both Java Development Kits as well as Runtime -Environments. You can write, debug and run Java programs using Debian. -</p> - -<p> -Running a Java applet requires a web browser with the capability to recognize -and execute them. Several web browsers available in Debian, such as Mozilla or -Konqueror, support Java plug-ins that enable running Java applets within them. -</p> - -<p> -Please refer to the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/">Debian Java -FAQ</a></code> for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-isitdebian"></a>5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</h2> - -<p> -In order to make sure that your system has been installed from the real Debian -base disks check for the existence of <samp>/etc/debian_version</samp> file, -which contains a single one-line entry giving the version number of the -release, as defined by the package <samp>base-files</samp>. -</p> - -<p> -The existence of the program <samp>dpkg</samp> shows that you should be able to -install Debian packages on your system, but as the program has been ported to -many other operating systems and architectures, this is no longer a reliable -method of determining is a system Debian GNU/Linux. -</p> - -<p> -Users should be aware, however, that the Debian system consists of many parts, -each of which can be updated (almost) independently. Each Debian -"release" contains well defined and unchanging contents. Updates are -separately available. For a one-line description of the installation status of -package <samp>foo</samp>, use the command <samp>dpkg --list foo</samp>. To -view versions of all installed packages, run: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg -l -</pre> - -<p> -For a more verbose description, use: -</p> - -<pre> - dpkg --status foo -</pre> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-nonenglish"></a>5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?</h2> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Debian GNU/Linux is distributed with keymaps for nearly two dozen keyboards, -and with utilities (in the <samp>kbd</samp> package) to install, view, and -modify the tables. -</p> - -<p> -The installation prompts the user to specify the keyboard he will use. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Vast majority of the software we packaged supports entering non-US-ASCII -characters used in other Latin languages (e.g. ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-2), and -a number of programs support multi-byte languages such as Japanese or Chinese. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Currently, support for German-, Spanish-, Finnish-, French-, Hungarian-, -Italian-, Japanese-, Korean-, Dutch-, Polish-, Portuguese-, Russian-, Turkish-, -and Chinese-language manual pages is provided through the -<samp>manpages-LANG</samp> packages (where LANG is the two-letter ISO country -code). To access an NLS manual page, the user must set the shell LC_MESSAGES -variable to the appropriate string. -</p> - -<p> -For example, in the case of the Italian-language manual pages, LC_MESSAGES -needs to be set to 'italian'. The <code>man</code> program will then search -for Italian manual pages under <samp>/usr/share/man/it/</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-pine"></a>5.10 Where is pine?</h2> - -<p> -Due to its restrictive license, it's in the non-free area. Moreover, since -license does not even allow modified binaries to be distributed, you have to -compile it yourself from the source and the Debian patches. -</p> - -<p> -The source package name is <code>pine</code>. You can use the -<code>pine-tracker</code> package to be notified about when you need to -upgrade. -</p> - -<p> -Note that there are many replacements for both pine and pico, such as -<code>mutt</code> and <code>nano</code>, that are located in the main section. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-qmail"></a>5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</h2> - -<p> -Dan J. Bernstein used to distribute <code><a -href="http://cr.yp.to/software.html">all software he has written</a></code> -with a restrictive license which does not allow modified binaries to be -distributed. In november 2007 however, Bernstein said "[...] i have -decided to put all of my future and [...] past software into the public -domain". See <code><a href="http://cr.yp.to/distributors.html">FAQ from -distributors</a></code> for his distribution terms. -</p> - -<p> -As of 2008-04, <code>daemontools</code>, <code>djbdns</code> and -<code>ucspi-tcp</code> are shipped with Debian lenny (in main). As of this -writing (2008-04), <code>qmail</code> is not yet packaged for Debian main; see -<code><a href="http://bugs.debian.org/457318">Bug #457318 (ITP -qmail)</a></code> for the current status. -</p> - -<p> -As of 2008-04, <samp>publicfile</samp> and <samp>ezmlm</samp> were still not -free software. For <samp>ezmlm</samp>, there's the <code>ezmlm-src</code> -package in the non-free area. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-flash"></a>5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?</h2> - -<p> -Debian ships both <code>gnash</code> and <code>swfdec</code>: two free SWF -movie players. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-googleearth"></a>5.13 Where is Google Earth?</h2> - -<p> -Google Earth is available for GNU/Linux from Google's web site, but is not only -not Free Software, but is completely undistributable by a third party. -However, <code>googleearth-package</code> (in the contrib-section) might be -helpful in using this software. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-voip"></a>5.14 Where is VoIP software?</h2> - -<p> -Two main open protocols are used for Voice Over IP: SIP and H.323. Both are -implemented by a wide variety of software in Debian main. <code>ekiga</code> -is one of the popular clients. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-nonfreewireless"></a>5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?</h2> - -<p> -Buy one which does :) -</p> - -<p> -Alternatively, use <code>ndiswrapper</code> to use a driver for Windows (if you -have one) on your Linux system. See the <code><a -href="http://wiki.debian.org/NdisWrapper">Debian Wiki ndiswapper -page</a></code> for more information. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ 5 ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html deleted file mode 120000 index f75c0ab..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-software.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-software.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 5036cb5..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,679 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-support"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ 12 ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 12 - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux -</h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-debiandocs"></a>12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</h2> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Installation instructions for the current release: see <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux reference covers many aspects of system administration -through shell-command examples. Basic tutorials, tips, and other information -are provided for many different topics ranging from system administration to -programming. -</p> - -<p> -Get it from the <code>debian-reference</code> package, or at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -The Debian Policy manual documents the policy requirements for the -distribution, i.e. the structure and contents of the Debian archive, several -design issues of the operating system etc. It also includes the technical -requirements that each package must satisfy to be included in the distribution, -and documents the basic technical aspects of Debian binary and source packages. -</p> - -<p> -Get it from the <code>debian-policy</code> package, or at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Documentation developed by the Debian Documentation Project. It is available -at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/doc/">http://www.debian.org/doc/</a></code> and -includes user guides, administration guides and security guides for the Debian -GNU/Linux operating system. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Documentation on installed Debian packages: Most packages have files that are -unpacked into <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Documentation on the Linux project: The Debian package <code>doc-linux</code> -installs all of the most recent versions of the HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs from the -<code><a href="http://www.tldp.org/">Linux Documentation Project</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Unix-style `man' pages: Most commands have manual pages written in the style of -the original Unix 'man' files. For instance, to see the manual page for the -command `ls', execute <samp>man ls</samp>. Execute <samp>man man</samp> for -more information on finding and viewing manual pages. -</p> - -<p> -New Debian users should note that the 'man' pages of many general system -commands are not available until they install these packages: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>man-db</samp>, which contains the <samp>man</samp> program itself, and -other programs for manipulating the manual pages. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<samp>manpages</samp>, which contains the system manual pages. (see <a -href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English -languages?, Section 5.9</a>). -</p> -</li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -GNU-style `info' pages: User documentation for many commands, particularly GNU -tools, is available not in `man' pages, but in `info' files which can be read -by the GNU tool <samp>info</samp>, by running <samp>M-x info</samp> within GNU -Emacs, or with some other Info page viewer. -</p> - -<p> -Its main advantage over the original `man' pages are that it is a hypertext -system. It does <em>not</em> require the WWW, however; <samp>info</samp> can -be run from a plain text console. It was designed by Richard Stallman and -preceded the WWW. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -Note that you may access a lot of documentation on your system by using a WWW -browser, through `dwww', `dhelp' or `doccentral' commands, found in respective -packages, or by using `yelp'. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-onlineresources"></a>12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. In fact, the main method of support Debian provides to our users is by -the way of e-mail. We'll give some details on that, and mention some other -useful resources. Even more resources are listed at the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/support">Debian Support webpage</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s12.2.1"></a>12.2.1 Mailing lists</h3> - -<p> -There are a lot of <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/">Debian-related mailing -lists</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -On a system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed there is a -complete list of mailing lists in -<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt</code>. -</p> - -<p> -Debian mailing lists are named following the pattern -debian-<var>list-subject</var>. Examples are debian-announce, debian-user, -debian-news. To subscribe to any list debian-<var>list-subject</var>, send -mail to debian-<var>list-subject</var>-request@lists.debian.org with the word -"subscribe" in the Subject: header. Be sure to remember to add -<em>-request</em> to the e-mail address when using this method to subscribe or -unsubscribe. Otherwise your e-mail will go to the list itself, which could be -embarrassing or annoying, depending on your point of view. -</p> - -<p> -You can subscribe to mailing lists using the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe">WWW form</a></code>. You -can also un-subscribe using a <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe">WWW form</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -The list manager's e-mail address is <code><a -href="mailto:listmaster@lists.debian.org">listmaster@lists.debian.org</a></code>, -in case you have any trouble. -</p> - -<p> -The mailing lists are public forums. All e-mails sent to the lists are also -copied to the public archive, for anybody (even non-subscribers) to browse or -search. Please make sure you never send any confidential or unlicensed -material to the lists. This includes things like e-mail addresses. Of -particular note is the fact that spammers have been known to abuse e-mail -addresses posted to our mailing lists. See the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/index.en.html#disclaimer">Mailing -Lists Privacy policy</a></code> for more information. -</p> - -<p> -Archives of the Debian mailing lists are available via WWW at <code><a -href="http://lists.debian.org/">http://lists.debian.org/</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h4><a name="s-mailinglistconduct"></a>12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?</h4> - -<p> -When using the Debian mailing lists, please follow these rules: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Do not send spam. See the <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#ads">Debian mailing list advertising -policy</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Do not flame; it is not polite. The people developing Debian are all -volunteers, donating their time, energy and money in an attempt to bring the -Debian project together. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Do not use foul language; besides, some people receive the lists via packet -radio, where swearing is illegal. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Make sure that you are using the proper list. <em>Never</em> post your -(un)subscription requests to the mailing list itself[<a -href="footnotes.en.html#f7" name="fr7">7</a>] -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -See section <a href="#s-bugreport">How do I report a bug in Debian?, Section -12.5</a> for notes on reporting bugs. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s12.2.2"></a>12.2.2 Web forums</h3> - -<p> -<code><a href="http://debianhelp.org/">debianHELP</a></code> and <code><a -href="http://forums.debian.net/">Debian User Forums</a></code> are web forums -on which you can submit questions about Debian and have them answered by other -users. (These are not officially part of the Debian project.) -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s12.2.3"></a>12.2.3 Wiki</h3> - -<p> -Solutions to common problems, howto's, guides, tips and other documentation can -be found at the constantly changing <code><a -href="http://wiki.debian.org/">Debian Wiki</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s12.2.4"></a>12.2.4 Maintainers</h3> - -<p> -Users can address questions to individual package maintainers using e-mail. To -reach a maintainer of a package called xyz, send e-mail to -<em>xyz@packages.debian.org</em>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s12.2.5"></a>12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups</h3> - -<p> -Users should post non-Debian-specific questions to one of the Linux USENET -groups, which are named comp.os.linux.* or linux.*. There are several lists of -Linux Usenet newsgroups and other related resources on the WWW, e.g. on the -<code><a href="http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html">Linux Online</a></code> -and <code><a -href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php">LinuxJournal</a></code> sites. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-searchtools"></a>12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</h2> - -<p> -There is a variety of search engines that serve documentation related to -Debian: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code><a href="http://search.debian.org/">Debian WWW search site</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -<code><a href="http://groups.google.com/">Google Groups</a></code>: a search -engine for newsgroups. -</p> - -<p> -For example, to find out what experiences people have had with finding drivers -for Promise controllers under Debian, try searching on the phrase <samp>Promise -Linux driver</samp>. This will show you all the postings that contain these -strings, i.e. those where people discussed these topics. If you add -<samp>Debian</samp> to those search strings, you'll also get the postings -specifically related to Debian. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -Any of the common web spidering engines, such as <code><a -href="http://www.altavista.com/">AltaVista</a></code> or <code><a -href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a></code>, as long as you use the right -search terms. -</p> - -<p> -For example, searching on the string "cgi-perl" gives a more detailed -explanation of this package than the brief description field in its control -file. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-buglogs"></a>12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</h2> - -<p> -Reports on unsolved (and closed) issues are publicly available: Debian -promissed to do so by stating "We will not hide problems" in the -<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian Social -Contract</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux distribution has a bug tracking system (BTS) which files -details of bugs reported by users and developers. Each bug is given a number, -and is kept on file. Once it has been dealt with, it is marked as such. -</p> - -<p> -Copies of this information are available at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -A mail server provides access to the bug tracking system database via e-mail. -In order to get the instructions, send an e-mail to request@bugs.debian.org -with "help" in the body. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-bugreport"></a>12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</h2> - -<p> -If you have found a bug in Debian, please read the instructions for reporting a -bug in Debian. These instructions can be obtained in one of several ways: -</p> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -From the WWW. A copy of the instructions is shown at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting</a></code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -On any Debian system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed. The -instructions are in the file -<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt</code>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> -<ul> -<li> -<p> -By anonymous FTP. Debian mirror sites contain the instructions in the file -<samp>doc/bug-reporting.txt</samp>. -</p> -</li> -</ul> - -<p> -You can use the package <code>reportbug</code> that will guide you through the -reporting process and mail the message to the proper address, with some extra -details about your system added automatically. It will also show you a list of -bugs already reported to the package you are reporting against in case your bug -has been reported previously, so that you can add additional information to the -existing bug report. -</p> - -<p> -Expect to get an automatic acknowledgement of your bug report. It will also be -automatically given a bug tracking number, entered into the bug log and -forwarded to the debian-bugs-dist mailing list. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ 12 ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html deleted file mode 120000 index 978d556..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-support.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-support.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 33cc9f0..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,636 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="ch-uptodate"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ 9 ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Chapter 9 - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date -</h1> - -<hr> - -<p> -A Debian goal is to provide a consistent upgrade path and a secure upgrade -process. We always do our best to make upgrading to new releases a smooth -procedure. In case there's some important note to add to the upgrade process, -the packages will alert the user, and often provide a solution to a possible -problem. -</p> - -<p> -You should also read the Release Notes document that describes the details of -specific upgrades. It is shipped on all Debian CDs and available on the WWW at -<code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-howtocurrent"></a>9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?</h2> - -<p> -One could simply execute an anonymous ftp call to a Debian archive, then peruse -the directories until one finds the desired file, and then fetch it, and -finally install it using <samp>dpkg</samp>. Note that <samp>dpkg</samp> will -install upgrade files in place, even on a running system. Sometimes, a revised -package will require the installation of a newly revised version of another -package, in which case the installation will fail until/unless the other -package is installed. -</p> - -<p> -Many people find this approach much too time-consuming, since Debian evolves so -quickly -- typically, a dozen or more new packages are uploaded every week. -This number is larger just before a new major release. To deal with this -avalanche, many people prefer to use a more automated method. Several -different packages are available for this purpose: -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-aptitude-upgrade"></a>9.1.1 aptitude</h3> - -<p> -APT is an advanced interface to the Debian packaging system. It features -complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and several other -unique features, see the User's Guide in -<samp>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</samp> (you will have to -install the <samp>apt-doc</samp> package). -</p> - -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> is the recommended package manager for Debian GNU/Linux -systems. It is a text-based interface to APT using the curses library, and can -be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way. -</p> - -<p> -Before you can use <code>aptitude</code>, you'll have to edit the -<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up. If you wish to upgrade -to the latest stable version of Debian, you'll probably want to use a source -like this one: -</p> - -<pre> - http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free -</pre> - -<p> -You can replace ftp.us.debian.org with the name of a faster Debian mirror near -you. See the mirror list at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">http://www.debian.org/mirror/list</a></code> -for more information. -</p> - -<p> -More details on this can be found in the <code>sources.list(8)</code> manual -page. -</p> - -<p> -To update your system, run -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude update -</pre> - -<p> -followed by -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude dist-upgrade -</pre> - -<p> -Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See -also <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 8.1.3</a>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-apt"></a>9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</h3> - -<p> -<code>apt-get</code> is an APT-based command-line tool for handling packages, -and the APT dselect method is an interface to APT through <code>dselect</code>. -Both of these provide a simple, safe way to install and upgrade packages. -</p> - -<p> -To use <code>apt-get</code>, install the <code>apt</code> package, and edit the -<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up, just as for <a -href="#s-aptitude-upgrade">aptitude, Section 9.1.1</a>. -</p> - -<p> -Then run -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get update -</pre> - -<p> -followed by -</p> - -<pre> - apt-get dist-upgrade -</pre> - -<p> -Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See -also the <code>apt-get(8)</code> manual page, as well as <a -href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">APT, Section 8.1.2</a>. -</p> - -<p> -To use APT with <code>dselect</code>, choose the APT access method in dselect's -method selection screen (option 0) and then specify the sources that should be -used. The configuration file is <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. See also -<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">dselect, Section 8.1.6.1</a>. -</p> - -<p> -If you want to use CDs to install packages, you can use <code>apt-cdrom</code>. -For details, please see the Release Notes, section "Setting up for an -upgrade from a local mirror". -</p> - -<p> -Please note that when you get and install the packages, you'll still have them -kept in your /var directory hierarchy. To keep your partition from -overflowing, remember to delete extra files using <samp>apt-get clean</samp> -and <samp>apt-get autoclean</samp>, or to move them someplace else (hint: use -<code>apt-move</code>). -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-update_aptitude"></a>9.1.3 aptitude</h3> - -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> is a text-based interface to the Debian package system. -It allows the user to view the list of packages and to perform package -management tasks such as installing, upgrading, and removing packages (see <a -href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 8.1.3</a>). Actions -may be performed from a visual interface or from the command-line. -</p> - -<p> -In command line, the actions are similar to that of APT, so to upgrade your -system run -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude update -</pre> - -<p> -followed by -</p> - -<pre> - aptitude dist-upgrade -</pre> - -<p> -To upgrade from a preview release, <code>aptitude</code> is the tool -recommended. Read the Release Notes at <code><a -href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code>. -</p> - -<p> -For details, see the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code>, and the file -<code>/usr/share/aptitude/README</code> -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-mirror"></a>9.1.4 mirror</h3> - -<p> -This Perl script, and its (optional) manager program called -<code>mirror-master</code>, can be used to fetch user-specified parts of a -directory tree from a specified host <em>via</em> anonymous FTP. -</p> - -<p> -<code>mirror</code> is particularly useful for downloading large volumes of -software. After the first time files have been downloaded from a site, a file -called <samp>.mirrorinfo</samp> is stored on the local host. Changes to the -remote file system are tracked automatically by <code>mirror</code>, which -compares this file to a similar file on the remote system and downloads only -changed files. -</p> - -<p> -The <code>mirror</code> program is generally useful for updating local copies -of remote directory trees. The files fetched need not be Debian files. (Since -<code>mirror</code> is a Perl script, it can also run on non-Unix systems.) -Though the <code>mirror</code> program provides mechanisms for excluding files -names of which match user-specified strings, this program is most useful when -the objective is to download whole directory trees, rather than selected -packages. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h3><a name="s-dpkg-mountable"></a>9.1.5 dpkg-mountable</h3> - -<p> -dpkg-mountable adds an access method called `mountable' to dselect's list, -which allows you to install from any file system specified in /etc/fstab. For -example, the archive could be a normal hard disk partition or an NFS server, -which it will automatically mount and umount for you if necessary. -</p> - -<p> -It also has some extra features not found in the standard dselect methods, such -as provision for a local file tree (either parallel to the main distribution or -totally separate), and only getting packages which are required, rather than -the time-consuming recursive directory scan, as well as logging of all dpkg -actions in the install method. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-upgradesingle"></a>9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</h2> - -<p> -No. Packages can be upgraded in place, even in running systems. Debian has a -<samp>start-stop-daemon</samp> program that is invoked to stop, then restart -running process if necessary during a package upgrade. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-savedebs"></a>9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</h2> - -<p> -No. If you have downloaded the files to your disk then after you have -installed the packages, you can remove them from your system, e.g. by running -<samp>aptitude clean</samp>. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-keepingalog"></a>9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</h2> - -<p> -Passing the <samp>--log</samp>-option to <code>dpkg</code> makes -<code>dpkg</code> log status change updates and actions. It logs both the -<code>dpkg</code>-invokation (e.g. -</p> - -<pre> - 2005-12-30 18:10:33 install hello 1.3.18 2.1.1-4 -</pre> - -<p> -) and the results (e.g. -</p> - -<pre> - 2005-12-30 18:10:35 status installed hello 2.1.1-4 -</pre> - -<p> -) If you'd like to log all your <code>dpkg</code> invokations (even those done -using frontends like <code>aptitude</code>), you could add -</p> - -<pre> - log /var/log/dpkg.log -</pre> - -<p> -to your <code>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg</code>. Be sure the created logfile gets -rotated periodically. If you're using <code>logrotate</code>, this can be -achieved by creating a file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/dpkg</code> with contents -</p> - -<pre> - /var/log/dpkg { - missingok - notifempty - } -</pre> - -<p> -More details on <code>dpkg</code> logging can be found in the -<code>dpkg(1)</code> manual page. -</p> - -<p> -<code>aptitude</code> logs the package installations, removals, and upgrades -that it intends to perform to <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. Note that the -<em>results</em> of those actions are not recorded in this file! -</p> - -<p> -Another way to record your actions is to run your package management session -within the <code>script(1)</code> program. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-autoupdate"></a>9.5 Can I automatically update the system?</h2> - -<p> -Yes. You can use <code>cron-apt</code>, this tool updates the system at -regular interval by using a cron job. By default it just updates the package -list and download new packages without installing. -</p> - -<p> -Note: Automatic upgrade of packages is <strong>NOT</strong> recommended in -<em>testing</em> or <em>unstable</em> systems as this might bring unexpected -behaviour and remove packages without notice. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="s-aptproxy"></a>9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?</h2> - -<p> -If you have more than one Debian machine on your network, it is useful to use -<code>apt-proxy</code> to keep all of your Debian systems up-to-date. -</p> - -<p> -<code>apt-proxy</code> reduces the bandwidth requirements of Debian mirrors by -restricting the frequency of Packages, Releases and Sources file updates from -the back end and only doing a single fetch for any file, independently of the -actual request it from the proxy. <code>apt-proxy</code> automatically builds -a Debian HTTP mirror based on requests which pass through the proxy. -</p> - -<p> -For more details, see the apt-proxy homepage at <code><a -href="http://apt-proxy.sourceforge.net/">http://apt-proxy.sourceforge.net/</a></code> -</p> - -<p> -Of course, you can get the same benefit if you are already using a standard -caching proxy and all your systems are configured to use it. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ 9 ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html deleted file mode 120000 index 37f6852..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/ch-uptodate.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -ch-uptodate.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index 881269f..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,294 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Footnotes</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href=".en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href=".en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br>Footnotes</h1> - -<h2><a href="ch-software.en.html#fr1" name="f1">1</a></h2> - -<p> -These have been, however, rebranded and are provided with different names due -to trademark issues -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr2" name="f2">2</a></h2> - -<p> -When the present-day sid did not exist, the FTP site organization had one major -flaw: there was an assumption that when an architecture is created in the -current unstable, it will be released when that distribution becomes the new -stable. For many architectures that isn't the case, with the result that those -directories had to be moved at release time. This was impractical because the -move would chew up lots of bandwidth. -</p> - -<p> -The archive administrators worked around this problem for several years by -placing binaries for unreleased architectures in a special directory called -"sid". For those architectures not yet released, the first time they -were released there was a link from the current stable to sid, and from then on -they were created inside the unstable tree as normal. This layout was somewhat -confusing to users. -</p> - -<p> -With the advent of package pools (see <a href="#s-pools">What's in the -<samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 6.10</a>), binary packages began to be -stored in a canonical location in the pool, regardless of the distribution, so -releasing a distribution no longer causes large bandwidth consumption on the -mirrors (there is, however, a lot of gradual bandwidth consumption throughout -the development process). -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr3" name="f3">3</a></h2> - -<p> -<samp>dists/stable/main</samp>, <samp>dists/stable/contrib</samp>, -<samp>dists/stable/non-free</samp>, and <samp>dists/unstable/main/</samp>, etc. -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr4" name="f4">4</a></h2> - -<p> -Historically, packages were kept in the subdirectory of <samp>dists</samp> -corresponding to which distribution contained them. This turned out to cause -various problems, such as large bandwidth consumption on mirrors when major -changes were made. This was fixed with the introduction of the package pool. -</p> - -<p> -The <samp>dists</samp> directories are still used for the index files used by -programs like <samp>apt</samp>. -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr5" name="f5">5</a></h2> - -<p> -Notice that there are ports that make this tool available with other package -management systems, like Red Hat package manager, also known as -<code>rpm</code> -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr6" name="f6">6</a></h2> - -<p> -Although this can also lead to systems with more packages installed than they -actually need to work. -</p> - -<h2><a href="ch-support.en.html#fr7" name="f7">7</a></h2> - -<p> -Use the debian-<var>list-subject</var>-REQUEST@lists.debian.org address for -that. -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html deleted file mode 120000 index c18fdfb..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/footnotes.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -footnotes.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.en.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.en.html deleted file mode 100644 index c7115e0..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.en.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,522 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> - -<html> - -<head> - -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> - -<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ</title> - -<link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="prev"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="next"> -<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> -<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> -<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> -<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?"> -<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?"> -<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> -<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> -<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's."> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> -<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> -<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> -<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> -<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> -<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> -<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb"> -<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror"> -<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> -<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> -<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation"> - -</head> - -<body> - -<p><a name="index"></a></p> -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<h1> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -<br></h1> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="abstract"></a>Abstract</h2> - -<p> -This document answers questions frequently asked about Debian GNU/Linux. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="copyright"></a>Copyright Notice</h2> - -<p> -Copyright © 1996-2005 by Software in the Public Interest, portions copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006 Kamaraju Kusumanchi -</p> - -<p> -Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document -provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all -copies. -</p> - -<p> -Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document -under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting -derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to -this one. -</p> - -<p> -Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into -another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that -this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free -Software Foundation instead of in the original English. -</p> - -<hr> - -<h2><a name="contents"></a>Contents</h2> - -<ul> -<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1 Definitions and overview</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq">1.1 What is this FAQ?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian">1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux">1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux">1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference">1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu">1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation">1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html">2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version">2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable">2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies">2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom">2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks">2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall">2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller">2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3 Choosing a Debian distribution</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1">3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1">3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2">3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3">3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4">3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5">3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6">3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7">3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8">3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9">3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10">3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11">3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12">3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13">3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2">3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1">3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2">3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3">3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?</a> - </ul></li> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html">4 Compatibility issues</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs">4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages">4.4 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs">4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap">4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx">4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls">4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-software.en.html">5 Software available in the Debian system</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors">5.2 Who wrote all that software?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist">5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv">5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing">5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs">5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-java">5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian">5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">5.10 Where is pine?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail">5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash">5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth">5.13 Where is Google Earth?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip">5.14 Where is VoIP software?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless">5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6 The Debian FTP archives</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames">6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames">6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames">6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid">6.3 What about "sid"?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable">6.4 What does the stable directory contain?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing">6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen">6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable">6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections">6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source">6.9 Where is the source code?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools">6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming">6.11 What is "incoming"?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository">6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7 Basics of the Debian package management system</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package">7.1 What is a Debian package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format">7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname">7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">7.4 What is a Debian control file?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">7.5 What is a Debian conffile?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority">7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual">7.8 What is a Virtual Package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends">7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends">7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus">7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold">7.12 How do I put a package on hold?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs">7.13 How do I install a source package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild">7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs">7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8 The Debian package management tools</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs">8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg">8.1.1 dpkg</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">8.1.2 APT</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">8.1.3 aptitude</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic">8.1.4 synaptic</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel">8.1.5 tasksel</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra">8.1.6 Other package management tools</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning">8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages">8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles">8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch">8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages">8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent">9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade">9.1.1 aptitude</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude">9.1.3 aptitude</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror">9.1.4 mirror</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">9.1.5 dpkg-mountable</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle">9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs">9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog">9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate">9.5 Can I automatically update the system?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy">9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10 Debian and the kernel</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel">10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel">10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk">10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules">10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel">10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize">11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess">11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont">11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults">11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting">11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts">11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles">11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages">11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-support.en.html">12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources">12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1">12.2.1 Mailing lists</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2">12.2.2 Web forums</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3">12.2.3 Wiki</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4">12.2.4 Maintainers</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5">12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups</a> - </ul></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools">12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport">12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13 Contributing to the Debian Project</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources">13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations">13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI">13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF">13.3.2 Free Software Foundation</a> - </ul></li> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds">14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree">14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs">14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n">15.1 Extended support for non-English users</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot">15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di">15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches">15.4 More architectures</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels">15.5 More kernels</a> - </ul></li> -<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16 General information about the FAQ</a> - <ul> - <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">16.1 Authors</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">16.2 Feedback</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest">16.3 Availability</a></li> - <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat">16.4 Document format</a></li> - </ul></li> -</ul> - -<hr> - -<p> -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ] -[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] -[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ] -</p> - -<hr> - -<p> -The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -</p> - -<address> -version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br> -<br> -Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> -<br> -</address> -<hr> - -</body> - -</html> - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.html b/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.html deleted file mode 120000 index 0e85422..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/FAQ/html/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -index.en.html
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-log-access.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-log-access.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c8fa75f..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-log-access.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -Methods of accessing the bug tracking system logs - -Accessing active bug reports - - Each message received at or sent by the bug processing system is - logged and made available in a number of ways. - - The primary access method is to use the web pages. See the forms on - the main BTS page at http://bugs.debian.org/ - - There is a mailserver which can send bug reports as plain text on - request. To use it send the word help as the sole contents of an email - to request@bugs.debian.org (the Subject of the message is ignored), or - read the instructions on the World Wide Web or in the file - bug-log-mailserver.txt. - -Accessing archived bug reports - - Each closed bug report is archived 28 days after the last message - relating to it is received and filed. This means that it is no longer - possible to access it or change anything about it using the control - and service bots. However, the reports are still accessible for - viewing. - - You can search the bug report archive using the WWW forms at - http://bugs.debian.org/, simply select the "archived bugs" option. - - Note that it doesn't contain the oldest closed bug reports, only those - after #40000, approximately. - -Accessing the raw bug data - - If you need to get hold of the raw data used by the bug tracking - system, you can mirror it using rsync from bugs-mirror.debian.org. The - relevant modules are bts-spool-db (for the active bug spool), - bts-spool-archive (for bugs that have been closed for a while and thus - archived), and bts-spool-index (for the bug index files). - - At the time of writing, the active spool is about 2.5GB and the - archived spool is about 10GB. If you only need a sample for testing - purposes, please consider downloading only part of the active spool - rather than the whole thing. - - Please do not rely on *.status files in the bug spools, as they are - obsolete, for compatibility purposes only, and will be removed at some - point in the future. Use the *.summary files instead. - _________________________________________________________________ - - Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> - - Debian bug tracking system - Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, - 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. - _________________________________________________________________ - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-log-mailserver.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-log-mailserver.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 447a059..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-log-mailserver.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,140 +0,0 @@ -Introduction to the bug system request server - - There is a mailserver which can send the bug reports and indices as - plain text on request. - - To use it you send a mail message to request@bugs.debian.org. The - Subject of the message is ignored, except for generating the Subject - of the reply. - - The body you send should be a series of commands, one per line. You'll - receive a reply which looks like a transcript of your message being - interpreted, with a response to each command. No notifications are - sent to anyone for the commands listed here and the mail isn't logged - anywhere publicly available. - - Any text on a line starting with a hash sign # is ignored; the server - will stop processing when it finds a line with a control terminator ( - quit, thank you, or two hyphens are common examples). It will also - stop if it encounters too many unrecognised or badly-formatted - commands. If no commands are successfully handled it will send the - help text for the server. - -Commands available - - send bugnumber - send-detail bugnumber - Requests the transcript for the bug report in question. - send-detail sends all of the "boring" messages in the - transcript as well, such as the various auto-acks. - - index [full] - index-summary by-package - index-summary by-number - Request the full index (with full details, and including done - and forwarded reports), or the summary sorted by package or by - number, respectively. - - index-maint - Requests the index page giving the list of maintainers with - bugs (open and recently-closed) in the tracking system. - - index maint maintainer - Requests the index pages of bugs in the system for the - maintainer maintainer. The search term is an exact match. The - bug index will be sent in a separate message. - - index-packages - Requests the index page giving the list of packages with bugs - (open and recently-closed) in the tracking system. - - index packages package - Requests the index pages of bugs in the system for the package - package. The search term is an exact match. The bug index will - be sent in a separate message. - - send-unmatched [this|0] - send-unmatched last|-1 - send-unmatched old|-2 - Requests logs of messages not matched to a particular bug - report, for this week, last week and the week before. (Each - week ends on a Wednesday.) - - getinfo filename - Request a file containing information about package(s) and or - maintainer(s) - the files available are: - - maintainers - The unified list of packages' maintainers, as used by the - tracking system. This is derived from information in the - Packages files, override files and pseudo-packages files. - - override.distribution - override.distribution.non-free - override.distribution.contrib - override.experimental - Information about the priorities and sections of packages - and overriding values for the maintainers. This - information is used by the process which generates the - Packages files in the FTP archive. Information is - available for each of the main distribution trees - available, by their codewords. - - pseudo-packages.description - pseudo-packages.maintainers - List of descriptions and maintainers respectively for - pseudo-packages. - - refcard - Requests that the mailservers' reference card be sent in plain - ASCII. - - help - Requests that this help document be sent by email in plain - ASCII. - - quit - stop - thank - thanks - thankyou - thank you - -- - Stops processing at this point of the message. After this you - may include any text you like, and it will be ignored. You can - use this to include longer comments than are suitable for #, - for example for the benefit of human readers of your message - (reading it via the tracking system logs or due to a CC or - BCC). - - #... - One-line comment. The # must be at the start of the line. - - debug level - Sets the debugging level to level, which should be a - nonnegative integer. 0 is no debugging; 1 is usually - sufficient. The debugging output appears in the transcript. It - is not likely to be useful to general users of the bug system. - - There is a reference card for the mailservers, available via the WWW, - in bug-mailserver-refcard.txt or by email using the refcard command - (see above). - - If you wish to manipulate bug reports you should use the - control@bugs.debian.org address, which understands a superset of the - commands listed above. This is described in another document, - available on the WWW, in the file bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt, or by - sending help to control@bugs. - - In case you are reading this as a plain text file or via email: an - HTML version is available via the bug system main contents page - http://www.debian.org/Bugs/. - _________________________________________________________________ - - Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> - - Debian bug tracking system - Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, - 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. - _________________________________________________________________ - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-mailserver-refcard.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-mailserver-refcard.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 04a075b..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-mailserver-refcard.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,81 +0,0 @@ -Mail servers' reference card - - Full documentation of the mail servers is available on the WWW, in the - files bug-log-mailserver.txt and bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt or by - sending the word help to each mailserver. - -Synopsis of commands available at request@bugs.debian.org - - * send bugnumber - * send-detail bugnumber - * index [full] - * index-summary by-package - * index-summary by-number - * index-maint - * index maint maintainer - * index-packages - * index packages package - * send-unmatched [this|0] - * send-unmatched last|-1 - * send-unmatched old|-2 - * getinfo filename (ftp.debian.org/debian/doc/*) - * help - * refcard - * quit|stop|thank...|--... - * #... (comment) - * debug level - -Synopsis of extra commands available at control@bugs.debian.org - - * reassign bugnumber package [ version ] - * severity bugnumber severity - * reopen bugnumber [ originator-address | = | ! ] - * found bugnumber [ version ] - * notfound bugnumber version - * submitter bugnumber originator-address | ! - * forwarded bugnumber address - * notforwarded bugnumber - * owner bugnumber address | ! - * noowner bugnumber - * retitle bugnumber new-title - * clone bugnumber NewID [ new IDs ... ] - * merge bugnumber bugnumber ... - * unmerge bugnumber - * forcemerge bugnumber bugnumber ... - * tag bugnumber [ + | - | = ] tag [ tag ... ] - * block bugnumber by bug ... - * unblock bugnumber by bug ... - * close bugnumber [ fixed-version ] (deprecated -- you must - separately tell originator why, see "Closing bug reports" instead) - - reopen with = or no originator address leaves the originator as the - original submitter; ! sets it to you, the person doing the reopen. - - Severities are critical, grave, serious, important, normal, minor, and - wishlist. - - Tags currently include patch, wontfix, moreinfo, unreproducible, help, - pending, fixed, security, upstream, confirmed, fixed-upstream, - fixed-in-experimental, d-i, ipv6, lfs, l10n, potato, woody, sarge, - sarge-ignore, etch, etch-ignore, sid, and experimental. - -Synopsis of bug submission and followup addresses - - * nnn[ -submit | ] - * nnn-maintonly - * nnn-quiet - * nnn-forwarded - * nnn-request - * nnn-submitter - * nnn-done - * nnn-close - * nnn-subscribe - _________________________________________________________________ - - Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> - - Debian bug tracking system - Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, - 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. - _________________________________________________________________ - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-maint-info.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-maint-info.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e8b0206..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-maint-info.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,409 +0,0 @@ -Developers' information regarding the bug processing system - - Initially, a bug report is submitted by a user as an ordinary mail - message to submit@bugs.debian.org. This will then be given a number, - acknowledged to the user, and forwarded to debian-bugs-dist. If the - submitter included a Package line listing a package with a known - maintainer the maintainer will get a copy too. - - The Subject line will have Bug#nnn: added, and the Reply-To will be - set to include both the submitter of the report and - nnn@bugs.debian.org. - _________________________________________________________________ - - * Closing bug reports - * Followup messages - * Severity levels - * Tags for bug reports - * Recording that you have passed on a bug report - * Changing bug ownership - * Incorrectly listed package maintainers - * Reopening, reassigning and manipulating bugs - * Subscribing to bugs - * More-or-less obsolete subject-scanning feature - * Obsolete X-Debian-PR: quiet feature - _________________________________________________________________ - -Closing bug reports - - Debian bug reports should be closed when the problem is fixed. - Problems in packages can only be considered fixed once a package that - includes the bug fix enters the Debian archive. - - Normally, the only people that should close a bug report are the - submitter of the bug and the maintainer(s) of the package against - which the bug is filed. There are exceptions to this rule, for - example, the bugs filed against unknown packages or certain generic - pseudo-packages. When in doubt, don't close bugs, first ask for advice - on the debian-devel mailing list. - - Bug reports should be closed by sending email to - nnn-done@bugs.debian.org. The message body needs to contain an - explanation of how the bug was fixed. - - With the emails received from the bug tracking system, all you need to - do to close the bug is to make a Reply in your mail reader program and - edit the To field to say nnn-done@bugs.debian.org instead of - nnn@bugs.debian.org (nnn-close is provided as an alias for nnn-done). - - Where applicable, please supply a Version line in the pseudo-header of - your message when closing a bug, so that the bug tracking system knows - which releases of the package contain the fix. - - The person closing the bug, the person who submitted it and the - debian-bugs-closed mailing list will each get a notification about the - change in status of the report. The submitter and the mailing list - will also receive the contents of the message sent to nnn-done. - -Followup messages - - The bug tracking system will include the submitter's address and the - bug address (nnn@bugs.debian.org) in the Reply-To header after - forwarding the bug report. Please note that these are two distinct - addresses. - - If a developer wishes to reply to a bug report they should simply - reply to the message, respecting the Reply-To header. This will not - close the bug. - - The bug tracking system will receive the message at - nnn@bugs.debian.org, pass it on to the package maintainer, file the - reply with the rest of the logs for that bug report and forward it to - debian-bugs-dist. - - Sending a message to nnn-submitter@bugs.debian.org will explicitly - email the submitter of the bug and place a copy in the Bug tracking - system. The message will not be sent to package maintainer. - - If you wish to send a followup message which is not appropriate for - debian-bugs-dist you can do so by sending it to - nnn-quiet@bugs.debian.org or nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org. Mail to - nnn-quiet@bugs.debian.org is filed in the Bug Tracking System but is - not delivered to any individuals or mailing lists. Mail to - nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org is filed in the Bug Tracking System and - is delivered only to the maintainer of the package in question. - - Do not use the "reply to all recipients" or "followup" feature of your - mailer unless you intend to edit down the recipients substantially. In - particular, see that you don't send followup messages to - submit@bugs.debian.org. - - For more information about headers to suppress ACK messages and how to - send carbon copies using the Bug Tracking System, see the instructions - for reporting bugs. - -Severity levels - - The bug system records a severity level with each bug report. This is - set to normal by default, but can be overridden either by supplying a - Severity line in the pseudo-header when the bug is submitted (see the - instructions for reporting bugs), or by using the severity command - with the control request server. - - The severity levels are: - - critical - makes unrelated software on the system (or the whole system) - break, or causes serious data loss, or introduces a security - hole on systems where you install the package. - - grave - makes the package in question unusable or mostly so, or causes - data loss, or introduces a security hole allowing access to the - accounts of users who use the package. - - serious - is a severe violation of Debian policy (roughly, it violates a - "must" or "required" directive), or, in the package - maintainer's or release manager's opinion, makes the package - unsuitable for release. - - important - a bug which has a major effect on the usability of a package, - without rendering it completely unusable to everyone. - - normal - the default value, applicable to most bugs. - - minor - a problem which doesn't affect the package's usefulness, and is - presumably trivial to fix. - - wishlist - for any feature request, and also for any bugs that are very - difficult to fix due to major design considerations. - - Certain severities are considered release-critical, meaning the bug - will have an impact on releasing the package with the stable release - of Debian. Currently, these are critical, grave and serious. For - complete and canonical rules on what issues merit these severities, - see the list of Release-Critical Issues for Lenny. - -Tags for bug reports - - Each bug can have zero or more of a set of given tags. These tags are - displayed in the list of bugs when you look at a package's page, and - when you look at the full bug log. - - Tags can be set by supplying a Tags line in the pseudo-header when the - bug is submitted (see the instructions for reporting bugs), or by - using the tags command with the control request server. Separate - multiple tags with commas, spaces, or both. - - The current bug tags are: - - patch - A patch or some other easy procedure for fixing the bug is - included in the bug logs. If there's a patch, but it doesn't - resolve the bug adequately or causes some other problems, this - tag should not be used. - - wontfix - This bug won't be fixed. Possibly because this is a choice - between two arbitrary ways of doing things and the maintainer - and submitter prefer different ways of doing things, possibly - because changing the behaviour will cause other, worse, - problems for others, or possibly for other reasons. - - moreinfo - This bug can't be addressed until more information is provided - by the submitter. The bug will be closed if the submitter - doesn't provide more information in a reasonable (few months) - timeframe. This is for bugs like "It doesn't work". What - doesn't work? - - unreproducible - This bug can't be reproduced on the maintainer's system. - Assistance from third parties is needed in diagnosing the cause - of the problem. - - help - The maintainer is requesting help with dealing with this bug. - - pending - A solution to this bug has been found and an upload will be - made soon. - - fixed - This bug is fixed or worked around (by a non-maintainer upload, - for example), but there's still an issue that needs to be - resolved. This tag replaces the old "fixed" severity. - - security - This bug describes a security problem in a package (e.g., bad - permissions allowing access to data that shouldn't be - accessible; buffer overruns allowing people to control a system - in ways they shouldn't be able to; denial of service attacks - that should be fixed, etc). Most security bugs should also be - set at critical or grave severity. - - upstream - This bug applies to the upstream part of the package. - - confirmed - The maintainer has looked at, understands, and basically agrees - with the bug, but has yet to fix it. (Use of this tag is - optional; it is intended mostly for maintainers who need to - manage large numbers of open bugs.) - - fixed-upstream - The bug has been fixed by the upstream maintainer, but not yet - in the package (for whatever reason: perhaps it is too - complicated to backport the change or too minor to be worth - bothering). - - fixed-in-experimental - The bug has been fixed in the package of the experimental - distribution, but not yet in the unstable distribution. - - d-i - This bug is relevant to the development of debian-installer. It - is expected that this will be used when the bug affects - installer development but is not filed against a package that - forms a direct part of the installer itself. - - ipv6 - This bug affects support for Internet Protocol version 6. - - lfs - This bug affects support for large files (over 2 gigabytes). - - l10n - This bug is relevant to the localisation of the package. - - potato - This bug particularly applies to the potato release of Debian. - - woody - This bug particularly applies to the woody distribution. - - sarge - This bug should not be archived until it is fixed in sarge. - - sarge-ignore - This release-critical bug is to be ignored for the purposes of - releasing sarge. This tag should only be used by the release - manager; do not set it yourself without explicit authorization - from them. - - etch - This bug should not be archived until it is fixed in etch. - - etch-ignore - This release-critical bug is to be ignored for the purposes of - releasing etch. This tag should only be used by the release - manager; do not set it yourself without explicit authorization - from them. - - lenny - This bug should not be archived until it is fixed in lenny. - - lenny-ignore - This release-critical bug is to be ignored for the purposes of - releasing lenny. This tag should only be used by the release - manager(s); do not set it yourself without explicit - authorization from them. - - sid - This bug should not be archived until it is fixed in sid. - - experimental - This bug should not be archived until it is fixed in - experimental. - - The meanings of the latter 8 tags have changed recently; the ignore - tags ignore the bug for the purpose of a testing propagation. The - release tags, which used to only indicate which bugs affected a - specific release, now indicate when a bug can be archived, and are - otherwise ignored by the BTS. However, they may be utilized by other - tools like the testing propagation scripts. - -Recording that you have passed on a bug report - - When a developer forwards a bug report to the developer of the - upstream source package from which the Debian package is derived, they - should note this in the bug tracking system as follows: - - Make sure that the To field of your message to the author has only the - author(s) address(es) in it; put the person who reported the bug, - nnn-forwarded@bugs.debian.org and nnn@bugs.debian.org in the CC field. - - Ask the author to preserve the CC to nnn-forwarded@bugs.debian.org - when they reply, so that the bug tracking system will file their reply - with the original report. These messages are only filed and are not - sent on; to send a message as normal, send them to nnn@bugs.debian.org - as well. - - When the bug tracking system gets a message at nnn-forwarded it will - mark the relevant bug as having been forwarded to the address(es) in - the To field of the message it gets, if the bug is not already marked - as forwarded. - - You can also manipulate the "forwarded to" information by sending - messages to control@bugs.debian.org. - -Changing bug ownership - - In cases where the person responsible for fixing a bug is not the - assigned maintainer for the associated package (for example, when the - package is maintained by a team), it may be useful to record this fact - in the bug tracking system. To help with this, each bug may optionally - have an owner. - - The owner can be set by supplying an Owner line in the pseudo-header - when the bug is submitted (see the instructions for reporting bugs), - or by using the owner and noowner commands with the control request - server. - -Incorrectly listed package maintainers - - If the maintainer of a package is listed incorrectly, this is usually - because the maintainer has changed recently, and the new maintainer - hasn't yet uploaded a new version of the package with a changed - Maintainer control file field. This will be fixed when the package is - uploaded; alternatively, the archive maintainers can override the - maintainer record of a package manually, for example if a rebuild and - reupload of the package is not expected to be needed soon. Contact - override-change@debian.org for changes to the override file. - -Reopening, reassigning and manipulating bugs - - It is possible to reassign bug reports to other packages, to reopen - erroneously-closed ones, to modify the information saying to where, if - anywhere, a bug report has been forwarded, to change the severities - and titles of reports, to set the ownership of bugs, to merge and - unmerge bug reports, and to record the versions of packages in which - bugs were found and in which they were fixed. This is done by sending - mail to control@bugs.debian.org. - - The format of these messages is described in another document - available on the World Wide Web or in the file - bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt. A plain text version can also be obtained - by mailing the word help to the server at the address above. - -Subscribing to bugs - - The bug tracking system also allows bug submitters, developers and - other interested third parties to subscribe to individual bugs. This - feature can be used by those wishing to keep an eye on a bug, without - having to subscribe to a package through the PTS. All messages that - are received at nnn@bugs.debian.org, are sent to subscribers. - - Subscribing to a bug can be done by sending an email to - nnn-subscribe@bugs.debian.org. The subject and body of the email are - ignored by the BTS. Once this message is processed, users are sent a - confirmation message that they will need to reply to before they are - sent the messages relating to that bug. - - It is also possible to unsubscribe from a bug. Unsubscribing can be - done by sending an email to nnn-unsubscribe@bugs.debian.org. The - subject and body of the email are again ignored by the BTS. Users will - be sent a confirmation message which they must reply to if they wish - to be unsubscribed from the bug. - - By default, the address subscribed is the one found in the From - header. If you wish to subscribe another address to a bug, you will - need to encode the address to be subscribed into the subscription - message. This takes the form of: - nnn-subscribe-localpart=example.com@bugs.debian.org. That example - would send localpart@example.com a subscription message for bug nnn. - The @ sign must be encoded by changing it to an = sign. Similarly, an - unsubscription takes the form - nnn-unsubscribe-localpart=example.com@bugs.debian.org. In both cases, - the subject and body of the email will be forwarded to the email - address within the request for confirmation. - -More-or-less obsolete subject-scanning feature - - Messages that arrive at submit or bugs whose Subject starts Bug#nnn - will be treated as having been sent to nnn@bugs.debian.org. This is - both for backwards compatibility with mail forwarded from the old - addresses, and to catch followup mail sent to submit by mistake (for - example, by using reply to all recipients). - - A similar scheme operates for maintonly, done, quiet and forwarded, - which treat mail arriving with a Subject tag as having been sent to - the corresponding nnn-whatever@bugs.debian.org address. - - Messages arriving at plain forwarded and done -- ie, with no bug - report number in the address -- and without a bug number in the - Subject will be filed under "junk" and kept for a few weeks, but - otherwise ignored. - -Obsolete X-Debian-PR: quiet feature - - It used to be possible to prevent the bug tracking system from - forwarding anywhere messages it received at debian-bugs, by putting an - X-Debian-PR: quiet line in the actual mail header. - - This header line is now ignored. Instead, send your message to quiet - or nnn-quiet (or maintonly or nnn-maintonly). - _________________________________________________________________ - - Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> - - Debian bug tracking system - Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, - 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. - _________________________________________________________________ - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a0b7c9e..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,390 +0,0 @@ -Introduction to the bug control and manipulation mailserver - - Just as request@bugs.debian.org allows the retrieval of bug data and - documentation by email, control@bugs.debian.org allows bug reports to - be manipulated in various ways. - - The control server works just like the request server, except that it - has some additional commands; in fact, it's the same program. The two - addresses are only separated to avoid users making mistakes and - causing problems while merely trying to request information. - - Since the commands specific to the control server actually change the - status of a bug, a notification about processing the commands is sent - to the maintainer of the package(s) the changed bugs are assigned to. - Additionally the mail to the server and the resulting changes are - logged in the bug report and thereby available in the WWW pages. - - Please see the introduction to the request server available on the - World Wide Web, in the file bug-log-mailserver.txt, or by sending help - to either mailserver, for details of the basics of operating the - mailservers and the common commands available when mailing either - address. - - The reference card for the mailservers is available via the WWW, in - bug-mailserver-refcard.txt or by email using the refcard command. - -Commands available at the control mailserver - - General Versioning Duplicates Misc. - - reassign - severity - tag - retitle - submitter - - found | notfound - fixed | notfixed - reopen - - merge | unmerge - forcemerge - clone - - thanks - # - forwarded | notforwarded - owner | noowner - block | unblock - archive | unarchive - - reassign bugnumber package [ version ] - Records that bug #bugnumber is a bug in package. This can be - used to set the package if the user forgot the pseudo-header, - or to change an earlier assignment. No notifications are sent - to anyone (other than the usual information in the processing - transcript). - - If you supply a version, the bug tracking system will note that - the bug affects that version of the newly-assigned package. - - You can assign a bug to two packages at once by separating the - package names with a comma. However, you should only do this if - the bug can be fixed by a change to either package. If this is - not the case, you should clone the bug and reassign the clone - to the other package. - - reopen bugnumber [ originator-address | = | ! ] - Reopens #bugnumber if it is closed. - - By default, or if you specify =, the original submitter is - still as the originator of the report, so that they will get - the ack when it is closed again. - - If you supply an originator-address the originator will be set - to the address you supply. If you wish to become the new - originator of the reopened report you can use the ! shorthand - or specify your own email address. - - It is usually a good idea to tell the person who is about to be - recorded as the originator that you're reopening the report, so - that they will know to expect the ack which they'll get when it - is closed again. - - If the bug is not closed then reopen won't do anything, not - even change the originator. To change the originator of an open - bug report, use the submitter command; note that this will - inform the original submitter of the change. - - If the bug was recorded as being closed in a particular version - of a package but recurred in a later version, it is better to - use the found command instead. - - found bugnumber [ version ] - Record that #bugnumber has been encountered in the given - version of the package to which it is assigned. - - The bug tracking system uses this information, in conjunction - with fixed versions recorded when closing bugs, to display - lists of bugs open in various versions of each package. It - considers a bug to be open when it has no fixed version, or - when it has been found more recently than it has been fixed. - - If no version is given, then the list of fixed versions for the - bug is cleared. This is identical to the behaviour of reopen. - - This command will only cause a bug to be marked as not done if - no version is specified, or if the version being marked found - is equal to the version which was last marked fixed. (If you - are certain that you want the bug marked as not done, use - reopen in conjunction with found.) - - This command was introduced in preference to reopen because it - was difficult to add a version to that command's syntax without - suffering ambiguity. - - notfound bugnumber version - Remove the record that #bugnumber was encountered in the given - version of the package to which it is assigned. - - This differs from closing the bug at that version in that the - bug is not listed as fixed in that version either; no - information about that version will be known. It is intended - for fixing mistakes in the record of when a bug was found. - - fixed bugnumber version - Indicate that bug #bugnumber was fixed in the given version of - the package to which it is assigned. - - This does not cause the bug to be marked as closed, it merely - adds another version in which the bug was fixed. Use the - bugnumber-done address to close a bug and mark it fixed in a - particular version. - - notfixed bugnumber version - Remove the record that bug #bugnumber has been fixed in the - given version. - - This command is equivalent to found followed by notfound (the - found removes the fixed at a particular version, and notfound - removes the found.) - - submitter bugnumber originator-address | ! - Changes the originator of #bugnumber to originator-address. - - If you wish to become the new originator of the report you can - use the ! shorthand or specify your own email address. - - While the reopen command changes the originator of other bugs - merged with the one being reopened, submitter does not affect - merged bugs. - - forwarded bugnumber address - Notes that bugnumber has been forwarded to the upstream - maintainer at address. This does not actually forward the - report. This can be used to change an existing incorrect - forwarded-to address, or to record a new one for a bug that - wasn't previously noted as having been forwarded. - - notforwarded bugnumber - Forgets any idea that bugnumber has been forwarded to any - upstream maintainer. If the bug was not recorded as having been - forwarded then this will do nothing. - - retitle bugnumber new-title - Changes the title of a bug report to that specified (the - default is the Subject mail header from the original report). - - Unlike most of the other bug-manipulation commands when used on - one of a set of merged reports this will change the title of - only the individual bug requested, and not all those with which - it is merged. - - severity bugnumber severity - Set the severity level for bug report #bugnumber to severity. - No notification is sent to the user who reported the bug. - - Severities are critical, grave, serious, important, normal, - minor, and wishlist. - - For their meanings please consult the general developers' - documentation for the bug system. - - clone bugnumber NewID [ new IDs ... ] - The clone control command allows you to duplicate a bug report. - It is useful in the case where a single report actually - indicates that multiple distinct bugs have occurred. "New IDs" - are negative numbers, separated by spaces, which may be used in - subsequent control commands to refer to the newly duplicated - bugs. A new report is generated for each new ID. - - Example usage: - - clone 12345 -1 -2 - reassign -1 foo - retitle -1 foo: foo sucks - reassign -2 bar - retitle -2 bar: bar sucks when used with foo - severity -2 wishlist - clone 123456 -3 - reassign -3 foo - retitle -3 foo: foo sucks - merge -1 -3 - - merge bugnumber bugnumber ... - Merges two or more bug reports. When reports are merged - opening, closing, marking or unmarking as forwarded and - reassigning any of the bugs to a new package will have an - identical effect on all of the merged reports. - - Before bugs can be merged they must be in exactly the same - state: either all open or all closed, with the same - forwarded-to upstream author address or all not marked as - forwarded, all assigned to the same package or package(s) (an - exact string comparison is done on the package to which the bug - is assigned), and all of the same severity. If they don't start - out in the same state you should use reassign, reopen and so - forth to make sure that they are before using merge. Titles are - not required to match, and will not be affected by the merge. - Tags are not required to match, either, they will be joined. - - If any of the bugs listed in a merge command is already merged - with another bug then all the reports merged with any of the - ones listed will all be merged together. Merger is like - equality: it is reflexive, transitive and symmetric. - - Merging reports causes a note to appear on each report's logs; - on the WWW pages this is includes links to the other bugs. - - Merged reports are all expired simultaneously, and only when - all of the reports each separately meet the criteria for - expiry. - - forcemerge bugnumber bugnumber ... - Forcibly merges two or more bug reports. The first bug listed - is the master bug, and its settings (the settings which must be - equal in a normal merge) are assigned to the bugs listed next. - To avoid typos erroneously merging bugs, bugs must be in the - same package. See the text above for a description of what - merging means. - - Note that this makes it possible to close bugs by merging; you - are responsible for notifying submitters with an appropriate - close message if you do this. - - unmerge bugnumber - Disconnects a bug report from any other reports with which it - may have been merged. If the report listed is merged with - several others then they are all left merged with each other; - only their associations with the bug explicitly named are - removed. - - If many bug reports are merged and you wish to split them into - two separate groups of merged reports you must unmerge each - report in one of the new groups separately and then merge them - into the required new group. - - You can only unmerge one report with each unmerge command; if - you want to disconnect more than one bug simply include several - unmerge commands in your message. - - tags bugnumber [ + | - | = ] tag [ tag ... ] - Sets tags for the bug report #bugnumber. No notification is - sent to the user who reported the bug. Setting the action to + - means to add each given tag, - means to remove each given tag, - and = means to ignore the current tags and set them afresh to - the list provided. The default action is adding. - - Example usage: - - # same as 'tags 123456 + patch' - tags 123456 patch - - # same as 'tags 123456 + help security' - tags 123456 help security - - # add 'fixed' and 'pending' tags - tags 123456 + fixed pending - - # remove 'unreproducible' tag - tags 123456 - unreproducible - - # set tags to exactly 'moreinfo' and 'unreproducible' - tags 123456 = moreinfo unreproducible - - Available tags currently include patch, wontfix, moreinfo, - unreproducible, help, pending, fixed, fixed-in-experimental, - fixed-upstream, security, upstream, confirmed, d-i, ipv6, lfs, - l10n, potato, woody, sarge, sarge-ignore, etch, etch-ignore, - sid, and experimental. - - For their meanings please consult the general developers' - documentation for the bug system. - - block bugnumber by bug ... - Note that the fix for the first bug is blocked by the other - listed bugs. - - unblock bugnumber by bug ... - Note that the fix for the first bug is no longer blocked by the - other listed bugs. - - close bugnumber [ fixed-version ] (deprecated) - Close bug report #bugnumber. - - A notification is sent to the user who reported the bug, but - (in contrast to mailing bugnumber-done@bugs.debian.org) the - text of the mail which caused the bug to be closed is not - included in that notification. The maintainer who closes a - report needs to ensure, probably by sending a separate message, - that the user who reported the bug knows why it is being - closed. The use of this command is therefore deprecated. See - the developer's information about how to close a bug properly. - - If you supply a fixed-version, the bug tracking system will - note that the bug was fixed in that version of the package. - - package [ packagename ... ] - Limits the following commands so that they will only apply to - bugs filed against the listed packages. You can list one or - more packages. If you don't list any packages, the following - commands will apply to all bugs. You're encouraged to use this - as a safety feature in case you accidentally use the wrong bug - numbers. - - Example usage: - - package foo - reassign 123456 bar 1.0-1 - - package bar - retitle 123456 bar: bar sucks - severity 123456 normal - - package - severity 234567 wishlist - - owner bugnumber address | ! - Sets address to be the "owner" of #bugnumber. The owner of a - bug claims responsibility for fixing it. This is useful to - share out work in cases where a package has a team of - maintainers. - - If you wish to become the owner of the bug yourself, you can - use the ! shorthand or specify your own email address. - - noowner bugnumber - Forgets any idea that the bug has an owner other than the usual - maintainer. If the bug had no owner recorded then this will do - nothing. - - archive bugnumber - Archives a bug that had been archived at some point in the past - but is currently not archived if the bug fulfills the - requirements for archival, ignoring time. - - unarchive bugnumber - Unarchives a bug that was previously archived. Unarchival - should generally be coupled with reopen and found/fixed as - appropriate. Bugs that have been unarchived can be archived - using archive assuming the non-time based archival requirements - are met. - - #... - One-line comment. The # must be at the start of the line. The - text of comments will be included in the acknowledgement sent - to the sender and to affected maintainers, so you can use this - to document the reasons for your commands. - - quit - stop - thank - thanks - thankyou - thank you - -- - On a line by itself, in any case, possibly followed by - whitespace, tells the control server to stop processing the - message; the remainder of the message can include explanations, - signatures or anything else, none of it will be detected by the - control server. - _________________________________________________________________ - - Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> - - Debian bug tracking system - Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, - 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. - _________________________________________________________________ - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-reporting.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-reporting.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 974eb20..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/bug-reporting.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,362 +0,0 @@ -How to report a bug in Debian using reportbug - - We strongly recommend that you report bugs in Debian using the - reportbug program. To install and start it, simply run: - - aptitude install reportbug; reportbug - - It will guide you through the bug reporting process step by step. - - If you have questions that the interactive prompts of reportbug do not - resolve, you can refer to the rest of the documentation below or ask - the Debian user mailing list. - -How to report a bug in Debian using email (and advanced usage of reportbug) - -Important things to note before sending your bug report - -What package does your bug report belong to? - - You need to know what package your bug report should be filed against. - See this example for information on how to find this information. (You - will use this information to see if your bug report has been filed - already.) - - If you are unable to determine which package your bug report should be - filed against, please send e-mail to the Debian user mailing list - asking for advice. - - If your problem doesn't relate just to one package but some general - Debian service, there are several pseudo-packages or even mailing - lists that you can use to relay your message to us instead. - -Has your bug report been filed already? - - You should check to see if your bug report has already been filed - before submitting it. You can see which bugs have been filed in a - specific package using the package option of the bug search form. If - there is an existing bug report #<number>, you should submit your - comments by sending e-mail to <number>@bugs.debian.org instead of - reporting a new bug. - -Send multiple reports for multiple bugs - - Please don't report multiple unrelated bugs -- especially ones in - different packages -- in a single bug report. - -Don't file bugs upstream - - If you file a bug in Debian, don't send a copy to the upstream - software maintainers yourself, as it is possible that the bug exists - only in Debian. If necessary, the maintainer of the package will - forward the bug upstream. - -Sending the bug report via e-mail - - You can report bugs in Debian by sending an e-mail to - submit@bugs.debian.org with a special format described below. - reportbug (see above) will properly format the e-mails for you; please - use it! - -Headers - - Like any e-mail you should include a clear, descriptive Subject line - in your main mail header. The subject you give will be used as the - initial bug title in the tracking system, so please try to make it - informative! - - If you'd like to send a copy of your bug report to additional - recipients (such as mailing lists), you shouldn't use the usual e-mail - headers, but a different method, described below. - -Pseudo-headers - - The first part of the bug report are the pseudo-headers which contain - information about what package and version your bug report applies to. - The first line of the message body has to include a pseudo-header. It - should say: -Package: <packagename> - - Replace <packagename> with the name of the package which has the bug. - - The second line of the message should say: -Version: <packageversion> - - Replace <packageversion> with the version of the package. Please don't - include any text here other than the version itself, as the bug - tracking system relies on this field to work out which releases are - affected by the bug. - - You need to supply a correct Package line in the pseudo-header in - order for the bug tracking system to deliver the message to the - package's maintainer. See this example for information on how to find - this information. - - For other valid pseudo-headers, see Additional pseudo-headers - -The body of the report - - Please include in your report: - * The exact and complete text of any error messages printed or - logged. This is very important! - * Exactly what you typed or did to demonstrate the problem. - * A description of the incorrect behavior: exactly what behavior you - were expecting, and what you observed. A transcript of an example - session is a good way of showing this. - * A suggested fix, or even a patch, if you have one. - * Details of the configuration of the program with the problem. - Include the complete text of its configuration files. - * The versions of any packages on which the buggy package depends. - * What kernel version you're using (type uname -a), your shared C - library (type ls -l /lib/libc.so.6 or dpkg -s libc6 | grep - ^Version), and any other details about your Debian system, if it - seems appropriate. For example, if you had a problem with a Perl - script, you would want to provide the version of the `perl' binary - (type perl -v or dpkg -s perl | grep ^Version:). - * Appropriate details of the hardware in your system. If you're - reporting a problem with a device driver please list all the - hardware in your system, as problems are often caused by IRQ and - I/O address conflicts. - * If you have reportbug installed the output of reportbug -q - --template -T none -s none -S normal -b --list-cc none -q - <package> will also be useful, as it contains the output of - maintainer specific scripts and version information. - - Include any detail that seems relevant -- you are in very little - danger of making your report too long by including too much - information. If they are small, please include in your report any - files you were using to reproduce the problem. (If they are large, - consider making them available on a publicly available website if - possible.) - - For more advice on how to help the developers solve your problem, - please read How to Report Bugs Effectively. - -An Example Bug Report - - A bug report with header and pseudo-header looks something like this: - To: submit@bugs.debian.org - From: diligent@testing.linux.org - Subject: Hello says `goodbye' - - Package: hello - Version: 1.3-16 - - When I invoke `hello' without arguments from an ordinary shell - prompt it prints `goodbye', rather than the expected `hello, world'. - Here is a transcript: - - $ hello - goodbye - $ /usr/bin/hello - goodbye - $ - - I suggest that the output string, in hello.c, be corrected. - - I am using Debian GNU/Linux 2.2, kernel 2.2.17-pre-patch-13 - and libc6 2.1.3-10. - -Sending copies of bug reports to other addresses - - Sometimes it is necessary to send a copy of a bug report to somewhere - else besides debian-bugs-dist and the package maintainer, which is - where they are normally sent. - - You could do this by CC'ing your bug report to the other address(es), - but then the other copies would not have the bug report number put in - the Reply-To field and the Subject line. When the recipients reply - they will probably preserve the submit@bugs.debian.org entry in the - header and have their message filed as a new bug report. This leads to - many duplicated reports. - - The right way to do this is to use the X-Debbugs-CC header. Add a line - like this to your message's mail header: - X-Debbugs-CC: other-list@cosmic.edu - - This will cause the bug tracking system to send a copy of your report - to the address(es) in the X-Debbugs-CC line as well as to - debian-bugs-dist. - - Avoid sending such copies to the addresses of other bug reports, as - they will be caught by the checks that prevent mail loops. There is - relatively little point in using X-Debbugs-CC for this anyway, as the - bug number added by that mechanism will just be replaced by a new one; - use an ordinary CC header instead. - - This feature can often be combined usefully with mailing quiet -- see - below. - -Additional Pseudoheaders - -Severity levels - - If a report is of a particularly serious bug, or is merely a feature - request, you can set the severity level of the bug as you report it. - This is not required however, and the package maintainer will assign - an appropriate severity level to your report even if you do not (or - pick the wrong severity). - - To assign a severity level, put a line like this one in the - pseudo-header: -Severity: <severity> - - Replace <severity> with one of the available severity levels, as - described in the advanced documentation. - -Assigning tags - - You can set tags on a bug as you are reporting it. For example, if you - are including a patch with your bug report, you may wish to set the - patch tag. This is not required, however, and the developers will set - tags on your report as and when it is appropriate. - - To set tags, put a line like this one in the pseudo-header: -Tags: <tags> - - Replace <tags> with one or more of the available tags, as described in - the advanced documentation. Separate multiple tags with commas, - spaces, or both. -User: <username> -Usertags: <usertags> - - Replace <usertags> with one or more usertags. Separate multiple tags - with commas, spaces, or both. If you specify a <username>, that user's - tags will be set. Otherwise, the e-mail address of the sender will be - used as the username. -Forwarded: foo@example.com - - will mark the newly submitted bug as forwarded to foo@example.com. See - Recording that you have passed on a bug report in the developers' - documentation for details. -Owner: foo@example.com - - will indicate that foo@example.com is now responsible for fixing this - bug. See Changing bug ownership in the developers' documentation for - details. -Source: foopackage - - the equivalent of Package: for bugs present in the source package of - foopackage; for most bugs in most packages you don't want to use this - option. - - Finally, if your MUA doesn't allow you to edit the headers, you can - set the various X-Debbugs- headers in the pseudo-headers. - -Additional information - -Different submission addresses (minor or mass bug reports) - - If a bug report is minor, for example, a documentation typo or a - trivial build problem, please adjust the severity appropriately and - send it to maintonly@bugs.debian.org instead of - submit@bugs.debian.org. maintonly will forward the report to the - package maintainer only, it won't forward it to the BTS mailing lists. - - If you're submitting many reports at once, you should definitely use - maintonly@bugs.debian.org so that you don't cause too much redundant - traffic on the BTS mailing lists. Before submitting many similar bugs - you may also want to post a summary on debian-bugs-dist. - - If wish to report a bug to the bug tracking system that's already been - sent to the maintainer, you can use quiet@bugs.debian.org. Bugs sent - to quiet@bugs.debian.org will not be forwarded anywhere, only filed. - - When you use different submission addresses, the bug tracking system - will set the Reply-To of any forwarded message so that the replies - will by default be processed in the same way as the original report. - That means that, for example, replies to maintonly will go to - nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org instead of nnn@bugs.debian.org, unless - of course one overrides this manually. - -Acknowledgements - - Normally, the bug tracking system will return an acknowledgement to - you by e-mail when you report a new bug or submit additional - information to an existing bug. If you want to suppress this - acknowledgement, include an X-Debbugs-No-Ack header in your e-mail - (the contents of this header do not matter; however, it must be in the - mail header and not in the pseudo-header with the Package field). If - you report a new bug with this header, you will need to check the web - interface yourself to find the bug number. - - Note that this header will not suppress acknowledgements from the - control@bugs.debian.org mailserver, since those acknowledgements may - contain error messages which should be read and acted upon. - -Bug reports against unknown packages - - If the bug tracking system doesn't know who the maintainer of the - relevant package is it will forward the report to debian-bugs-dist - even if maintonly was used. - - When sending to maintonly@bugs.debian.org or - nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org you should make sure that the bug report - is assigned to the right package, by putting a correct Package at the - top of an original submission of a report, or by using the - control@bugs.debian.org service to (re)assign the report - appropriately. - -Using dpkg to find the package and version for the report - - When using reportbug to report a bug in a command, say grep, the - following will automatically select the right package and let you - write the report right away: reportbug --file $(which grep) - - You can also find out which package installed it by using dpkg - --search. You can find out which version of a package you have - installed by using dpkg --list or dpkg --status. - - For example: -$ which apt-get -/usr/bin/apt-get -$ type apt-get -apt-get is /usr/bin/apt-get -$ dpkg --search /usr/bin/apt-get -apt: /usr/bin/apt-get -$ dpkg --list apt -Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold -| Status=Not/Installed/Config-files/Unpacked/Failed-config/Half-installed -|/ Err?=(none)/Hold/Reinst-required/X=both-problems (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) -||/ Name Version Description -+++-==============-==============-============================================ -ii apt 0.3.19 Advanced front-end for dpkg -$ dpkg --status apt -Package: apt -Status: install ok installed -Priority: standard -Section: base -Installed-Size: 1391 -Maintainer: APT Development Team <deity@lists.debian.org> -Version: 0.3.19 -Replaces: deity, libapt-pkg-doc (<< 0.3.7), libapt-pkg-dev (<< 0.3.7) -Provides: libapt-pkg2.7 -Depends: libapt-pkg2.7, libc6 (>= 2.1.2), libstdc++2.10 -Suggests: dpkg-dev -Conflicts: deity -Description: Advanced front-end for dpkg - This is Debian's next generation front-end for the dpkg package manager. - It provides the apt-get utility and APT dselect method that provides a - simpler, safer way to install and upgrade packages. - . - APT features complete installation ordering, multiple source capability - and several other unique features, see the Users Guide in - /usr/doc/apt/guide.text.gz - -Other useful commands and packages - - The querybts tool, available from the same package as reportbug, - provides a convenient text-based interface to the bug tracking system. - - Emacs users can also use the debian-bug command provided by the - debian-el package. When called with M-x debian-bug, it will ask for - all necessary information in a similar way to reportbug. - _________________________________________________________________ - - Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org> - - Debian bug tracking system - Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, - 1994-1997 Ian Jackson. - _________________________________________________________________ - diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/constitution.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/constitution.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 96ed0c7..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/constitution.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,600 +0,0 @@ - Historical version of the Constitution for the Debian Project (v1.2) - - Version 1.2 ratified on October 29th, 2003. Supersedes Version 1.1 - ratified on June 21st, 2003, which itself supersedes Version 1.0 - ratified on December 2nd, 1998. Superseded by version 1.3, ratified on - September 24th, 2006. That was superceded by the current version, 1.4 - ratified on October 7th, 2007. - -1. Introduction - - The Debian Project is an association of individuals who have made - common cause to create a free operating system. - - This document describes the organisational structure for formal - decision-making in the Project. It does not describe the goals of the - Project or how it achieves them, or contain any policies except those - directly related to the decision-making process. - -2. Decision-making bodies and individuals - - Each decision in the Project is made by one or more of the following: - 1. The Developers, by way of General Resolution or an election; - 2. The Project Leader; - 3. The Technical Committee and/or its Chairman; - 4. The individual Developer working on a particular task; - 5. Delegates appointed by the Project Leader for specific tasks; - 6. The Project Secretary. - - Most of the remainder of this document will outline the powers of these - bodies, their composition and appointment, and the procedure for their - decision-making. The powers of a person or body may be subject to - review and/or limitation by others; in this case the reviewing body or - person's entry will state this. In the list above, a person or body is - usually listed before any people or bodies whose decisions they can - overrule or who they (help) appoint - but not everyone listed earlier - can overrule everyone listed later. - - 2.1. General rules - - 1. Nothing in this constitution imposes an obligation on anyone to do - work for the Project. A person who does not want to do a task which - has been delegated or assigned to them does not need to do it. - However, they must not actively work against these rules and - decisions properly made under them. - 2. A person may hold several posts, except that the Project Leader, - Project Secretary and the Chairman of the Technical Committee must - be distinct, and that the Leader cannot appoint themselves as their - own Delegate. - 3. A person may leave the Project or resign from a particular post - they hold, at any time, by stating so publicly. - -3. Individual Developers - - 3.1. Powers - - An individual Developer may - 1. make any technical or nontechnical decision with regard to their - own work; - 2. propose or sponsor draft General Resolutions; - 3. propose themselves as a Project Leader candidate in elections; - 4. vote on General Resolutions and in Leadership elections. - - 3.2. Composition and appointment - - 1. Developers are volunteers who agree to further the aims of the - Project insofar as they participate in it, and who maintain - package(s) for the Project or do other work which the Project - Leader's Delegate(s) consider worthwhile. - 2. The Project Leader's Delegate(s) may choose not to admit new - Developers, or expel existing Developers. If the Developers feel - that the Delegates are abusing their authority they can of course - override the decision by way of General Resolution - see §4.1(3), - §4.2. - - 3.3. Procedure - - Developers may make these decisions as they see fit. - -4. The Developers by way of General Resolution or election - - 4.1. Powers - - Together, the Developers may: - 1. Appoint or recall the Project Leader. - 2. Amend this constitution, provided they agree with a 3:1 majority. - 3. Override any decision by the Project Leader or a Delegate. - 4. Override any decision by the Technical Committee, provided they - agree with a 2:1 majority. - 5. Issue, supersede and withdraw nontechnical policy documents and - statements. - These include documents describing the goals of the project, its - relationship with other free software entities, and nontechnical - policies such as the free software licence terms that Debian - software must meet. - They may also include position statements about issues of the day. - 1. A Foundation Document is a document or statement regarded as - critical to the Project's mission and purposes. - 2. The Foundation Documents are the works entitled "Debian Social - Contract" and "Debian Free Software Guidelines". - 3. A Foundation Document requires a 3:1 majority for its - supersession. New Foundation Documents are issued and existing - ones withdrawn by amending the list of Foundation Documents in - this constitution. - 6. Together with the Project Leader and SPI, make decisions about - property held in trust for purposes related to Debian. (See §9.1.) - - 4.2. Procedure - - 1. The Developers follow the Standard Resolution Procedure, below. A - resolution or amendment is introduced if proposed by any Developer - and sponsored by at least K other Developers, or if proposed by the - Project Leader or the Technical Committee. - 2. Delaying a decision by the Project Leader or their Delegate: - 1. If the Project Leader or their Delegate, or the Technical - Committee, has made a decision, then Developers can override - them by passing a resolution to do so; see §4.1(3). - 2. If such a resolution is sponsored by at least 2K Developers, - or if it is proposed by the Technical Committee, the - resolution puts the decision immediately on hold (provided - that resolution itself says so). - 3. If the original decision was to change a discussion period or - a voting period, or the resolution is to override the - Technical Committee, then only K Developers need to sponsor - the resolution to be able to put the decision immediately on - hold. - 4. If the decision is put on hold, an immediate vote is held to - determine whether the decision will stand until the full vote - on the decision is made or whether the implementation of the - original decision will be delayed until then. There is no - quorum for this immediate procedural vote. - 5. If the Project Leader (or the Delegate) withdraws the original - decision, the vote becomes moot, and is no longer conducted. - 3. Votes are taken by the Project Secretary. Votes, tallies, and - results are not revealed during the voting period; after the vote - the Project Secretary lists all the votes cast. The voting period - is 2 weeks, but may be varied by up to 1 week by the Project - Leader. - 4. The minimum discussion period is 2 weeks, but may be varied by up - to 1 week by the Project Leader. The Project Leader has a casting - vote. There is a quorum of 3Q. - 5. Proposals, sponsors, amendments, calls for votes and other formal - actions are made by announcement on a publicly-readable electronic - mailing list designated by the Project Leader's Delegate(s); any - Developer may post there. - 6. Votes are cast by email in a manner suitable to the Secretary. The - Secretary determines for each poll whether voters can change their - votes. - 7. Q is half of the square root of the number of current Developers. K - is Q or 5, whichever is the smaller. Q and K need not be integers - and are not rounded. - -5. Project Leader - - 5.1. Powers - - The Project Leader may: - 1. Appoint Delegates or delegate decisions to the Technical Committee. - The Leader may define an area of ongoing responsibility or a - specific decision and hand it over to another Developer or to the - Technical Committee. - Once a particular decision has been delegated and made the Project - Leader may not withdraw that delegation; however, they may withdraw - an ongoing delegation of particular area of responsibility. - 2. Lend authority to other Developers. - The Project Leader may make statements of support for points of - view or for other members of the project, when asked or otherwise; - these statements have force if and only if the Leader would be - empowered to make the decision in question. - 3. Make any decision which requires urgent action. - This does not apply to decisions which have only become gradually - urgent through lack of relevant action, unless there is a fixed - deadline. - 4. Make any decision for whom noone else has responsibility. - 5. Propose draft General Resolutions and amendments. - 6. Together with the Technical Committee, appoint new members to the - Committee. (See §6.2.) - 7. Use a casting vote when Developers vote. - The Project Leader also has a normal vote in such ballots. - 8. Vary the discussion period for Developers' votes (as above). - 9. Lead discussions amongst Developers. - The Project Leader should attempt to participate in discussions - amongst the Developers in a helpful way which seeks to bring the - discussion to bear on the key issues at hand. The Project Leader - should not use the Leadership position to promote their own - personal views. - 10. Together with SPI, make decisions affecting property held in trust - for purposes related to Debian. (See §9.1.) - - 5.2. Appointment - - 1. The Project Leader is elected by the Developers. - 2. The election begins nine weeks before the leadership post becomes - vacant, or (if it is too late already) immediately. - 3. For the following three weeks any Developer may nominate themselves - as a candidate Project Leader. - 4. For three weeks after that no more candidates may be nominated; - candidates should use this time for campaigning (to make their - identities and positions known). If there are no candidates at the - end of the nomination period then the nomination period is extended - for three further weeks, repeatedly if necessary. - 5. The next three weeks are the polling period during which Developers - may cast their votes. Votes in leadership elections are kept - secret, even after the election is finished. - 6. The options on the ballot will be those candidates who have - nominated themselves and have not yet withdrawn, plus None Of The - Above. If None Of The Above wins the election then the election - procedure is repeated, many times if necessary. - 7. The decision will be made using the method specified in section - §A.6 of the Standard Resolution Procedure. The quorum is the same - as for a General Resolution (§4.2) and the default option is "None - Of The Above". - 8. The Project Leader serves for one year from their election. - - 5.3. Procedure - - The Project Leader should attempt to make decisions which are - consistent with the consensus of the opinions of the Developers. - - Where practical the Project Leader should informally solicit the views - of the Developers. - - The Project Leader should avoid overemphasizing their own point of view - when making decisions in their capacity as Leader. - -6. Technical committee - - 6.1. Powers - - The Technical Committee may: - 1. Decide on any matter of technical policy. - This includes the contents of the technical policy manuals, - developers' reference materials, example packages and the behaviour - of non-experimental package building tools. (In each case the usual - maintainer of the relevant software or documentation makes - decisions initially, however; see 6.3(5).) - 2. Decide any technical matter where Developers' jurisdictions - overlap. - In cases where Developers need to implement compatible technical - policies or stances (for example, if they disagree about the - priorities of conflicting packages, or about ownership of a command - name, or about which package is responsible for a bug that both - maintainers agree is a bug, or about who should be the maintainer - for a package) the technical committee may decide the matter. - 3. Make a decision when asked to do so. - Any person or body may delegate a decision of their own to the - Technical Committee, or seek advice from it. - 4. Overrule a Developer (requires a 3:1 majority). - The Technical Committee may ask a Developer to take a particular - technical course of action even if the Developer does not wish to; - this requires a 3:1 majority. For example, the Committee may - determine that a complaint made by the submitter of a bug is - justified and that the submitter's proposed solution should be - implemented. - 5. Offer advice. - The Technical Committee may make formal announcements about its - views on any matter. Individual members may of course make informal - statements about their views and about the likely views of the - committee. - 6. Together with the Project Leader, appoint new members to itself or - remove existing members. (See §6.2.) - 7. Appoint the Chairman of the Technical Committee. - The Chairman is elected by the Committee from its members. All - members of the committee are automatically nominated; the committee - votes starting one week before the post will become vacant (or - immediately, if it is already too late). The members may vote by - public acclamation for any fellow committee member, including - themselves; there is no default option. The vote finishes when all - the members have voted, or when the voting period has ended. The - result is determined using the method specified in section A.6 of - the Standard Resolution Procedure. - 8. The Chairman can stand in for the Leader, together with the - Secretary - As detailed in §7.1(2), the Chairman of the Technical Committee and - the Project Secretary may together stand in for the Leader if there - is no Leader. - - 6.2. Composition - - 1. The Technical Committee consists of up to 8 Developers, and should - usually have at least 4 members. - 2. When there are fewer than 8 members the Technical Committee may - recommend new member(s) to the Project Leader, who may choose - (individually) to appoint them or not. - 3. When there are 5 members or fewer the Technical Committee may - appoint new member(s) until the number of members reaches 6. - 4. When there have been 5 members or fewer for at least one week the - Project Leader may appoint new member(s) until the number of - members reaches 6, at intervals of at least one week per - appointment. - 5. If the Technical Committee and the Project Leader agree they may - remove or replace an existing member of the Technical Committee. - - 6.3. Procedure - - 1. The Technical Committee uses the Standard Resolution Procedure. - A draft resolution or amendment may be proposed by any member of - the Technical Committee. There is no minimum discussion period; the - voting period lasts for up to one week, or until the outcome is no - longer in doubt. Members may change their votes. There is a quorum - of two. - 2. Details regarding voting - The Chairman has a casting vote. When the Technical Committee votes - whether to override a Developer who also happens to be a member of - the Committee, that member may not vote (unless they are the - Chairman, in which case they may use only their casting vote). - 3. Public discussion and decision-making. - Discussion, draft resolutions and amendments, and votes by members - of the committee, are made public on the Technical Committee public - discussion list. There is no separate secretary for the Committee. - 4. Confidentiality of appointments. - The Technical Committee may hold confidential discussions via - private email or a private mailing list or other means to discuss - appointments to the Committee. However, votes on appointments must - be public. - 5. No detailed design work. - The Technical Committee does not engage in design of new proposals - and policies. Such design work should be carried out by individuals - privately or together and discussed in ordinary technical policy - and design forums. - The Technical Committee restricts itself to choosing from or - adopting compromises between solutions and decisions which have - been proposed and reasonably thoroughly discussed elsewhere. - Individual members of the technical committee may of course - participate on their own behalf in any aspect of design and policy - work. - 6. Technical Committee makes decisions only as last resort. - The Technical Committee does not make a technical decision until - efforts to resolve it via consensus have been tried and failed, - unless it has been asked to make a decision by the person or body - who would normally be responsible for it. - -7. The Project Secretary - - 7.1. Powers - - The Secretary: - 1. Takes votes amongst the Developers, and determines the number and - identity of Developers, whenever this is required by the - constitution. - 2. Can stand in for the Leader, together with the Chairman of the - Technical Committee. - If there is no Project Leader then the Chairman of the Technical - Committee and the Project Secretary may by joint agreement make - decisions if they consider it imperative to do so. - 3. Adjudicates any disputes about interpretation of the constitution. - 4. May delegate part or all of their authority to someone else, or - withdraw such a delegation at any time. - - 7.2. Appointment - - The Project Secretary is appointed by the Project Leader and the - current Project Secretary. - - If the Project Leader and the current Project Secretary cannot agree on - a new appointment they must ask the board of SPI (see §9.1.) to appoint - a Secretary. - - If there is no Project Secretary or the current Secretary is - unavailable and has not delegated authority for a decision then the - decision may be made or delegated by the Chairman of the Technical - Committee, as Acting Secretary. - - The Project Secretary's term of office is 1 year, at which point they - or another Secretary must be (re)appointed. - - 7.3. Procedure - - The Project Secretary should make decisions which are fair and - reasonable, and preferably consistent with the consensus of the - Developers. - - When acting together to stand in for an absent Project Leader the - Chairman of the Technical Committee and the Project Secretary should - make decisions only when absolutely necessary and only when consistent - with the consensus of the Developers. - -8. The Project Leader's Delegates - - 8.1. Powers - - The Project Leader's Delegates: - 1. have powers delegated to them by the Project Leader; - 2. may make certain decisions which the Leader may not make directly, - including approving or expelling Developers or designating people - as Developers who do not maintain packages. This is to avoid - concentration of power, particularly over membership as a - Developer, in the hands of the Project Leader. - - 8.2. Appointment - - The Delegates are appointed by the Project Leader and may be replaced - by the Leader at the Leader's discretion. The Project Leader may not - make the position as a Delegate conditional on particular decisions by - the Delegate, nor may they override a decision made by a Delegate once - made. - - 8.3. Procedure - - Delegates may make decisions as they see fit, but should attempt to - implement good technical decisions and/or follow consensus opinion. - -9. Software in the Public Interest - - SPI and Debian are separate organisations who share some goals. Debian - is grateful for the legal support framework offered by SPI. Debian's - Developers are currently members of SPI by virtue of their status as - Developers. - - 9.1. Authority - - 1. SPI has no authority regarding Debian's technical or nontechnical - decisions, except that no decision by Debian with respect to any - property held by SPI shall require SPI to act outside its legal - authority, and that Debian's constitution may occasionally use SPI - as a decision body of last resort. - 2. Debian claims no authority over SPI other than that over the use of - certain of SPI's property, as described below, though Debian - Developers may be granted authority within SPI by SPI's rules. - 3. Debian Developers are not agents or employees of SPI, or of each - other or of persons in authority in the Debian Project. A person - acting as a Developer does so as an individual, on their own - behalf. - - 9.2. Management of property for purposes related to Debian - - Since Debian has no authority to hold money or property, any donations - for the Debian Project must be made to SPI, which manages such affairs. - - SPI have made the following undertakings: - 1. SPI will hold money, trademarks and other tangible and intangible - property and manage other affairs for purposes related to Debian. - 2. Such property will be accounted for separately and held in trust - for those purposes, decided on by Debian and SPI according to this - section. - 3. SPI will not dispose of or use property held in trust for Debian - without approval from Debian, which may be granted by the Project - Leader or by General Resolution of the Developers. - 4. SPI will consider using or disposing of property held in trust for - Debian when asked to do so by the Project Leader. - 5. SPI will use or dispose of property held in trust for Debian when - asked to do so by a General Resolution of the Developers, provided - that this is compatible with SPI's legal authority. - 6. SPI will notify the Developers by electronic mail to a Debian - Project mailing list when it uses or disposes of property held in - trust for Debian. - -A. Standard Resolution Procedure - - These rules apply to communal decision-making by committees and - plebiscites, where stated above. - - A.1. Proposal - - The formal procedure begins when a draft resolution is proposed and - sponsored, as required. - - A.1. Discussion and Amendment - - 1. Following the proposal, the resolution may be discussed. Amendments - may be made formal by being proposed and sponsored according to the - requirements for a new resolution, or directly by the proposer of - the original resolution. - 2. A formal amendment may be accepted by the resolution's proposer, in - which case the formal resolution draft is immediately changed to - match. - 3. If a formal amendment is not accepted, or one of the sponsors of - the resolution does not agree with the acceptance by the proposer - of a formal amendment, the amendment remains as an amendment and - will be voted on. - 4. If an amendment accepted by the original proposer is not to the - liking of others, they may propose another amendment to reverse the - earlier change (again, they must meet the requirements for proposer - and sponsor(s).) - 5. The proposer of a resolution may suggest changes to the wordings of - amendments; these take effect if the proposer of the amendment - agrees and none of the sponsors object. In this case the changed - amendments will be voted on instead of the originals. - 6. The proposer of a resolution may make changes to correct minor - errors (for example, typographical errors or inconsistencies) or - changes which do not alter the meaning, providing noone objects - within 24 hours. In this case the minimum discussion period is not - restarted. - - A.2. Calling for a vote - - 1. The proposer or a sponsor of a motion or an amendment may call for - a vote, providing that the minimum discussion period (if any) has - elapsed. - 2. The proposer or any sponsor of a resolution may call for a vote on - that resolution and all related amendments. - 3. The person who calls for a vote states what they believe the - wordings of the resolution and any relevant amendments are, and - consequently what form the ballot should take. However, the final - decision on the form of ballot(s) is the Secretary's - see 7.1(1), - 7.1(3) and A.3(4). - 4. The minimum discussion period is counted from the time the last - formal amendment was accepted, or since the whole resolution was - proposed if no amendments have been proposed and accepted. - - A.3. Voting procedure - - 1. Each resolution and its related amendments is voted on in a single - ballot that includes an option for the original resolution, each - amendment, and the default option (where applicable). - 2. The default option must not have any supermajority requirements. - Options which do not have an explicit supermajority requirement - have a 1:1 majority requirement. - 3. The votes are counted according to the rules in A.6. The default - option is "Further Discussion", unless specified otherwise. - 4. In cases of doubt the Project Secretary shall decide on matters of - procedure. - - A.4. Withdrawing resolutions or unaccepted amendments - - The proposer of a resolution or unaccepted amendment may withdraw it. - In this case new proposers may come forward keep it alive, in which - case the first person to do so becomes the new proposer and any others - become sponsors if they aren't sponsors already. - - A sponsor of a resolution or amendment (unless it has been accepted) - may withdraw. - - If the withdrawal of the proposer and/or sponsors means that a - resolution has no proposer or not enough sponsors it will not be voted - on unless this is rectified before the resolution expires. - - A.5. Expiry - - If a proposed resolution has not been discussed, amended, voted on or - otherwise dealt with for 4 weeks the secretary may issue a statement - that the issue is being withdrawn. If none of the sponsors of any of - the proposals object within a week, the issue is withdrawn. - - The secretary may also include suggestions on how to proceed, if - appropriate. - - A.6. Vote Counting - - 1. Each voter's ballot ranks the options being voted on. Not all - options need be ranked. Ranked options are considered preferred to - all unranked options. Voters may rank options equally. Unranked - options are considered to be ranked equally with one another. - Details of how ballots may be filled out will be included in the - Call For Votes. - 2. If the ballot has a quorum requirement R any options other than the - default option which do not receive at least R votes ranking that - option above the default option are dropped from consideration. - 3. Any (non-default) option which does not defeat the default option - by its required majority ratio is dropped from consideration. - 1. Given two options A and B, V(A,B) is the number of voters who - prefer option A over option B. - 2. An option A defeats the default option D by a majority ratio - N, if V(A,D) is strictly greater than N * V(D,A). - 3. If a supermajority of S:1 is required for A, its majority - ratio is S; otherwise, its majority ratio is 1. - 4. From the list of undropped options, we generate a list of pairwise - defeats. - 1. An option A defeats an option B, if V(A,B) is strictly greater - than V(B,A). - 5. From the list of [undropped] pairwise defeats, we generate a set of - transitive defeats. - 1. An option A transitively defeats an option C if A defeats C or - if there is some other option B where A defeats B AND B - transitively defeats C. - 6. We construct the Schwartz set from the set of transitive defeats. - 1. An option A is in the Schwartz set if for all options B, - either A transitively defeats B, or B does not transitively - defeat A. - 7. If there are defeats between options in the Schwartz set, we drop - the weakest such defeats from the list of pairwise defeats, and - return to step 5. - 1. A defeat (A,X) is weaker than a defeat (B,Y) if V(A,X) is less - than V(B,Y). Also, (A,X) is weaker than (B,Y) if V(A,X) is - equal to V(B,Y) and V(X,A) is greater than V(Y,B). - 2. A weakest defeat is a defeat that has no other defeat weaker - than it. There may be more than one such defeat. - 8. If there are no defeats within the Schwartz set, then the winner is - chosen from the options in the Schwartz set. If there is only one - such option, it is the winner. If there are multiple options, the - elector with the casting vote chooses which of those options wins. - - Note: Options which the voters rank above the default option are - options they find acceptable. Options ranked below the default options - are options they find unacceptable. - - When the Standard Resolution Procedure is to be used, the text which - refers to it must specify what is sufficient to have a draft resolution - proposed and/or sponsored, what the minimum discussion period is, and - what the voting period is. It must also specify any supermajority - and/or the quorum (and default option) to be used. - -B. Use of language and typography - - The present indicative ("is", for example) means that the statement is - a rule in this constitution. "ay" or "can" indicates that the person or - body has discretion. "Should" means that it would be considered a good - thing if the sentence were obeyed, but it is not binding. Text marked - as a citation, such as this, is rationale and does not form part of the - constitution. It may be used only to aid interpretation in cases of - doubt. diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/debian-manifesto b/includes/etch/common/doc/debian-manifesto deleted file mode 100644 index 9322c93..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/debian-manifesto +++ /dev/null @@ -1,135 +0,0 @@ -Please note that this document is provided in order to document -Debian's history. While the general ideas still apply some details -changed. - - -******************** -Appendix -The Debian Manifesto -******************** - - - The Debian Linux Manifesto - - Written by Ian A. Murdock - Revised 01/06/94 - - -What is Debian Linux? -===================== - -Debian Linux is a brand-new kind of Linux distribution. Rather than -being developed by one isolated individual or group, as other -distributions of Linux have been developed in the past, Debian is being -developed openly in the spirit of Linux and GNU. The primary purpose -of the Debian project is to finally create a distribution that lives up -to the Linux name. Debian is being carefully and conscientiously put -together and will be maintained and supported with similar care. - -It is also an attempt to create a non-commercial distribution that will -be able to effectively compete in the commercial market. It will -eventually be distributed by The Free Software Foundation on CD-ROM, -and The Debian Linux Association will offer the distribution on floppy -disk and tape along with printed manuals, technical support and other -end-user essentials. All of the above will be available at little more -than cost, and the excess will be put toward further development of -free software for all users. Such distribution is essential to the -success of the Linux operating system in the commercial market, and it -must be done by organizations in a position to successfully advance and -advocate free software without the pressure of profits or returns. - - -Why is Debian being constructed? -================================ - -Distributions are essential to the future of Linux. Essentially, they -eliminate the need for the user to locate, download, compile, install -and integrate a fairly large number of essential tools to assemble a -working Linux system. Instead, the burden of system construction is -placed on the distribution creator, whose work can be shared with -thousands of other users. Almost all users of Linux will get their -first taste of it through a distribution, and most users will continue -to use a distribution for the sake of convenience even after they are -familiar with the operating system. Thus, distributions play a very -important role indeed. - -Despite their obvious importance, distributions have attracted little -attention from developers. There is a simple reason for this: they are -neither easy nor glamorous to construct and require a great deal of -ongoing effort from the creator to keep the distribution bug-free and -up-to-date. It is one thing to put together a system from scratch; it -is quite another to ensure that the system is easy for others to -install, is installable and usable under a wide variety of hardware -configurations, contains software that others will find useful, and is -updated when the components themselves are improved. - -Many distributions have started out as fairly good systems, but as time -passes attention to maintaining the distribution becomes a secondary -concern. A case-in-point is the Softlanding Linux System (better known -as SLS). It is quite possibly the most bug-ridden and badly maintained -Linux distribution available; unfortunately, it is also quite possibly -the most popular. It is, without question, the distribution that -attracts the most attention from the many commercial "distributors" of -Linux that have surfaced to capitalize on the growing popularity of the -operating system. - -This is a bad combination indeed, as most people who obtain Linux from -these "distributors" receive a bug-ridden and badly maintained Linux -distribution. As if this wasn't bad enough, these "distributors" have -a disturbing tendency to misleadingly advertise non-functional or -extremely unstable "features" of their product. Combine this with the -fact that the buyers will, of course, expect the product to live up to -its advertisement and the fact that many may believe it to be a -commercial operating system (there is also a tendency not to mention -that Linux is free nor that it is distributed under the GNU General -Public License). To top it all off, these "distributors" are actually -making enough money from their effort to justify buying larger -advertisements in more magazines; it is the classic example of -unacceptable behavior being rewarded by those who simply do not know -any better. Clearly something needs to be done to remedy the -situation. - - -How will Debian attempt to put an end to these problems? -======================================================== - -The Debian design process is open to ensure that the system is of the -highest quality and that it reflects the needs of the user community. -By involving others with a wide range of abilities and backgrounds, -Debian is able to be developed in a modular fashion. Its components -are of high quality because those with expertise in a certain area are -given the opportunity to construct or maintain the individual -components of Debian involving that area. Involving others also -ensures that valuable suggestions for improvement can be incorporated -into the distribution during its development; thus, a distribution is -created based on the needs and wants of the users rather than the needs -and wants of the constructor. It is very difficult for one individual -or small group to anticipate these needs and wants in advance without -direct input from others. - -Debian Linux will also be distributed on physical media by the Free -Software Foundation and the Debian Linux Association. This provides -Debian to users without access to the Internet or FTP and additionally -makes products and services such as printed manuals and technical -support available to all users of the system. In this way, Debian may -be used by many more individuals and organizations than is otherwise -possible, the focus will be on providing a first-class product and not -on profits or returns, and the margin from the products and services -provided may be used to improve the software itself for all users -whether they paid to obtain it or not. - -The Free Software Foundation plays an extremely important role in the -future of Debian. By the simple fact that they will be distributing -it, a message is sent to the world that Linux is not a commercial -product and that it never should be, but that this does not mean that -Linux will never be able to compete commercially. For those of you who -disagree, I challenge you to rationalize the success of GNU Emacs and -GCC, which are not commercial software but which have had quite an -impact on the commercial market regardless of that fact. - -The time has come to concentrate on the future of Linux rather than on -the destructive goal of enriching oneself at the expense of the entire -Linux community and its future. The development and distribution of -Debian may not be the answer to the problems that I have outlined in -the Manifesto, but I hope that it will at least attract enough -attention to these problems to allow them to be solved. diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/mailing-lists.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/mailing-lists.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 84010d8..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/mailing-lists.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1266 +0,0 @@ - Introduction to the Debian mailing lists - ======================================== - - Debian GNU/Linux is developed through distributed development all - around the world. Therefore, email is the preferred way to discuss - various items. Much of the conversation between Debian developers - and users is managed through several mailing lists. - - There are many world-open mailing lists, meaning anyone can read - everything that is posted, and participate in the discussions. Everyone is - encouraged to help development of Debian and to spread the word of free - software. There are also a few lists which are only open to official Debian - developers; please don't interpret this as closed development, it sometimes - doesn't make much sense discussing internal topics with non-developers. - - All original Debian mailing lists run on a special server, using an - automatic mail processing software called SmartList. This server is called - lists.debian.org. All submission, subscription and unsubscription messages - have to be sent to a particular address at this host. - - The language used on all lists is English, unless stated otherwise. - There are some user lists for other languages available. - -Subscription / Unsubscription ------------------------------ - - Anyone is able to subscribe/unsubscribe on their own to any mailing list, - presuming the subscription policy for a particular list is `open'. - - The requests for subscription or unsubscription can be sent to a special - control address, which is slightly different from the list address. - Subscription or unsubscription messages should NOT be sent to the address - of the mailing list itself. - - To subscribe or unsubscribe from a mailing list, please send mail to - - <listname>-REQUEST@lists.debian.org - - with the word `subscribe' or `unsubscribe' as subject. - - Please remember the -REQUEST part of the address. - - As part of the subscription process, the list software will send you an - email to which you must reply in order to finish subscribing. This is a - security measure to keep people from subscribing others to the lists without - their permission. - - If you need to contact a human listmaster, direct your mail to - listmaster@lists.debian.org . To find out who is responsible for the - lists, take a look at http://www.debian.org/intro/organization - -User lists - - There are several user based mailing lists where developers and - users can get in contact to discuss and solve problems. - - debian-announce@lists.debian.org - - Description : Important announcements - Moderated : yes - Subscription: open - - debian-chinese-big5@lists.debian.org - - Description : debian-user in Chinese [Big5] - Language : Chinese - Moderated : subscribers - Subscription: open - - debian-chinese-gb@lists.debian.org - - Description : debian-user in Chinese [GB] - Language : Chinese - Moderated : subscribers - Subscription: open - - debian-edu-announce@lists.debian.org - - Description : Announcements for the debian-edu archive - Moderated : yes - Subscription: open - - debian-enterprise@lists.debian.org - - Description : Debian for the enterprise - Moderated : no - Subscription: open - - debian-esperanto@lists.debian.org - - Description : debian-user in Esperanto - 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The fee - for advertisments is a donation of USD 1000 or more to "Software in the - Public Interest" (SPI). One donation per advertisement, please. If you - prefer to pay in arrears, simply post your advertisement to the list, and - the list operator will bill you USD 1999. The list operator will donate - this amount, minus the expense of collecting it, to SPI. Please note that - the lists are distributed automatically -- messages are generally not read - or checked in any way before they are distributed. - - The act of posting an advertisement indicates your willingness to - * accept responsibility for the fee, - * indemnify the list operator against any legal claims from you or - others in connection with your advertisement, and - * pay any legal and business expenses incurred in collecting late payment. - Our liability to you is limited to a good-faith effort to deliver your - message. - - Reduced rates and/or waiver of fee are available for Debian-related - advertisements. You must consult the list operator in advance of posting for - any reduction or fee waiver. - --- -Online HTML version of this document is available at - http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/social-contract.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/social-contract.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 63591f8..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/social-contract.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,118 +0,0 @@ - Version 1.0 ratified on July 5, 1997. Superseded by Version 1.1, - ratified on April 26, 2004. - - Debian, the producers of the Debian GNU/Linux system, have created the - Debian Social Contract. The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) part - of the contract, initially designed as a set of commitments that we - agree to abide by, has been adopted by the free software community as - the basis of the Open Source Definition. - __________________________________________________________________ - -"Social Contract" with the Free Software Community - - 1. Debian Will Remain 100% Free Software - We promise to keep the Debian GNU/Linux Distribution entirely free - software. As there are many definitions of free software, we - include the guidelines we use to determine if software is "free" - below. We will support our users who develop and run non-free - software on Debian, but we will never make the system depend on an - item of non-free software. - 2. We Will Give Back to the Free Software Community - When we write new components of the Debian system, we will license - them as free software. We will make the best system we can, so that - free software will be widely distributed and used. We will feed - back bug-fixes, improvements, user requests, etc. to the "upstream" - authors of software included in our system. - 3. We Won't Hide Problems - We will keep our entire bug-report database open for public view at - all times. Reports that users file on-line will immediately become - visible to others. - 4. Our Priorities are Our Users and Free Software - We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free-software - community. We will place their interests first in our priorities. - We will support the needs of our users for operation in many - different kinds of computing environment. We won't object to - commercial software that is intended to run on Debian systems, and - we'll allow others to create value-added distributions containing - both Debian and commercial software, without any fee from us. To - support these goals, we will provide an integrated system of - high-quality, 100% free software, with no legal restrictions that - would prevent these kinds of use. - 5. Programs That Don't Meet Our Free-Software Standards - We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of programs - that don't conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have - created "contrib" and "non-free" areas in our FTP archive for this - software. The software in these directories is not part of the - Debian system, although it has been configured for use with Debian. - We encourage CD manufacturers to read the licenses of software - packages in these directories and determine if they can distribute - that software on their CDs. Thus, although non-free software isn't - a part of Debian, we support its use, and we provide infrastructure - (such as our bug-tracking system and mailing lists) for non-free - software packages. - __________________________________________________________________ - -The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) - - 1. Free Redistribution - The license of a Debian component may not restrict any party from - selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate - software distribution containing programs from several different - sources. The license may not require a royalty or other fee for - such sale. - 2. Source Code - The program must include source code, and must allow distribution - in source code as well as compiled form. - 3. Derived Works - The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must - allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of - the original software. - 4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code - The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in - modified form _only_ if the license allows the distribution of - "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the - program at build time. The license must explicitly permit - distribution of software built from modified source code. The - license may require derived works to carry a different name or - version number from the original software. (This is a compromise. - The Debian group encourages all authors not to restrict any files, - source or binary, from being modified.) - 5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups - The license must not discriminate against any person or group of - persons. - 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor - The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program - in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict - the program from being used in a business, or from being used for - genetic research. - 7. Distribution of License - The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the - program is redistributed without the need for execution of an - additional license by those parties. - 8. License Must Not Be Specific to Debian - The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's - being part of a Debian system. If the program is extracted from - Debian and used or distributed without Debian but otherwise within - the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program - is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are - granted in conjunction with the Debian system. - 9. License Must Not Contaminate Other Software - The license must not place restrictions on other software that is - distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the - license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the - same medium must be free software. - 10. Example Licenses - The "GPL", "BSD", and "Artistic" licenses are examples of licenses - that we consider "free". - - The concept of stating our "social contract with the free software - community" was suggested by Ean Schuessler. This document was drafted - by Bruce Perens, refined by the other Debian developers during a - month-long e-mail conference in June 1997, and then accepted as the - publicly stated policy of the Debian Project. - - Bruce Perens later removed the Debian-specific references from the - Debian Free Software Guidelines to create "The Open Source Definition". - - Other organizations may derive from and build on this document. Please - give credit to the Debian project if you do. diff --git a/includes/etch/common/doc/source-unpack.txt b/includes/etch/common/doc/source-unpack.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 151b733..0000000 --- a/includes/etch/common/doc/source-unpack.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ - HOW TO UNPACK A DEBIAN SOURCE PACKAGE - -There are two kinds of Debian source packages: old ones and new ones. - -A. Old ones look like this: - hello-1.3-4.tar.gz - hello-1.3-4.diff.gz - You unpack them by untarring the .tar.gz. There is NO need to apply - the diff. - -B. New ones look like this: - hello_1.3-11.dsc - hello_1.3-11.diff.gz - hello_1.3-11.orig.tar.gz - note the `.orig' part - Here you MUST use dpkg-source or apply the diff manually - see below. - - If you have `dpkg-source' you should put the files in the same - directory and type `dpkg-source -x <whatever>.dsc'. - - If you do not you can extract the Debian source as follows: - 1. untar P_V.orig.tar.gz. - 2. rename the resulting P-V.orig directory to P-V. If some other - directory results, rename *it* to P-V. - 3. mkdir P-V/debian. - 4. apply the diff with patch -p0. - 5. do `chmod +x P-V/debian/rules' - (where P is the package name and V the version.) - -C. There are some packages where the Debian source is the upstream - source. In this case there will be no .diff.gz and you can just use - the .tar.gz. If a .dsc is provided you can use `dpkg-source -x'. - - -- Ian Jackson <ijackson@gnu.ai.mit.edu> Sat, 31 Aug 1996 |